Journal of Research in Personality最新文献

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Delayed gratification across 22 Countries: A cross-national analysis of demographic variation and childhood predictors 22个国家的延迟满足：人口统计学差异和儿童预测因素的跨国分析

IF 2.6 2区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Journal of Research in Personality

Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2025.104627

Dorota Weziak-Bialowolska , Piotr Bialowolski , Richard G. Cowden , Sung Joon Jang , Matt Bradshaw , R. Noah Padgett , Byron R. Johnson , Tyler J. VanderWeele

Prior research documents associations between delayed gratification and important life outcomes such as improved health, well-being, and educational achievement. However, less is known about how levels of delayed gratification vary across cultures and across demographic groups, as well as which childhood antecedents contribute to delayed gratification in adulthood. This study examines variations in delayed gratification across demographic groups and its childhood predictors. A diverse and representative dataset of 202,898 individuals from 22 countries is used. Random-effects meta-analysis and E-values for robustness are applied to examine associations between nine key demographic factors, childhood predictors, and adult delayed gratification. The mean levels of delayed gratification (scaled 0–10) vary by country, ranging from 5.2 to 8.4, with notable but less substantial variation across demographic characteristics. Among childhood variables, positive subjective health, favorable subjective financial status, frequent childhood religious service attendance, and a positive relationship with one’s father are associated with higher delayed gratification in adulthood. These associations are fairly culturally consistent and moderately robust to unmeasured confounding, though some country specific deviations from this pattern are also observed. The findings have implications for policy and practice aimed at fostering delayed gratification, considering cultural specificity.

先前的研究记录了延迟满足与重要的生活结果（如改善健康、幸福和教育成就）之间的联系。然而，关于延迟满足的水平在不同文化和人口群体中是如何变化的，以及哪些童年前因会导致成年后的延迟满足，人们知之甚少。这项研究考察了不同人口群体延迟满足的变化及其童年预测因素。使用了来自22个国家的202,898个人的多样化和代表性数据集。随机效应荟萃分析和稳健性的e值被用于检验九个关键人口因素、儿童预测因素和成人延迟满足之间的关联。延迟满足的平均水平（0-10分）因国家而异，范围从5.2到8.4，人口特征之间存在显著但不太实质性的差异。在童年变量中，积极的主观健康、良好的主观经济状况、频繁的童年宗教服务以及与父亲的积极关系与成年后较高的延迟满足相关。这些关联在文化上是相当一致的，并且对未测量的混杂因素具有适度的稳健性，尽管也观察到与这种模式有一些特定国家的偏差。考虑到文化特殊性，研究结果对旨在促进延迟满足的政策和实践具有启示意义。

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引用次数: 0

The general factor of personality (GFP) in natural language: A deep learning approach 自然语言中的一般人格因素（GFP）：一种深度学习方法

IF 2.6 2区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Journal of Research in Personality

Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2025.104635

Dimitri van der Linden , Andrew Cutler , Putri A. van der Linden , Curtis S. Dunkel

Using Large Language Models (LLMs), we tested the presence of a general factor of personality (GFP) in trait words in natural language (e.g., thousands of books and posts on internet). We included three set of trait words, extracted from well-known classical lexical studies on personality. The general factor we found represented a continuum of social desirable traits, similar to a typical GFP. Moreover, this LLM-based general factor correlated r = 0.86 with the general factor in the original Saucier and Goldberg (1997) data. The findings were robust regarding type of machine learning prompts and statistical methods used. The findings indicate that in natural language, a GFP exists that is similar to previous lexical studies using human raters.

使用大型语言模型（llm），我们测试了自然语言（例如，成千上万的书籍和互联网上的帖子）特征性词汇中人格的一般因素（GFP）的存在。我们收录了三组特征词，摘自著名的经典人格词汇研究。我们发现的一般因素代表了社会理想特征的连续体，类似于典型的GFP。此外，基于llm的一般因子与Saucier and Goldberg（1997）原始数据中的一般因子相关r = 0.86。关于机器学习提示类型和使用的统计方法，研究结果是稳健的。研究结果表明，在自然语言中，存在一种与先前使用人类评分器进行的词汇研究相似的GFP。

引用次数: 0

Growth following adversity is rare: Evidence from a multi-informant longitudinal study of children and adolescents 逆境后的成长是罕见的：来自儿童和青少年多信息纵向研究的证据

IF 2.6 2区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Journal of Research in Personality

Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2025.104628

Cavan V. Bonner , Benjamin L. Hankin , Jami F. Young , Brent W. Roberts

The idea that adversity is necessary for psychological growth pervades cultural narratives and lay theories. We empirically tested this notion with a multi-informant, longitudinal study of children and adolescents (n = 682). Initial adversity was not associated with change in effortful control and emotional stability, while increasing adversity was negatively correlated with growth. However, a small sub-group of individuals still managed to grow despite adversity. The narrative that adversity is crucial for growth likely originated, and continues to survive, because scholars and laypeople focus on this minority who grow despite adversity, while overlooking the overall null or negative association. The accumulated evidence suggests that researchers should look elsewhere for the life experiences that reliably lead to growth and not distress.

逆境对于心理成长是必要的这一观点在文化叙事和非专业理论中普遍存在。我们通过对儿童和青少年（n = 682）的多信息提供者的纵向研究对这一观点进行了实证检验。最初的逆境与努力控制和情绪稳定性的变化无关，而逆境的增加与成长呈负相关。然而，有一小部分人仍然在逆境中成长。逆境对成长至关重要这一说法的产生和持续存在，可能是因为学者和外行人关注的是那些在逆境中成长的少数人，而忽视了总体上的零关联或负面关联。越来越多的证据表明，研究人员应该在其他地方寻找可靠地导致成长而不是痛苦的生活经历。

引用次数: 0

The Three Nonnormative Traits (TNT) and (Dis-)liking in work and nonwork settings 工作和非工作环境中的三种非规范性特征（TNT）和（不）喜欢

IF 2.6 2区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Journal of Research in Personality

Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2025.104620

Patrick D. Dunlop , Felix Kerscher , Reinout E. de Vries

Past research on the Three Nonnormative Traits (TNT) has shown that high versus low levels of HEXACO honesty-humility, agreeableness, and conscientiousness – but not emotionality, openness to experience, and extraversion – distinguish who we like from who we dislike in free-text descriptions. This study of 297 participants extends this work by comparing descriptions of liked and disliked targets from work settings to those from nonwork settings. We found conscientiousness descriptors strongly distinguished liked from disliked work targets, whereas honesty-humility and agreeableness were relevant to both target types. We also replicated one trait-similarity effect for openness to experience, but only in the nonwork context. Exploratory analyses generally showed only small differences in liking and disliking between different subtypes of targets within the work or nonwork context.

过去对三种非规范性特征（TNT）的研究表明，HEXACO的高与低水平——诚实——谦逊、宜人性和尽责性——但不包括情绪性、经验开放性和外向性——在自由文本描述中区分我们喜欢谁和不喜欢谁。这项对297名参与者的研究扩展了这项工作，比较了工作环境和非工作环境下人们对喜欢和不喜欢的目标的描述。我们发现责任心描述符强烈区分喜欢和不喜欢的工作目标，而诚实-谦卑和随和与这两种目标类型相关。我们还在经验开放性方面复制了一个特征相似效应，但仅限于非工作环境。探索性分析通常表明，在工作或非工作环境中，不同亚型目标之间的喜欢和不喜欢只有很小的差异。

引用次数: 0

Neuroticism predicts constructive conflict resolution styles in conscientious individuals: evidence from self-reports and observer ratings 神经质预测有责任心的个体建设性的冲突解决方式：来自自我报告和观察者评价的证据

IF 2.6 2区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Journal of Research in Personality

Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2025.104625

Frosch Yi Xuan Quek, Hwajin Yang, Andree Hartanto

The ability to resolve conflict is crucial for maintaining healthy relationships and psychological well-being. However, prior research has often overlooked the potential benefits of neuroticism for conflict resolution styles, due to a reliance on self-report measures and the lack of consideration of healthy neuroticism. This study examined the relationship between neuroticism and conflict resolution styles and highlights the pivotal role of conscientiousness and measurement modalities. Employing both self-reports and observer ratings of the Conflict Resolution Styles Inventory (CRSI), we analyzed data from young adults (N = 259) using structural equation modeling analysis. Self-reports indicated that neuroticism was associated with unconstructive conflict resolution strategies, whereas observer ratings revealed a positive association with constructive strategies. Conscientiousness moderated these relationships differently across measurement modalities, by buffering the negative aspects of neuroticism in self-reports and enhancing its positive aspects in observer ratings. These findings underscore the importance of measurement modalities and conscientiousness in understanding the benefits of neuroticism for conflict resolution.

解决冲突的能力对于维持健康的人际关系和心理健康至关重要。然而，先前的研究往往忽视了神经质对冲突解决方式的潜在好处，因为依赖于自我报告的测量和缺乏对健康神经质的考虑。本研究探讨了神经质与冲突解决方式之间的关系，并强调了责任心和测量方式的关键作用。采用冲突解决风格量表（CRSI）的自我报告和观察者评分，我们使用结构方程模型分析了来自年轻人（N = 259）的数据。自我报告表明，神经质与非建设性的冲突解决策略有关，而观察者评分显示，神经质与建设性的冲突解决策略呈正相关。在不同的测量方式中，责任心通过缓冲自我报告中神经质的消极方面和增强观察者评分中的积极方面来调节这些关系。这些发现强调了测量方式和责任感在理解神经质对解决冲突的好处方面的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Ink and Identity: Personality perceptions based on tattoos 墨水与身份：基于纹身的个性认知

IF 2.6 2区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Journal of Research in Personality

Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2025.104629

Brooke Soulliere , William J. Chopik , Alejandro Carrillo , W.Keith Campbell , Brandon Weiss , Joshua D. Miller

People with and without tattoos are often judged differently, but previous research often neglects the type and characteristics of tattoos. We examined these questions in 274 adults (M_age = 24.59, SD = 7.17; 71.2 % women; 77.2 % White) with 375 tattoos who agreed to have their tattoos photographed for the study and completed a battery of personality measures. Although there was consensus about the personalities of people who had a particular tattoo (i.e., judges agreed in their perceptions of people with tattoos), these judgments were largely inaccurate, with a few exceptions. Specifically, judgments of openness to experience (based solely on tattoos) were modestly accurate and attributable to how “wacky” the tattoo was.

人们对有纹身和没有纹身的人的评价往往不同，但以往的研究往往忽视了纹身的类型和特征。我们对274名成人(Mage = 24.59, SD = 7.17；女性占71.2%；77.2%是白人)，有375名纹身者同意为研究拍摄他们的纹身，并完成了一系列性格测试。尽管人们对有特定纹身的人的性格有共识（即，法官对纹身者的看法是一致的），但除了少数例外，这些判断在很大程度上是不准确的。具体来说，对经验开放性的判断（仅仅基于纹身）是适度准确的，并且归因于纹身的“古怪”程度。

引用次数: 0

Sculpting Narcissus: A dyadic perspective on narcissism and buffering effects of perceived ideal self affirmation on relationship commitment 雕塑水仙：自恋和理想自我肯定对关系承诺的缓冲作用的二元视角

IF 2.6 2区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Journal of Research in Personality

Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2025.104626

Sandra Gloor , Madoka Kumashiro , Carolyn C. Morf

Narcissistic self-regulation strategies aimed at pursuing a grandiose self can undermine relationship commitment. This study examined whether Michelangelo phenomenon mechanisms, whereby partners facilitate each other’s ideal selves through affirmation processes, can mitigate these potentially detrimental effects. Across three dyadic survey-based studies (Ns = 107, 212, 213 romantic couples), our findings demonstrated that perceiving a partner as affirming or facilitating the movement toward the ideal self buffered otherwise adverse effects of grandiose narcissism on commitment. In contrast, no moderation effects were observed for vulnerable narcissism – highlighting self-regulatory differences between these narcissism manifestations. Altogether, perceiving a partner as ideal-promoting may mitigate commitment by serving the narcissistic self-goal pursuit and hence present one way to foster interdependence without compromising the narcissistic ego.

以追求宏大自我为目标的自恋自我调节策略会破坏关系承诺。这项研究调查了米开朗基罗现象机制，即伴侣通过肯定过程促进彼此的理想自我，是否可以减轻这些潜在的有害影响。在三个基于二元调查的研究中（n = 107、212、213对恋人），我们的研究结果表明，认为伴侣肯定或促进了向理想自我的运动，可以缓冲浮夸自恋对承诺的不利影响。相比之下，在脆弱自恋中没有观察到适度效应，这突出了这些自恋表现之间的自我调节差异。总的来说，认为伴侣是理想促进者可能会通过服务于自恋的自我目标追求来减轻承诺，因此提供了一种在不损害自恋自我的情况下促进相互依赖的方法。

引用次数: 0

Classify with caution: An illustrative example using mixture models and machine learning 谨慎分类：使用混合模型和机器学习的说明性示例

IF 2.6 2区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Journal of Research in Personality

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2025.104602

Marcus A. Harris, D. Betsy McCoach

The present study compared latent mixture modeling to machine learning classification algorithms using simulated data to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of alternative classification options for classifying individuals into a relatively low incidence (10%) personality profile. The population model specified that item responses were generated from five latent factors patterned after the Big Five. The simulation varied the number of indicators per factor, factor mean difference, factor variances, and residual item variances to evaluate ten classification techniques, including traditional and Bayesian latent class analysis (LCA), 2 class 90/10 proportion, and factor mixture models, classification trees, conditional inference trees, evolutionary trees, Ward’s hierarchical clustering, K-means, and K-medians techniques. Although classification trees generally outperformed the other techniques, none of the ten techniques resulted in high enough classification accuracy for diagnostic decision making. Classification methods with explanatory and predictive utility may not exhibit adequate diagnostic accuracy for individual decision making.

本研究使用模拟数据将潜在混合建模与机器学习分类算法进行比较，以评估将个体分类为发生率相对较低（10%）的不同分类方案的优缺点。人口模型指出，项目反应是由五个潜在因素产生的，这些潜在因素是在五大因素之后形成的。通过改变每个因子的指标数量、因子均值差、因子方差和剩余项目方差来评估10种分类技术，包括传统和贝叶斯潜类分析（LCA）、2类90/10比例、因子混合模型、分类树、条件推理树、进化树、Ward分层聚类、K-means和k -median技术。尽管分类树通常优于其他技术，但这10种技术中没有一种能够达到足够高的诊断决策分类精度。具有解释性和预测性效用的分类方法可能不会对个人决策表现出足够的诊断准确性。

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引用次数: 0

Personality traits and loneliness: An ecological momentary assessment study with self and partner ratings 人格特质与孤独：自我与伴侣评分的生态瞬时评估研究

IF 2.6 2区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Journal of Research in Personality

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2025.104607

Antonio Terracciano , Martina Luchetti , Selin Karakose , Elizabeth Milad , Daisy V. Zavala , Tiia Kekäläinen , Yannick Stephan , Andre Hajek , Angelina R. Sutin

This multi-method and multi-rater study examined the association between personality and loneliness. Participants (n = 297) completed baseline self-rated and partner-rated personality traits; baseline self-rated loneliness; self-rated momentary loneliness (6444 assessments) and partner-rated daily loneliness (2139 assessments). Baseline correlations indicated that higher self and partner-rated neuroticism and lower extraversion, conscientiousness, and agreeableness were related to higher loneliness. In multilevel modeling, self and partner-rated neuroticism and conscientiousness were generally associated with self-rated momentary loneliness and daily partner-rated loneliness, but extraversion and agreeableness had inconsistent associations. Similarly, interpersonal warmth and sociability facets were associated with dispositional loneliness but were mostly unrelated to momentary loneliness. Findings suggest that neuroticism and emotion-related facets are more relevant to momentary loneliness than sociability and other interpersonal traits.

这项多方法、多指标的研究考察了个性与孤独之间的关系。参与者（n = 297）完成了基线自我评定和伴侣评定的人格特征；基线自评孤独；自我评估的短暂孤独（6444次评估）和伴侣评估的日常孤独（2139次评估）。基线相关性表明，较高的自我和伴侣评价的神经质和较低的外向性、严谨性和宜人性与较高的孤独感有关。在多层次模型中，自我和伴侣评定的神经质和尽责性通常与自我评定的瞬时孤独感和日常伴侣评定的孤独感相关，但外向性和亲和性具有不一致的关联。同样，人际温暖和社交方面与性格孤独有关，但大多与短暂孤独无关。研究结果表明，与社交能力和其他人际特质相比，神经质和情绪相关方面与短暂孤独的关系更大。

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Examining the costs and benefits to lay theories of life satisfaction: A Double-edged sword perspective 审视生活满意度理论的成本和收益：双刃剑视角

IF 2.6 2区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Journal of Research in Personality

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-02-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2025.104589

Samantha Kszan, Michael A. Busseri

We examined the impact of viewing life satisfaction as changeable through effort versus fixed in nature (i.e., incremental vs. entity lay theory). In a preregistered experiment, 713 online participants (M age = 37.63 years; 53.9 % female) were randomly assigned to an incremental, entity, or control condition. Comparisons between conditions and correlational findings indicated that incremental (vs. entity) lay theories were associated with greater self-reported offset efficacy and stronger motivation, but also stronger onset responsibility, self-blame, and frustration. Notably, holding an incremental (vs. entity) lay theory was more strongly linked to desirable than undesirable outcomes. Nonetheless, this study reveals both costs and benefits of holding incremental and entity lay theories of life satisfaction.

我们研究了将生活满意度视为通过努力而变化的影响与本质上固定的影响（即增量理论与实体理论）。在预注册实验中，713名在线参与者(M年龄= 37.63岁；53.9%女性)随机分配到增量、实体或控制条件。条件和相关结果的比较表明，增量理论（相对于实体理论）与更高的自我报告抵消效能和更强的动机相关，但也与更强的发病责任、自责和挫折相关。值得注意的是，持有增量理论（相对于实体理论）与理想结果的联系比不理想结果的联系更强。尽管如此，本研究揭示了持有生活满意度增量理论和实体理论的成本和收益。

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