Journal of Research in Personality最新文献

Using longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study, we examined the association between optimism/pessimism before the pandemic and adaptation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Overall, optimism was associated with behaviors that reduce COVID-19 transmission and higher psychological well-being (βs>|.196|) through changes in social contacts (indirect effect βs> |.004|) and/or increases in physical activity (βs=|.01|). Separating optimism and pessimism, we found that only pessimism was associated with behaviors that reduce risk, but both optimism and pessimism were associated with psychological well-being. By investigating them in the context of new public health challenges, we found that while the presence of optimism and absence of pessimism may both be resources for well-being, the absence of pessimism may be particularly important for health-relevant behaviors.

Value development over the life-span is rarely studied due to theory and data limitations. We use the LISS data, a Dutch longitudinal dataset, to study value change in adults aged 25–70 over 11 years from 2008 to 2019 (N=10,860), using the neo- socioanalyitcal model (NSM) as a theoretical framework. We find few cohort differences, differences between age groups and non-linear value change within individuals that continues until late adulthood. Gender differences in mean-levels are stable except in universalism and self-direction, while gender differences in rates of change are observed. We conclude that the NSM provides a fruitful framework to interpret value change as a maturation process toward becoming functioning members of society along gendered and age-graded normative stages.

We examined two forms of self/observer agreement (correlational and mean-level) in personality using a Dutch university student sample (N=5,405) with self-reports and observer (informant) reports from parents, siblings, friends, and partners/spouses. Correlational self/observer agreement was strong across all HEXACO-PI-R scales and across relationship types ($\overline{r}$ ≥ 0.59, but highest for partners). Regarding mean-level self/observer agreement, alleged positive bias in self-reports was not observed. Only Openness showed higher means for self-reports than for observer reports across all relationship types (d = 0.37). Mean observer report scores varied by relationship: people perceived their children as more honest and less anxious and perceived their siblings as less agreeable than other observers did. Partner reports showed the closest mean-level agreement with self-reports.

Self-directed attention is a central aspect in most psychological models in the clinical, social and personality literature. However, precise measures of self-directed attention are lacking. Building on recent methodological developments, the present study (N=104) provides an exploratory assessment of the Incidental Mirror Exposure (I-ME) paradigm combining reflective screens with eye-tracking devices to measure self-directed attention. Personality traits associated with self-directed attention were assessed to evaluate the theoretical validity of basic oculometric measures. We additionally suggest a novel measure of self-focus integrating time spent looking at the self-reflecting area of the screen and depth of the gaze looking through the screen. Results underline the relevance of eye-tracking paradigms to capture maladaptive self-directed attention such as social anxiety, vulnerable narcissism, and self-absorption.

Correlations estimated in single-source data provide uninterpretable estimates of empirical overlap between scales. We describe a model to adjust correlations for errors and biases using test–retest and multi-rater data and compare adjusted correlations among individual items with their human-rated semantic similarity (SS). We expected adjusted correlations to predict SS better than unadjusted correlations and exceed SS in absolute magnitude. While unadjusted and adjusted correlations predicted SS rankings equally well across all items, adjusted correlations were superior where items were judged most semantically redundant in meaning. Retest- and agreement-adjusted correlations were usually higher than SS, whereas unadjusted correlations often underestimated SS. We discuss uses of test–retest and multi-rater data for identifying construct redundancy and argue SS often underestimates variables’ empirical overlap.

Personality traits are often described with reference to momentary patterns in experiences and behaviors. In this paper, we consider how such personality manifestations can be measured and modeled more directly within intensive-longitudinal research. Specifically, we evaluated 300 items from the international personality item pool with respect to: a) how the described behavior relates to situational factors; and b) which statistic most accurately quantifies the implied pattern. Our results give rise to three critical observations. First, most patterns only occur within certain contexts, rather than being context independent. Second, traits are mostly described as dynamic patterns on differing timescales. Third, the mean of a person across many repeated measures is poorly suited to capture most patterns of personality in daily life.

We used data from the Advancing Understanding of Recovery after Trauma (AURORA) study to investigate prospective links between five factor model and impulsive personality traits and PTSD symptoms at baseline (N = 2943), three-months post-trauma (N = 2400), and one-year post-trauma (N = 1591) in individuals recruited from emergency departments within 72 h of trauma exposure. Neuroticism and Negative Urgency bore the largest relations (rs > 0.30) to nearly all individual PTSD symptoms and symptom total at all time points. Neuroticism was an incremental predictor of every PTSD symptom at each time point. Low Agreeableness and low Conscientiousness were incremental predictors of several PTSD symptoms. These findings highlight personality assessment as an efficient, effective screening tool for PTSD risk.