Journal of Research in Personality最新文献

We examined two forms of self/observer agreement (correlational and mean-level) in personality using a Dutch university student sample (N=5,405) with self-reports and observer (informant) reports from parents, siblings, friends, and partners/spouses. Correlational self/observer agreement was strong across all HEXACO-PI-R scales and across relationship types ($\overline{r}$ ≥ 0.59, but highest for partners). Regarding mean-level self/observer agreement, alleged positive bias in self-reports was not observed. Only Openness showed higher means for self-reports than for observer reports across all relationship types (d = 0.37). Mean observer report scores varied by relationship: people perceived their children as more honest and less anxious and perceived their siblings as less agreeable than other observers did. Partner reports showed the closest mean-level agreement with self-reports.

Self-directed attention is a central aspect in most psychological models in the clinical, social and personality literature. However, precise measures of self-directed attention are lacking. Building on recent methodological developments, the present study (N=104) provides an exploratory assessment of the Incidental Mirror Exposure (I-ME) paradigm combining reflective screens with eye-tracking devices to measure self-directed attention. Personality traits associated with self-directed attention were assessed to evaluate the theoretical validity of basic oculometric measures. We additionally suggest a novel measure of self-focus integrating time spent looking at the self-reflecting area of the screen and depth of the gaze looking through the screen. Results underline the relevance of eye-tracking paradigms to capture maladaptive self-directed attention such as social anxiety, vulnerable narcissism, and self-absorption.

Correlations estimated in single-source data provide uninterpretable estimates of empirical overlap between scales. We describe a model to adjust correlations for errors and biases using test–retest and multi-rater data and compare adjusted correlations among individual items with their human-rated semantic similarity (SS). We expected adjusted correlations to predict SS better than unadjusted correlations and exceed SS in absolute magnitude. While unadjusted and adjusted correlations predicted SS rankings equally well across all items, adjusted correlations were superior where items were judged most semantically redundant in meaning. Retest- and agreement-adjusted correlations were usually higher than SS, whereas unadjusted correlations often underestimated SS. We discuss uses of test–retest and multi-rater data for identifying construct redundancy and argue SS often underestimates variables’ empirical overlap.

Personality traits are often described with reference to momentary patterns in experiences and behaviors. In this paper, we consider how such personality manifestations can be measured and modeled more directly within intensive-longitudinal research. Specifically, we evaluated 300 items from the international personality item pool with respect to: a) how the described behavior relates to situational factors; and b) which statistic most accurately quantifies the implied pattern. Our results give rise to three critical observations. First, most patterns only occur within certain contexts, rather than being context independent. Second, traits are mostly described as dynamic patterns on differing timescales. Third, the mean of a person across many repeated measures is poorly suited to capture most patterns of personality in daily life.

We used data from the Advancing Understanding of Recovery after Trauma (AURORA) study to investigate prospective links between five factor model and impulsive personality traits and PTSD symptoms at baseline (N = 2943), three-months post-trauma (N = 2400), and one-year post-trauma (N = 1591) in individuals recruited from emergency departments within 72 h of trauma exposure. Neuroticism and Negative Urgency bore the largest relations (rs > 0.30) to nearly all individual PTSD symptoms and symptom total at all time points. Neuroticism was an incremental predictor of every PTSD symptom at each time point. Low Agreeableness and low Conscientiousness were incremental predictors of several PTSD symptoms. These findings highlight personality assessment as an efficient, effective screening tool for PTSD risk.

An experimental study on a non-WEIRD sample (N = 337; Turkish consumers) was conducted on how the traces of sadism can be empirically found in daily consumption behaviors. Intention to visit a tourist destination in which a cruel story presented for the experimental group (vs. control group) analyzed. It is found that sadism initially negatively predicts the intention to visit when controlling for other members of the dark tetrad; however, when a cruel story related to the destination is presented, this negative effect disappears. Further, when participants were asked to create a memoir about the destination, sadism predicted the intention to add the cruel story about the destination and share the memoir with others when controlling other members of the dark tetrad.

The relationships between team members’ personality traits and their team’s performance have been studied for decades, yet the relationships remain unclear. The field has evolved as new assessments of team performance and novel insights from empirical studies are introduced. Furthermore, collaboration and team-relevant topics have been spotlighted by policymakers and stakeholders. Thus, new systematic investigations into such relationships are needed. Accordingly, we sought to fill these gaps and produce more integrative results by updating and extending earlier meta-analyses by exploring several moderators. We focused on task performance and the means and standard deviations of team members’ Big Five personality traits. The results revealed that several team personality traits were weakly related to team performance and key moderators influenced the relationships.

Within the present research, we conducted a close replication of Paul et al. (2022), who reported the HEXACO Honesty-Humility trait to be positively correlated with prosocial lies by applying a procedure in which participants should rate a poorly written essay. Consistent with the original study, participants (N = 324) higher in Honesty-Humility and Agreeableness showed more prosocial lying. Because the associations disappeared within a shared regression model, we assume the correlation between Honesty-Humility and prosocial lies to be weaker than postulated within the original study and to be at least as equivalently strong as the association between Agreeableness and prosocial lies. The validity and generalizability of the findings and the limitations of the original and the replication study are discussed.

Psychosocial stress is a key predictor of adverse mental and physical health outcomes. Yet, the field of stress science has been limited by insufficient consideration of individual differences, particularly personality, as well as imprecise definitions and assessment of stress. The focus of this special issue is on personality associations with stress risk and resilience, including the potential mechanisms underlying these associations.