Journal of Research in Personality最新文献

Sexual and gender minority participants (SGM) are underrepresented in quantitative psychology research overlooking a growing portion of the population. Previous research reports differences in personality between few categorical designations of gender and sexual orientation. The current study sought to expand the gender similarities hypothesis and characterize the feasibility of recruiting an SGM-diverse sample online. In preregistered analyses of 1,259 participants (73% identifying as SGM), we found that data quality was high, personality differences between groups were small overall (|d|_average = 0.16; |d|_range = 0–0.66), and there was substantial variability between facet-level group differences (|d| ± 0.59). We discuss implications for the attainability of diverse samples, group comparisons, and representativeness.

Idiographic personality networks are gaining popularity for modeling individual differences, but their validity requires stability, which seems contradicted by theory and empirics. This study employs conventional idiographic network analysis to evaluate inter- and intra-individual variation in youngsters with a mild intellectual disability (N = 26; M_age = 23) who completed 60 daily self-reports. Results show high between-person heterogeneity in network structures, even within subgroups with a similar personality profile. Repeatedly estimating idiographic networks in a sliding 30-day window revealed within-person network variability throughout the 60 days. Both theory and our study suggest non-stationarity, which invalidates aggregated network estimates. This is problematic because capturing individuals’ stable personality networks is required to subsequently assess individual differences. We discuss implications for modeling and theory building.

Emotion recognition ability (ERA) is typically conceptualized as an adaptive ability that contributes to better social functioning and well-being. However, there is a lack of studies examining the link between ERA and well-being. In the present two-week daily diary study (N = 437), this association was investigated in more detail. Although ERA was not significantly correlated with mean levels of well-being, higher ERA predicted lower affect variability and instability. There was also evidence for a U-shaped relationship between ERA and well-being. Further, maladaptive emotion regulation and neuroticism moderated the ERA-well-being link. These findings suggest that ERA should not be seen as universally adaptive for well-being.

This study investigates narcissism's role in state-level health outcomes across the U.S. While often seen as maladaptive, narcissism's adaptive aspects, like self-enhancement, might promote better health. Analyzing data from 4,230 participants in 38 states, we explore the link between dark triad traits (narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy) and health outcomes. States with higher narcissism had lower obesity and depression rates, and a lower likelihood of heart failure and hypertension deaths. However, these states reported less sleep and higher demand for plastic surgeons. This study is the first to provide a nuanced understanding of the complex interplay between dark triad traits and health on the state level, with significant implications for public health policies and interventions.

It has become popular to demonstrate that the specific variance can make a substantial contribution to accurate personality judgements. This study challenges the main assumption that transformation of manifest scores into residual scores is capable of separating the specific from the common variance. Based on two large samples (N = 11,086), in which participants and their well-acquainted observers completed either the NEO-PI-3 or the HEXACO-PI-R personality inventory, we demonstrated that the residual scores still contain a substantial amount of the common variance, which inflates correlations with criterion variables. An alternative method using multiple regression showed that different forms of residual scores have a modest incremental improvement of explained variance beyond the effects of the common variance contained in the manifest scores. On average, the specific variance improves the self-other agreement less than 4 % consequently having a marginal effect on accurate personality judgments.

We concerned with the emerging construct “future self-continuity” and its psychological consequences. We hypothesized, in particular, that future self-continuity, the perceived connection between one’s present and future self, is related—correlationally and causally—to meaning in life via authenticity, the subjective alignment with one’s true self. We tested and supported this hypothesis in three studies using measurement-of-mediation and experimental-causal-chain designs. At the trait level, future self-continuity was positively associated with meaning in life through authenticity (Study 1; N = 255). Experimentally induced high (vs. low) future self-continuity increased meaning in life via authenticity (Study 2; N = 177). Finally, experimentally induced authenticity (vs. controls) augmented meaning in life (Study 3; N = 369). Future self-continuity has implications for psychological well-being.

The Conscientiousness × Interest Compensation (CONIC) model (Trautwein et al., 2019) assumes that the two constructs conscientiousness and interest can (partly) compensate for each other in predicting academic effort and achievement. We extend previous work by testing the CONIC model in two independent U.S. samples from different age groups (high school sample: N = 1,246, M_age = 14.86 years; college sample: N = 581, M_age = 19.83 years). We also assessed whether the compensatory relations occur when grit is substituted for conscientiousness and students’ overall task value or utility value for interest. We preregistered the study and tested the various models for both science and math effort as well as achievement, using latent variable regression analyses. Overall, we found some support for the CONIC model in the U.S. samples. There was also some support for the extensions of the model to the other constructs; however, the predictive links were not as strong.

In a two-sample investigation of 766 adolescents, we examined the associations and incremental validity of test-based intelligence, parent-rated conscientiousness, and self-rated achievement striving motivation with objective (grades) and subjective (parent-reported and self-reported academic performance) measures of academic achievement. The two studies yielded largely similar results. Intelligence was related to objective and subjective performance ratings. Conscientiousness showed associations and explained variance beyond intelligence in grades and parent-reported but mostly not in self-reported academic performance. Achievement striving motivation was largely related to and explained variance beyond intelligence and conscientiousness in grades and subjective performance ratings. Findings indicate that traits and motives predict objective and subjective academic achievement measures incrementally to abilities. Differential relationships for conscientiousness depended on the informant of academic performance.

Loneliness predicts a range of highly negative outcomes and is a rising problem among young adults. The current study examines the basic processes associated with young adult loneliness. In the Stony Brook Temperament Study, 320 18 year-olds completed an ecological momentary assessment (2 weeks; 5 assessments/day) of whether they had recently socialized, and the extent to which the social experience was positive or negative. They also completed trait measures of general positive valence sensitivity (PVS), social PVS, depression, and loneliness. The amount of socializing was not associated with loneliness, while subjectively positive social experiences (but not negative), social PVS, and depression were. The current study highlights the role of social PVS hyposensitivity in young adult loneliness.

Personality predicts individual differences in stress risk and resilience factors, but these associations are often examined via global trait measures, which may not capture how associations unfold in daily life, especially for older adults whose global ratings may not be weighted towards their current experiences. The current study used intensive measurements in a sample of older adults to investigate how daily and trait measures of extraversion and neuroticism related to daily occurrences of a stress risk (stressors) and resilience (social interactions. Participants (N = 201; ages 70–93) completed a trait personality measure and then a 16-day ecological momentary assessment period during which they reported on the occurrence of stressors and social interactions and completed daily assessments of extraversion and neuroticism. Multilevel model results showed that Social Interactions were predicted positively by Daily Extraversion at the within- and between-person levels, and negatively by Daily Neuroticism at the within-person level, but that global measures of these traits did not show significant relationships. Conversely, Stressors were predicted negatively at the within-person level by Daily Extraversion and positively at the within-person level by Daily Neuroticism. Although Trait Extraversion did not significantly relate to Stressors, Trait Neuroticism showed a significant positive relationship with Stressors at the between-person level. Results illustrate how fluctuation in the manifestation of personality as measured with daily assessments relates meaningfully to daily experiences of stress risk and resilience factors, and may not always be captured by global measures in older adults.