Journal of Research in Personality最新文献

Research assessing personality traits and religiosity across cultures has typically neglected variation across religious affiliations and has been limited to a small number of personality traits. This study examines the relationship between the Big Five personality traits and their facets, two theoretically distinct measures of religiosity, and twelve other personality traits across seven religious affiliations and 61 countries/regions. The proportion of participants following a religion varied substantially across countries (e.g., Indonesia = 99%; Estonia = 7%). Both measures of religiosity were related to agreeableness, conscientiousness, happiness, and fairness; however; relations with religiosity as a social axiom were stronger and less variable across religious affiliations. Additionally, personality-religiosity links were more robust in low-development, high-conflict, and collectivist nations.

Gender role scales measure concepts related to agency and communion as masculine- and feminine-typed traits. However, previous findings showed that 18-to-29-year-old women and men did not differ on a scale of communion, whereas 30–40-year-old women and men did. This study attempted to replicate these findings and to expand to a lifespan sample 10 years after initial data collection to clarify whether interactions by age support developmental and/or cohort-related trends for gender and communion. Results contradict a cohort explanation, and in fact show a weaker interaction between age and gender than prior studies. We conclude that mean gender differences are broadly stable across the lifespan, though they are somewhat weaker in emerging adult years, suggesting a small developmental effect.

We studied body motion dynamics and personality differences using complex systems methods. 105 adults (aged 18–33, 70% women) completed a 15-minute laboratory task covering three self-referencing topics (self-introduction, bodily perception/sensory life, socio-emotional life). Body motion dynamics were extracted from videos using a frame-by-frame differentiation method. Recurrence Quantification Analysis derived the measures of Determinism, Entropy, Laminarity, and Mean-Line. Multilevel models estimated personality (IPIP-NEO-120) and situational effects. Neuroticism predicted lower determinism and fluctuating dynamics in bodily perception and socioemotional life; less complexity and stability during socioemotional topics, and increased negative affect. Extraversion predicted regular/deterministic dynamics during bodily perception. Conscientiousness predicted lower determinism and increased variability. Agreeableness predicted lower post-task negative affect. Findings are discussed within embodied, enactive, complex systems, and personality frameworks.

Although psychosocial stress is a putative mechanism for personality-health associations, research has been limited by a lack of comprehensive, fine-tuned assessment. In the current study, a large sample (n = 655) of young adults completed facet-level personality assessment followed by a 14-day experience sampling of stress exposure, emotional stress reactivity, pre-sleep arousal, and sleep. Multilevel model analyses confirmed that neuroticism, across facets, was the strongest predictor of daily stress. Facet-level analyses indicated that assertiveness, trust, and self-control were particularly relevant to daily stress. Personality moderated stress exposure associations with pre-sleep arousal (conscientiousness, aesthetic chill proneness) and restorative sleep (openness, aesthetic chill proneness). Findings confirm the significance of personality in daily stress. Future directions and implications for stress intervention are discussed.

The Big Five Inventory-2 (BFI-2), as a comprehensive measure encompassing the Big Five domains and their facets, has undergone numerous validations in various languages. To validate a Serbian adaptation of the BFI-2, data from two samples, comprising a total of 1016 adult participants, along with a US sample (N = 1000), were utilized. The originally proposed factor structure of Serbian adaptation of the BFI-2 was confirmed, along with partial scalar invariance across Serbian and US samples. Convergent validity was established in relation to an alternative Big Five measure, as well as six-factor and seven-factor models. Criterion validity was confirmed through correlations with various behavior, cognitive, and emotional indicators. These findings contribute to evidence supporting the cross-cultural validity of BFI-2.

Some meta-perceivers have more insight than others into the impressions they make, but what is this meta-accuracy about? Do good meta-perceivers have insight into the unique impressions they make (dyadic meta-accuracy), or do they simply understand their reputation (generalized meta-accuracy)? In two studies, wemetaces in dyadic and generalized meta-accuracy among close others, as well as potential mechanisms and correlates. Results suggest that, among close others, there are good meta-perceivers of dyadic and generalized meta-accuracy. Good meta-perceivers of dyadic meta-accuracy form more differentiated meta-perceptions, while good meta-perceivers of generalized meta-accuracy make and think they make consistent impressions that align with their self-views. Thus, among close others – unlike in first impressions – there are good meta-perceivers who perspective-take.

In decision making, intolerance of uncertainty (IU) may be linked to safety behavior, which could ironically maintain IU and, thus, foster indecisiveness. In a smartphone-based experience sampling study, 247 participants described their real-life decisions six times per day and rated (a) their situational indecisiveness, (b) decision characteristics, (c) situational IU, and (d) problematic safety behaviors. Participants higher in dispositional IU reported more indecisiveness and engaged in more problematic safety behavior across measurements. The same relationships were observed with situational IU at the level of individual measurements. Engaging in more problematic safety behaviors during the first days predicted indecisiveness on the last day, mediated by IU. The results demonstrate the real-life relevance of the relationship between IU, indecisiveness, and safety behavior.

To measure narratives, individuals often participate in a life story interview, which bears similarity to a narrative therapeutic approach. Given that clinical interventions were shown to impact change in personality traits and characteristics, the present study explored whether narrating one’s life story is also linked to such changes. The pre-registered study compared 123 life-story-interview participants (M_age = 35.44 years) with 123 control-sample participants (M_age = 35.50 years). We assessed participants’ personality traits, optimism, self-esteem, life satisfaction, and affect before and 1 and 3 years after the interview. The findings suggest that the life story interview does not lead to consistent changes in personality traits and characteristics, indicating that this interview setting developed for measurement is different from an intervention.

Current research provides conflicting views of the relationship between cumulative lifetime adversity and dispositional functioning. We examined this relationship in a sample of adults (N = 1009), conducting the analysis three ways: by utilizing a sum score of adversity across all ages; examining events that occurred before and after age 18 separately; and assessing this relationship using empirically-derived domains of adversity. Results indicate that the type of adversity has a unique impact on future well-being. These findings underscore that adversity’s unique impact on well-being is influenced by the way in which adversity is operationalized, more so than by the timing of adverse events. Results highlight the importance of clarifying the nuanced relationship between adverse life events and mental health in future research.

The accumulation of day-to-day stressors can impact mental and physical health. How people respond to stressful events is a key mechanism responsible for the effects of stress, and individual differences in stress responses can either perpetuate or prevent negative consequences. Most research on daily stress processes has focused on affective responses to stressors, but stress responses can involve more than just affect (e.g., behavior, cognitions). Additionally, most research has studied the role of neuroticism in shaping those responses, but many other individual differences are associated with stress. In this study, we more broadly characterized daily stress processes by expanding the nomological networks of stress responses to include Big Five personality states. We also linked those stress responses to all Big Five traits, as well as individual differences in stress variety, severity, and controllability. We studied a sample of participants (N = 1,090) who reported on stressful events, their appraisal of events in terms of severity and controllability, and their Big Five personality states daily for 8–10 days (N = 8,870 observations). Multi-level structural equation models were used to separate how characteristics of the perceived stressful situation and characteristics of the person play into daily stress processes. Results showed that (1) all Big Five personality states shift in response to perceived stress, (2) all Big Five personality traits relate to average levels of perceived stress variety, severity, and controllability, (3) individual differences in personality and average perceived stress variety and perceived severity relate to the strength of personality state responses to daily stress, albeit in a more limited fashion. Our results point to new pathways by which stressors affect people in everyday life and begin to clarify processes that may explain individual differences in risk or resilience to the harmful effects of stress.