Journal of Research in Personality最新文献

It has become popular to demonstrate that the specific variance can make a substantial contribution to accurate personality judgements. This study challenges the main assumption that transformation of manifest scores into residual scores is capable of separating the specific from the common variance. Based on two large samples (N = 11,086), in which participants and their well-acquainted observers completed either the NEO-PI-3 or the HEXACO-PI-R personality inventory, we demonstrated that the residual scores still contain a substantial amount of the common variance, which inflates correlations with criterion variables. An alternative method using multiple regression showed that different forms of residual scores have a modest incremental improvement of explained variance beyond the effects of the common variance contained in the manifest scores. On average, the specific variance improves the self-other agreement less than 4 % consequently having a marginal effect on accurate personality judgments.

We concerned with the emerging construct “future self-continuity” and its psychological consequences. We hypothesized, in particular, that future self-continuity, the perceived connection between one’s present and future self, is related—correlationally and causally—to meaning in life via authenticity, the subjective alignment with one’s true self. We tested and supported this hypothesis in three studies using measurement-of-mediation and experimental-causal-chain designs. At the trait level, future self-continuity was positively associated with meaning in life through authenticity (Study 1; N = 255). Experimentally induced high (vs. low) future self-continuity increased meaning in life via authenticity (Study 2; N = 177). Finally, experimentally induced authenticity (vs. controls) augmented meaning in life (Study 3; N = 369). Future self-continuity has implications for psychological well-being.

The Conscientiousness × Interest Compensation (CONIC) model (Trautwein et al., 2019) assumes that the two constructs conscientiousness and interest can (partly) compensate for each other in predicting academic effort and achievement. We extend previous work by testing the CONIC model in two independent U.S. samples from different age groups (high school sample: N = 1,246, M_age = 14.86 years; college sample: N = 581, M_age = 19.83 years). We also assessed whether the compensatory relations occur when grit is substituted for conscientiousness and students’ overall task value or utility value for interest. We preregistered the study and tested the various models for both science and math effort as well as achievement, using latent variable regression analyses. Overall, we found some support for the CONIC model in the U.S. samples. There was also some support for the extensions of the model to the other constructs; however, the predictive links were not as strong.

In a two-sample investigation of 766 adolescents, we examined the associations and incremental validity of test-based intelligence, parent-rated conscientiousness, and self-rated achievement striving motivation with objective (grades) and subjective (parent-reported and self-reported academic performance) measures of academic achievement. The two studies yielded largely similar results. Intelligence was related to objective and subjective performance ratings. Conscientiousness showed associations and explained variance beyond intelligence in grades and parent-reported but mostly not in self-reported academic performance. Achievement striving motivation was largely related to and explained variance beyond intelligence and conscientiousness in grades and subjective performance ratings. Findings indicate that traits and motives predict objective and subjective academic achievement measures incrementally to abilities. Differential relationships for conscientiousness depended on the informant of academic performance.

Loneliness predicts a range of highly negative outcomes and is a rising problem among young adults. The current study examines the basic processes associated with young adult loneliness. In the Stony Brook Temperament Study, 320 18 year-olds completed an ecological momentary assessment (2 weeks; 5 assessments/day) of whether they had recently socialized, and the extent to which the social experience was positive or negative. They also completed trait measures of general positive valence sensitivity (PVS), social PVS, depression, and loneliness. The amount of socializing was not associated with loneliness, while subjectively positive social experiences (but not negative), social PVS, and depression were. The current study highlights the role of social PVS hyposensitivity in young adult loneliness.

Personality predicts individual differences in stress risk and resilience factors, but these associations are often examined via global trait measures, which may not capture how associations unfold in daily life, especially for older adults whose global ratings may not be weighted towards their current experiences. The current study used intensive measurements in a sample of older adults to investigate how daily and trait measures of extraversion and neuroticism related to daily occurrences of a stress risk (stressors) and resilience (social interactions. Participants (N = 201; ages 70–93) completed a trait personality measure and then a 16-day ecological momentary assessment period during which they reported on the occurrence of stressors and social interactions and completed daily assessments of extraversion and neuroticism. Multilevel model results showed that Social Interactions were predicted positively by Daily Extraversion at the within- and between-person levels, and negatively by Daily Neuroticism at the within-person level, but that global measures of these traits did not show significant relationships. Conversely, Stressors were predicted negatively at the within-person level by Daily Extraversion and positively at the within-person level by Daily Neuroticism. Although Trait Extraversion did not significantly relate to Stressors, Trait Neuroticism showed a significant positive relationship with Stressors at the between-person level. Results illustrate how fluctuation in the manifestation of personality as measured with daily assessments relates meaningfully to daily experiences of stress risk and resilience factors, and may not always be captured by global measures in older adults.

Children of fathers with alcohol use problems and mothers with depression are considered to be at high risk for the development of antisocial behavior, which may be at least partially mediated by early emerging externalizing personality traits (e.g., aggression, manipulativeness). However, not all high-risk youth develop externalizing personality traits. We examined whether associations between fathers’ lifetime history of alcohol use disorder (AUD) and mothers’ lifetime history of major depressive disorder (MDD) with children’s externalizing personality traits were moderated by a psychophysiological marker of children’s stress reactivity and fearfulness/anxiousness, namely, cortisol output during a standardized stress task. Participants were a community sample of 205 children and their caregivers assessed at three time points. Paternal lifetime history of AUD and maternal lifetime history of MDD, combined with lower child cortisol output, were related to youth self-reported aggression. Further, girls lower in cortisol output were higher in manipulativeness in the context of paternal lifetime history of AUD.

Several personality models suggest that emotional stability represents a rather core trait that is more basic than self-esteem, self-efficacy, and locus of control proposed as more particularized characteristics within the personality system. Simultaneously, a common core construct underlying these four aspects of self-evaluations has been hypothesized. In this study, we investigated whether emotional stability qualifies as more basic construct accounting for (common) variance in the other three characteristics rather than the reverse. Applying cross-lagged panel models to data from 3068 self-ratings and 2184 informant-ratings across three measurement occasions, we found emotional stability to display higher cross-time stability and dominance regarding predictive effects. Nonetheless, it did not qualify as sole source of substantial links between self-esteem, self-efficacy, and locus of control.

Despite people’s capacity for both good and evil, scant research has jointly examined the relations of affiliative and aversive traits with moral-dilemma judgments. Using the CNI model of moral-dilemma judgments, this preregistered exploratory study examined associations of aversive traits (Dark Tetrad comprising Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy, sadism) and affiliative traits (Light Triad comprising Kantianism, humanism, faith in humanity) with sensitivity to consequences (C), sensitivity to moral norms (N), and general preference for inaction versus action (I) in responses to moral dilemmas. Dark Tetrad and Light Triad total scores were negatively and positively associated with sensitivity to moral norms, respectively. Sadism was the only trait-level predictor of moral-dilemma judgments, positively predicting sensitivity to consequences and negatively predicting sensitivity to moral norms.

This study examines the association between personality and cognitive errors in the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span study, a sample diverse across race (Black, White) and SES (above, below 125% of the federal poverty line). Participants (N = 1062) completed a comprehensive personality questionnaire and were administered a brief mental status screener of cognitive errors. Higher neuroticism was associated with more cognitive errors, whereas higher openness and conscientiousness were associated with fewer errors. These associations were independent of age, sex, race, poverty status, and education and were generally not moderated by these factors. These findings support the associations between personality and cognition across race and SES.