Social hierarchies are a universal property of all social species, implying cognitive and emotional mechanisms for evaluating relative social position. Who is sensitive to unfavorable social comparisons, and what are the mental health consequences? Across five studies (N = 1669) we investigate the socioemotional construct of perceived disadvantage. This multidimensional construct—comprising envy, diminished self-esteem, and heightened justice sensitivity—emerged as a single latent factor, reflecting linked cognitive, emotional, and attitudinal responses to unfavorable social comparison. Based on these findings, we developed the 12-item Perceived Disadvantage Index (PDI), which demonstrated excellent psychometric properties. Perceived disadvantage explained substantial variance in mental health (stress, anxiety, and depression) beyond existing measures of social comparison. Longitudinal evidence suggested a causal link between perceived disadvantage and amplified depressive symptoms over time. These findings highlight perceived disadvantage as a theoretically grounded construct offering insight into social comparison dynamics and mental health in an increasingly stratified perceptual world.
{"title":"Perceived disadvantage: Individual differences in sensitivity to unfavorable social comparison predict poorer mental health","authors":"Sandeep Mishra , Shadi Beshai , Justin Feeney , Cody Fogg , Adam Iskric","doi":"10.1016/j.paid.2026.113677","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paid.2026.113677","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Social hierarchies are a universal property of all social species, implying cognitive and emotional mechanisms for evaluating relative social position. Who is sensitive to unfavorable social comparisons, and what are the mental health consequences? Across five studies (<em>N</em> = 1669) we investigate the socioemotional construct of <em>perceived disadvantage</em>. This multidimensional construct—comprising envy, diminished self-esteem, and heightened justice sensitivity—emerged as a single latent factor, reflecting linked cognitive, emotional, and attitudinal responses to unfavorable social comparison. Based on these findings, we developed the 12-item <em>Perceived Disadvantage Index (PDI)</em>, which demonstrated excellent psychometric properties. Perceived disadvantage explained substantial variance in mental health (stress, anxiety, and depression) beyond existing measures of social comparison. Longitudinal evidence suggested a causal link between perceived disadvantage and amplified depressive symptoms over time. These findings highlight perceived disadvantage as a theoretically grounded construct offering insight into social comparison dynamics and mental health in an increasingly stratified perceptual world.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48467,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 113677"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146189756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-31DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2026.113668
Charlotta S. Jacobsen , Elisabeth Prestele , Eunike Wetzel
Narcissism and perfectionism are both associated with a range of achievement-related and clinical outcomes and are correlated at the trait level. Despite these indications of a shared foundation, their association has yet to be analyzed at the state level, where it may reveal shared situational contingencies. To address this gap, the present study examined the constructs' state-level relationship in daily life. For that purpose, we conducted an ambulatory assessment study with N = 285 participants across 42 measurement occasions. Trait-level perfectionism and narcissism were assessed at baseline, while their state-level counterparts were assessed during the ambulatory assessment phase. As expected, trait narcissism and perfectionism were positively correlated. Using multi-level modeling, we analyzed within- and between-person associations of the state-level constructs. State grandiose narcissism was positively associated with perfectionistic striving cognitions and negatively with perfectionistic concern cognitions, whereas state vulnerable narcissism was positively related to perfectionistic concern cognitions. At the between-person level, average state grandiose narcissism was positively related to perfectionistic striving cognitions, while state vulnerable narcissism was positively related to perfectionistic concern cognitions. These associations are discussed in terms of potential underlying processes. Future research could further explore shared situational contingencies.
{"title":"State grandiose and vulnerable narcissism in relation to perfectionistic cognitions","authors":"Charlotta S. Jacobsen , Elisabeth Prestele , Eunike Wetzel","doi":"10.1016/j.paid.2026.113668","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paid.2026.113668","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Narcissism and perfectionism are both associated with a range of achievement-related and clinical outcomes and are correlated at the trait level. Despite these indications of a shared foundation, their association has yet to be analyzed at the state level, where it may reveal shared situational contingencies. To address this gap, the present study examined the constructs' state-level relationship in daily life. For that purpose, we conducted an ambulatory assessment study with <em>N</em> = 285 participants across 42 measurement occasions. Trait-level perfectionism and narcissism were assessed at baseline, while their state-level counterparts were assessed during the ambulatory assessment phase. As expected, trait narcissism and perfectionism were positively correlated. Using multi-level modeling, we analyzed within- and between-person associations of the state-level constructs. State grandiose narcissism was positively associated with perfectionistic striving cognitions and negatively with perfectionistic concern cognitions, whereas state vulnerable narcissism was positively related to perfectionistic concern cognitions. At the between-person level, average state grandiose narcissism was positively related to perfectionistic striving cognitions, while state vulnerable narcissism was positively related to perfectionistic concern cognitions. These associations are discussed in terms of potential underlying processes. Future research could further explore shared situational contingencies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48467,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 113668"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146189755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-30DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2026.113638
Thomas V. Pollet, Billy Fitzpatrick, Sophia Meziani, Ellie M. Pashley, Ema Šefčíková
Birth order has long been argued to be an important individual difference variable for domains such as personality and achievement. However, after many decades of research, the evidence for a birth order effect is scarce at best. Less is known about the role of birth order for social relationships, in particular romantic relationships. This paper re-examines a previously reported finding that firstborns report less romantic jealousy than laterborns. We present data from four samples (total n > 950) with a MANOVA design, mirroring the study on which this original claim was based. Across all samples and multiple robustness checks, we found no statistical support for the claim that firstborns report less jealousy than laterborns. Both frequentist and Bayesian meta-analyses did not support a birth order effect on jealousy (frequentist estimate: r 0.08, 95% CI [−0.018, 0.170]). These findings challenge the notion of birth order as a significant predictor for romantic jealousy and suggest that research on romantic relationships may yield greater insight by focussing on other individual difference variables than birth order.
{"title":"Revisiting the relationship between birth order and romantic jealousy: No support for an effect in four samples","authors":"Thomas V. Pollet, Billy Fitzpatrick, Sophia Meziani, Ellie M. Pashley, Ema Šefčíková","doi":"10.1016/j.paid.2026.113638","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paid.2026.113638","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Birth order has long been argued to be an important individual difference variable for domains such as personality and achievement. However, after many decades of research, the evidence for a birth order effect is scarce at best. Less is known about the role of birth order for social relationships, in particular romantic relationships. This paper re-examines a previously reported finding that firstborns report less romantic jealousy than laterborns. We present data from four samples (total n > 950) with a MANOVA design, mirroring the study on which this original claim was based. Across all samples and multiple robustness checks, we found no statistical support for the claim that firstborns report less jealousy than laterborns. Both frequentist and Bayesian meta-analyses did not support a birth order effect on jealousy (frequentist estimate: <em>r</em> <span><math><mo>=</mo></math></span> 0.08, 95% CI [−0.018, 0.170]). These findings challenge the notion of birth order as a significant predictor for romantic jealousy and suggest that research on romantic relationships may yield greater insight by focussing on other individual difference variables than birth order.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48467,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 113638"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146189753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-30DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2026.113685
Liang Xu , Yiwen Wu , Zehua Jiang
Lawyers' personalities shape public expectations of the legal profession and influence perceptions of professional identity. This study examined how lawyers' personalities have been described in 14,953,356 English-language books over the past 120 years (1900–2019) using a corpus-based approach. We first compared the relative salience of the Big Five traits across historical periods, and then analyzed the polarity of these traits by contrasting lawyers with the general population. The results showed that conscientiousness was the most frequently discussed trait overall, while agreeableness dominated in the early twentieth century and openness became most prominent in recent decades; extraversion remained relatively stable, and neuroticism was rarely highlighted. Polarity analyses indicated that lawyers were more positively described in conscientiousness, openness, and extraversion, but more negatively in agreeableness and neuroticism. Notably, shifts in trait salience (such as the mid-twentieth-century rise of conscientiousness and the recent prominence of openness) may reflect broader social, cultural, and professional transformations, including post-war institutional changes, evolving cultural values, and innovations in legal education and practice. These findings provide a comprehensive view of how societal perceptions of lawyers' personalities have evolved, highlighting both enduring stereotypes and dynamic shifts over time.
{"title":"Personality descriptions of lawyers: A 120-year big data analysis of English books","authors":"Liang Xu , Yiwen Wu , Zehua Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.paid.2026.113685","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paid.2026.113685","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lawyers' personalities shape public expectations of the legal profession and influence perceptions of professional identity. This study examined how lawyers' personalities have been described in 14,953,356 English-language books over the past 120 years (1900–2019) using a corpus-based approach. We first compared the relative salience of the Big Five traits across historical periods, and then analyzed the polarity of these traits by contrasting lawyers with the general population. The results showed that conscientiousness was the most frequently discussed trait overall, while agreeableness dominated in the early twentieth century and openness became most prominent in recent decades; extraversion remained relatively stable, and neuroticism was rarely highlighted. Polarity analyses indicated that lawyers were more positively described in conscientiousness, openness, and extraversion, but more negatively in agreeableness and neuroticism. Notably, shifts in trait salience (such as the mid-twentieth-century rise of conscientiousness and the recent prominence of openness) may reflect broader social, cultural, and professional transformations, including post-war institutional changes, evolving cultural values, and innovations in legal education and practice. These findings provide a comprehensive view of how societal perceptions of lawyers' personalities have evolved, highlighting both enduring stereotypes and dynamic shifts over time.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48467,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 113685"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146189752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-29DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2026.113689
Karol Konaszewski , Dawid Walczak , Julia Krakowska , Radosław Rogoza
Introduction
The aim of the study was to examine the intrapersonal, everyday connections between the dimensions of aggression (internalizing and externalizing) that characterize individuals' everyday experiences. The study also aimed to assess the impact of internalizing aggression (anger and hostility) on externalizing aggression (physical aggression and verbal aggression) and vice versa.
Method
The study included 317 participants from Poland. Participants gave an average of 24.83 responses, resulting in a total of k = 7871 observations. Items from the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire were used to measure the four dimensions of aggression. To examine the daily dynamics of aggression, we used dynamic structural equation modeling (DSEM).
Results
Externalizing aggression was found to be positively related to internalizing aggression at both the intrapersonal and interpersonal levels. Our study also confirmed our hypothesis that an increase in internalizing aggression one day predicts higher levels of externalizing aggression the next day.
Conclusion
Our study provided unique insight into assessing the relationship between internalizing aggression (hostility and anger) and externalizing aggression (verbal aggression and physical aggression). Finally, the integration of our research with Wilkowski and Robinson's theory is pointed out.
{"title":"Internalizing and externalizing aggression: a daily diary study","authors":"Karol Konaszewski , Dawid Walczak , Julia Krakowska , Radosław Rogoza","doi":"10.1016/j.paid.2026.113689","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paid.2026.113689","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The aim of the study was to examine the intrapersonal, everyday connections between the dimensions of aggression (internalizing and externalizing) that characterize individuals' everyday experiences. The study also aimed to assess the impact of internalizing aggression (anger and hostility) on externalizing aggression (physical aggression and verbal aggression) and vice versa.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>The study included 317 participants from Poland. Participants gave an average of 24.83 responses, resulting in a total of k = 7871 observations. Items from the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire were used to measure the four dimensions of aggression. To examine the daily dynamics of aggression, we used dynamic structural equation modeling (DSEM).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Externalizing aggression was found to be positively related to internalizing aggression at both the intrapersonal and interpersonal levels. Our study also confirmed our hypothesis that an increase in internalizing aggression one day predicts higher levels of externalizing aggression the next day.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our study provided unique insight into assessing the relationship between internalizing aggression (hostility and anger) and externalizing aggression (verbal aggression and physical aggression). Finally, the integration of our research with Wilkowski and Robinson's theory is pointed out.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48467,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 113689"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146190307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-29DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2026.113686
Hezhi Chen , Zhijia Zeng
Happiness orientations represent distinct pathways to well-being, including hedonic approach (pursuing pleasure), hedonic avoidance (avoiding pain), and eudaimonic (seeking meaning) orientations. While these overarching goals strongly shape life outcomes, their developmental origins remain insufficiently understood. The present research investigates parental psychological control as a key antecedent and tests self-concept clarity as the underlying mechanism. Results revealed that parental psychological control was associated with decreased hedonic approach and eudaimonic orientations and increased hedonic avoidance tendencies, and diminished self-concept clarity partly mediated these effects (Study 1). The experimental manipulation of self-concept clarity (Studies 2a–2b) causally decreased pain-avoidance motives and increased eudaimonic motives through enhanced state self-concept clarity. Although the manipulation also influenced pleasure-approach motives, this effect was not mediated by state self-concept clarity. Our findings emphasize the influence of self-knowledge in shaping how people pursue happiness and suggest that disruptions in identity development may lead to less healthy routes to well-being.
{"title":"Know yourself, be yourself: Self-concept clarity as a mediator between parental psychological control and happiness orientations","authors":"Hezhi Chen , Zhijia Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.paid.2026.113686","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paid.2026.113686","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Happiness orientations represent distinct pathways to well-being, including hedonic approach (pursuing pleasure), hedonic avoidance (avoiding pain), and eudaimonic (seeking meaning) orientations. While these overarching goals strongly shape life outcomes, their developmental origins remain insufficiently understood. The present research investigates parental psychological control as a key antecedent and tests self-concept clarity as the underlying mechanism. Results revealed that parental psychological control was associated with decreased hedonic approach and eudaimonic orientations and increased hedonic avoidance tendencies, and diminished self-concept clarity partly mediated these effects (Study 1). The experimental manipulation of self-concept clarity (Studies 2a–2b) causally decreased pain-avoidance motives and increased eudaimonic motives through enhanced state self-concept clarity. Although the manipulation also influenced pleasure-approach motives, this effect was not mediated by state self-concept clarity. Our findings emphasize the influence of self-knowledge in shaping how people pursue happiness and suggest that disruptions in identity development may lead to less healthy routes to well-being.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48467,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 113686"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146190306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-28DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2026.113680
Wei Bai , Haihan Wang , Lijun Zheng
Accumulating evidence shows that women's mate preferences are variable rather than fixed. Some researchers have suggested that cross-cultural variation in mate preferences is an expected outcome of evolved psychological mechanisms, particularly when local conditions alter the reproductive or adaptive value of specific traits. In this study, we focused on gendered power in romantic relationships and its association with mate preferences within the “fourth love” community in China, a subculture characterized by reversed gender roles. A total of 385 fourth love participants and 276 non–fourth love participants completed measures of gendered relational power and mate preferences. Compared with non–fourth love women, fourth love women placed less importance on a partner's resources and potential, but greater importance on good looks. No significant differences were found between fourth love men and non–fourth love men. Furthermore, higher gendered power was associated with lower preference for a partner's resources and potential among women, and partially accounted for the differences between fourth love and non–fourth love women in these domains. These findings suggest that gendered power is linked to women's mate preferences and support the view that variability in women's preferences may reflect adaptive trade-offs under specific relational and cultural conditions.
{"title":"Relational power as a cue for women's adaptive mate preference variation: Evidence from traditional and reversed gender roles","authors":"Wei Bai , Haihan Wang , Lijun Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.paid.2026.113680","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paid.2026.113680","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accumulating evidence shows that women's mate preferences are variable rather than fixed. Some researchers have suggested that cross-cultural variation in mate preferences is an expected outcome of evolved psychological mechanisms, particularly when local conditions alter the reproductive or adaptive value of specific traits. In this study, we focused on gendered power in romantic relationships and its association with mate preferences within the “fourth love” community in China, a subculture characterized by reversed gender roles. A total of 385 fourth love participants and 276 non–fourth love participants completed measures of gendered relational power and mate preferences. Compared with non–fourth love women, fourth love women placed less importance on a partner's resources and potential, but greater importance on good looks. No significant differences were found between fourth love men and non–fourth love men. Furthermore, higher gendered power was associated with lower preference for a partner's resources and potential among women, and partially accounted for the differences between fourth love and non–fourth love women in these domains. These findings suggest that gendered power is linked to women's mate preferences and support the view that variability in women's preferences may reflect adaptive trade-offs under specific relational and cultural conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48467,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 113680"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146189754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-28DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2026.113688
Fernanda Otoni , Ariela Raíssa Lima-Costa , Antônio Silvério da Rocha Neto , Victória Sobreira Gonçalves , Ligia Ziegler Samuel , Bruno Bonfá-Araujo
This study examined how dispositional antagonism relates to authoritarian ideologies and self-regulatory processes, testing whether Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) mediate the relationship between the Dark Factor of Personality (D factor) and both self-control and emotion regulation. A total of 498 Brazilian adults (Mage = 33.43, SD = 9.17) completed measures of dark traits, RWA, SDO, self-control, and emotional dysregulation. Correlations indicated that the D factor was positively associated with RWA and emotion dysregulation and weakly associated with self-control, whereas SDO showed negligible relations with both. In a path model, RWA fully mediated the relation between the D factor and self-control; no indirect effects via SDO emerged for either outcome. Emotion dysregulation was inversely related to self-control even after accounting for the D factor, RWA, and SDO, suggesting a relatively independent regulatory pathway. Facet-level patterns further suggested that self-control may function not only as a protective capacity but also as a strategic resource in aversive personality expression. These findings indicate that antagonistic dispositions may manifest ideologically through authoritarian rigidity and punitive attitudes, rather than hierarchical dominance. The results also highlight that emotion regulation and self-control function as distinct yet interacting domains within ideological expression.
{"title":"The dark core and the dual process of prejudice: When self-control and emotional dysregulation serve antagonistic ends","authors":"Fernanda Otoni , Ariela Raíssa Lima-Costa , Antônio Silvério da Rocha Neto , Victória Sobreira Gonçalves , Ligia Ziegler Samuel , Bruno Bonfá-Araujo","doi":"10.1016/j.paid.2026.113688","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paid.2026.113688","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examined how dispositional antagonism relates to authoritarian ideologies and self-regulatory processes, testing whether Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) mediate the relationship between the Dark Factor of Personality (D factor) and both self-control and emotion regulation. A total of 498 Brazilian adults (M<sub><em>age</em></sub> = 33.43, SD = 9.17) completed measures of dark traits, RWA, SDO, self-control, and emotional dysregulation. Correlations indicated that the D factor was positively associated with RWA and emotion dysregulation and weakly associated with self-control, whereas SDO showed negligible relations with both. In a path model, RWA fully mediated the relation between the D factor and self-control; no indirect effects via SDO emerged for either outcome. Emotion dysregulation was inversely related to self-control even after accounting for the D factor, RWA, and SDO, suggesting a relatively independent regulatory pathway. Facet-level patterns further suggested that self-control may function not only as a protective capacity but also as a strategic resource in aversive personality expression. These findings indicate that antagonistic dispositions may manifest ideologically through authoritarian rigidity and punitive attitudes, rather than hierarchical dominance. The results also highlight that emotion regulation and self-control function as distinct yet interacting domains within ideological expression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48467,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 113688"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146189759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-28DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2026.113687
Nasrin Esmaeilian , Ali Khatibi , Mohsen Dehghani , Ali Reza Moradi , Ernst H.W. Koster
Introduction
This study examined facial emotion recognition (FER) in individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) features, with and without a history of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), compared to a control group (CTRL). We assessed seven emotions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, neutrality, sadness, and pain) and evaluated the effects of social exclusion.
Method
Participants completed a FER task before and after Cyberball; all participants received the exclusion condition. Measures included accuracy, reaction time, and confidence. Participants also completed the PAI-BOR, RSQ, BDI-II, and BAI.
Results
At baseline, individuals in the BPD + NSSI group showed reduced accuracy in recognizing negative emotions (anger, disgust, and pain) and had slower response times than CTRL. Higher rejection sensitivity was linked to slower identification of emotional cues. Unexpectedly, social exclusion did not worsen negative biases. Instead, the BPD + NSSI group showed improved recognition of pain and happy expressions, and the most significant reductions in reaction time. No evidence of a global speed–accuracy trade-off emerged; slower responses in clinical groups appeared to reflect greater processing demands rather than deliberate caution.
Conclusion
Findings suggest emotional sensitivity and processing efficiency in BPD, particularly among those with NSSI. Social exclusion may temporarily enhance perceptual processing in this subgroup. Interventions may benefit from targeting processing efficiency and metacognitive calibration.
{"title":"Facial emotion recognition in borderline personality disorder: The impact of self-injury and social rejection","authors":"Nasrin Esmaeilian , Ali Khatibi , Mohsen Dehghani , Ali Reza Moradi , Ernst H.W. Koster","doi":"10.1016/j.paid.2026.113687","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paid.2026.113687","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>This study examined facial emotion recognition (FER) in individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) features, with and without a history of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), compared to a control group (CTRL). We assessed seven emotions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, neutrality, sadness, and pain) and evaluated the effects of social exclusion.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>Participants completed a FER task before and after Cyberball; all participants received the exclusion condition. Measures included accuracy, reaction time, and confidence. Participants also completed the PAI-BOR, RSQ, BDI-II, and BAI.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>At baseline, individuals in the BPD + NSSI group showed reduced accuracy in recognizing negative emotions (anger, disgust, and pain) and had slower response times than CTRL. Higher rejection sensitivity was linked to slower identification of emotional cues. Unexpectedly, social exclusion did not worsen negative biases. Instead, the BPD + NSSI group showed improved recognition of pain and happy expressions, and the most significant reductions in reaction time. No evidence of a global speed–accuracy trade-off emerged; slower responses in clinical groups appeared to reflect greater processing demands rather than deliberate caution.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Findings suggest emotional sensitivity and processing efficiency in BPD, particularly among those with NSSI. Social exclusion may temporarily enhance perceptual processing in this subgroup. Interventions may benefit from targeting processing efficiency and metacognitive calibration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48467,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 113687"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146190305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-28DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2026.113682
Marija V. Čolić , Janko Međedović
We investigated the association between the Militant Extremist Mindset (MEM)—a measure of radicalisation consisting of Proviolence (advocating ideological violence), Vile World (pessimistic worldview) and Divine Power (excusing violence on divine grounds)—and dark traits as (a)moral personal dispositions and moral foundations as a moral reasoning framework. In Study 1 (N = 309), low individualising foundations (care, fairness) predicted Proviolence and Divine Power. High binding foundations (loyalty, authority, purity) predicted Divine Power and the Vile World. In Study 2 (N = 540), binding foundations positively predicted all MEM components. Individualising foundations negatively predicted Proviolence and Divine Power, but positively predicted the Vile World. Dark traits predicted MEM directly and via moral foundations. Sadism was the most important for understanding Proviolence and Divine Power (via low individualising foundations), while Machiavellianism predicted the Vile World (via high binding foundations). Our study confirms the importance of dark traits in understanding radicalisation and highlights that endorsing and excusing ideological violence is linked to a disregard for individual wellbeing (associated with sadistic tendencies), and to an endorsement of group-level morality (associated with a tendency for strategic manipulation). The heterogeneity of the Vile World in terms of moral thinking frameworks should be explored in further studies.
{"title":"(A)moral underpinnings of militant extremist thinking pattern: The role of moral foundations and Dark Tetrad","authors":"Marija V. Čolić , Janko Međedović","doi":"10.1016/j.paid.2026.113682","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paid.2026.113682","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We investigated the association between the Militant Extremist Mindset (MEM)—a measure of radicalisation consisting of Proviolence (advocating ideological violence), Vile World (pessimistic worldview) and Divine Power (excusing violence on divine grounds)—and dark traits as (a)moral personal dispositions and moral foundations as a moral reasoning framework. In Study 1 (<em>N</em> = 309), low individualising foundations (care, fairness) predicted Proviolence and Divine Power. High binding foundations (loyalty, authority, purity) predicted Divine Power and the Vile World. In Study 2 (<em>N</em> = 540), binding foundations positively predicted all MEM components. Individualising foundations negatively predicted Proviolence and Divine Power, but positively predicted the Vile World. Dark traits predicted MEM directly and via moral foundations. Sadism was the most important for understanding Proviolence and Divine Power (via low individualising foundations), while Machiavellianism predicted the Vile World (via high binding foundations). Our study confirms the importance of dark traits in understanding radicalisation and highlights that endorsing and excusing ideological violence is linked to a disregard for individual wellbeing (associated with sadistic tendencies), and to an endorsement of group-level morality (associated with a tendency for strategic manipulation). The heterogeneity of the Vile World in terms of moral thinking frameworks should be explored in further studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48467,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 113682"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146190308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号