Journal of Research in Personality最新文献

Seeking hedonic reversals is central to benign masochism, which reflects enjoyment of aversive experiences falsely interpreted as threatening. However, evidence linking benign masochism to greater pleasure following such experiences is incomplete. To fill this gap, participants were given an option to choose what emotional experiences they wanted to feel and reported how they felt afterwards. In Study 1, benign masochism was associated with greater preference for stimuli characterized by high arousal and negative valence. High benign masochists reported greater positive affect after exposure to such repulsive stimuli than low benign masochists. Study 2 replicated these findings while accounting for sensation seeking. These findings provide support for the utility of the benign masochism in examining contrahedonic motives in self-regulation.

Agency and communion are core personality variables with relevance to narrative approaches to personality and well-being, in addition to having gendered connotations. Agency has long been associated with masculinity, and communion with femininity. In fact, gender role scales measure concepts related to agency and communion to define stereotypical masculine and feminine traits. However, previous findings showed that 18-to-29-year-old women and men did not differ on a scale of communion, whereas 30–40-year-old women and men did. This study attempts to replicate these findings 10 years after the data were initially collected and to clarify whether the findings support developmental and/or cohort-related trends for gender and communion.

There are stable individual differences in how positive people’s impressions of others tend to be and these perceptual tendencies in turn shape behaviour. Using data from an experimental online photo-rating study (N = 303) and from an in-lab round-robin study (N = 156), we explored whether people have insight into how positive their impressions tend to be compared to others. Results from both studies suggest that people are aware of how positive their impressions tend to be relative to others. We discuss implications of having or lacking this form of self-knowledge.

Although low Honesty-Humility is associated with unethical behavior, few studies have examined this relation from the longitudinal perspective across late adolescence. The present study investigated the longitudinal relation between Honesty-Humility and unethical behavior, including whether moral disengagement served as a mediator of this relation at both the between- and within-person levels by using a three-wave data of 1,646 Chinese adolescents (M_age = 15.22). The results revealed that (1) Honesty-Humility and unethical behavior bidirectionally predicted each other at both levels; (2) Honesty-Humility indirectly predicted unethical behavior via moral disengagement at the between-person level but not at the within-person level, and Honesty-Humility indirectly predicted moral disengagement via unethical behavior at both levels. Honesty-Humility and unethical behavior are indeed developmentally and dynamically intertwined.

Romantic competence (RC) may benefit relationships, but the mechanisms responsible for such links have yet to receive sufficient attention. The present investigation assessed RC levels among participants and their romantic partners (171 couples) using a recently-developed situational judgment test and the design of the study permitted the examination of multiple pathways through which RC could benefit relationships. High RC participants generally viewed relationships in more positive terms and they were also more satisfied with their current relationships. They contributed to the relationship satisfaction of their partners through behavioral pathways and the RC levels of participants and partners were systematically correlated. Altogether, the research highlights multiple mechanisms that link romantic competence to relationship functioning.

We compared three trait-structures based on type-nouns, to find their common kernel structure. We used ratings from 607 participants on 372 English type-nouns, 800 participants on 571 Dutch type-nouns, and 1,325 participants on 454 Polish typenouns. PCA based factor structures were compared using congruence coefficients. SCA was applied on a joint matrix of type-nouns with ratings from a total of 2,737 participants on 331 type-nouns shared by all three languages. The resulting structure reflected versions of the Big Five, yet narrowed to their oratory role. Finally, the results were compared with a type-nouns based structure in Swahili.

How must a person be understood to feel understood? We explored how perceptions of close others’ personality and emotions related to their felt understanding. Results revealed that perceivers’ raw emotion accuracy, but not personality accuracy, was positively associated with targets’ felt understanding in two studies. Notably, being perceived in line with the normative, socially desirable profile of emotions, and not in line with one’s distinct profile of emotions, drove this association. Overall, then, adopting a normative lens when perceiving others’ emotions could promote a subjective sense of feeling understood. These findings help advance the personality and social perception literature, and indicate that adopting a componential approach to accuracy can provide nuance when investigating associations with social processes.

People have general working models of how likeable they are from past experiences, but do some people apply these models more flexibly than others? In two studies, we used the extended Social Relations Model to index how much within-person variability in people’s meta-liking judgments at zero-acquaintance was the result of tracking a shared reality of target differences (sensitivity) versus distinguishing between targets in unique ways (differentiation). We found that the main source of variability was making unique distinctions across targets (differentiation). Importantly, there were individual differences in both sensitivity and differentiation, and the latter was related to narcissism, social anxiety, and neuroticism. This work demonstrates the flexibility of some people’s working models of themselves in relation to others.

We aimed to understand which of the three personality frameworks including Criterion B of the DSM-5 model, Five-Factor Model (FFM), and affective temperaments was most overlapping with both intrapersonal and interpersonal dysfunctions (Criterion A). This cross-sectional study consisted of N = 496 people from western Iran. Pearson correlation and regression techniques were used for data analysis. Although all dimensional personality frameworks were related to both personality dysfunctions, Criterion B was a stronger predictor above and beyond the other frameworks. Our findings do not support the replacement of Criterion B by traditional personality and temperament constructs. The significant incremental validity of both the FFM and affective temperaments beyond the DSM-5 model addresses potential complementary constructs to enhance Criterion B to explain Criterion A.

The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) provides a comprehensive description of psychopathology and maladaptive personality traits but does not include etiological theorizing. Psychodynamic theory offers such theorizing, describing motivational conflicts that can be processed either in active (progressive) or passive (regressive) modes. We related motivational conflicts to HiTOP dimensions for the first time. Two studies (four samples, N = 580) showed replicable associations: passive conflict processing displayed stronger and more distributed associations with psychopathology, whereas active processing was associated with lower, yet more specific psychopathology. Particular symptoms were associated with different conflicts, showing that different etiological factors may underlie similar psychopathological signs. Motivational dynamics offer guidance for diagnosis and treatment of psychopathology.