Personality and Individual Differences最新文献

英文中文

The construction of the Dark Triad traits and the relationships with ageism: A three-year longitudinal study of adults aged 18–60 years in China 黑暗三合会特质的构建及其与年龄歧视的关系：对中国 18-60 岁成年人的三年纵向研究

IF 3.5 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Personality and Individual Differences

Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112928

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between the Dark Triad traits and temporal associations with Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy, and ageism across 3 years. A cross-lagged analysis of 3 waves of data was conducted using a Chinese sample (N = 613, aged 18–60 years). The analysis revealed a mutual cumulative effect of Machiavellianism and psychopathy in both the young adult group and the middle-aged group. However, narcissism was relatively independent, and only psychopathy positively predicted narcissism in the young adult group. Machiavellianism and psychopathy at T1 positively predicted ageism at T2, and Machiavellianism and psychopathy at T2 positively predicted ageism at T3 in both groups. There were positive bidirectional associations between Machiavellianism and ageism at each point (T1, T2, T3) in the young adult group only. However, the prediction of ageism based on narcissism was unstable with a negligible predictive effect.

本研究旨在探讨黑暗三联征与马基雅维利主义、自恋、精神病态和年龄歧视之间的关系。研究使用中国样本（N = 613，18-60 岁）对 3 波数据进行了交叉滞后分析。分析结果显示，在青年组和中年组中，马基雅维利主义和心理变态具有相互累积效应。然而，自恋是相对独立的，在青年组中，只有精神病态对自恋有积极的预测作用。在两个组别中，T1 阶段的马基雅维利主义和心理变态正向预测 T2 阶段的年龄歧视，T2 阶段的马基雅维利主义和心理变态正向预测 T3 阶段的年龄歧视。在每个时间点（T1、T2、T3），马基雅维利主义与年龄歧视之间仅在青年组存在正双向关联。然而，基于自恋对年龄歧视的预测并不稳定，预测效果微乎其微。

引用次数: 0

A systematic review investigating a tolerance for pain and empathy for other people's pain in psychopathic traits within the general population 对一般人群中精神变态特质的疼痛耐受性和对他人疼痛的同理心的系统性研究

IF 3.5 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Personality and Individual Differences

Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112912

Psychopathic traits have been related to a higher tolerance for nociceptive pain and a deficit in empathy for others' pain. However, results are varied and inconsistent. As a result, this systematic review was conducted to consolidate findings. Reported in accordance with the PRISMA statement, a comprehensive literature search used 5 databases to identify articles published between 2000 and 2022 examining pain experience and empathy for others' pain in psychopathic traits (PROSPERO: CRD42023426112). From a total of 9522 articles, 8 papers were identified as eligible for inclusion. A total of 573 participants were included across 8 studies. Differences in pain tolerance to pressure and electric shocks were found in those higher in psychopathic traits, but not when using cold temperatures. In addition, higher levels of psychopathic traits related to less brain activity in response to others' pain, thus impacting empathy. This review highlights that within psychopathic traits, pain tolerance findings may be dependent upon the type of nociceptive pain stimulus and data collection method. Additionally, a lack of empathy for others may have a neurological basis. Lastly, boldness and meanness traits may play a specific tole in tolerating more nociceptive pain and lacking empathy for others.

精神变态特质与对痛觉疼痛的较高耐受性和对他人疼痛的共情能力不足有关。然而，研究结果各不相同且不一致。因此，我们开展了这项系统性综述来整合研究结果。根据 PRISMA 声明，我们利用 5 个数据库进行了全面的文献检索，以确定 2000 年至 2022 年间发表的研究精神变态特质中疼痛体验和对他人疼痛的移情能力的文章（PROSPERO：CRD42023426112）。在总共 9522 篇文章中，确定了 8 篇符合纳入条件的论文。8 项研究共纳入了 573 名参与者。研究发现，心理变态特质较高的人对压力和电击的疼痛耐受性存在差异，但在使用低温时则没有差异。此外，心理变态特质水平越高，大脑对他人疼痛的反应就越少，从而影响了移情能力。这篇综述强调，在精神变态特质中，疼痛耐受性的研究结果可能取决于痛觉疼痛刺激的类型和数据收集方法。此外，对他人缺乏同情心可能有其神经学基础。最后，大胆和卑鄙的特质可能会在容忍更多的痛觉疼痛和缺乏对他人的同情方面起到特定的作用。

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引用次数: 0

Interpret your languages, understand your feelings: The relationship between interpreting experience and empathy 翻译你的语言，理解你的感受：口译经验与移情之间的关系

IF 3.5 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Personality and Individual Differences

Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112927

Previous research has documented significant linguistic, cognitive, and communicative benefits of interpreting experience, such as enhanced language skills, heightened executive function, and improved working memory. This investigation focuses on the personality traits and emotional consequences associated with interpreting experience. We hypothesize that students trained in interpreting display greater empathic concerns and accuracy compared to their counterparts without such training, given that interpreting inherently involves exposure to multiple cultures, languages, and societal norms, thereby fostering a deeper understanding and appreciation of diverse emotional and psychological states. Study 1 employed self-report measures and found that participants trained in interpreting scored higher on empathy scales than those in linguistic programs. Extending beyond self-report techniques, Study 2 provided behavioral confirmation of our hypothesis; specifically, students with interpreting experience demonstrated greater empathic accuracy in recognizing the emotions of others. Furthermore, consistent with prior research, we found that females exhibited greater empathic tendencies compared to males. Taken together, these findings suggest that the demanding nature of the interpreting task may contribute to the development of these personality changes, aligning with the principles of the social investment theory.

以往的研究记录了口译经验在语言、认知和交际方面的显著益处，如增强语言技能、提高执行功能和改善工作记忆。本次调查的重点是与口译经历相关的人格特质和情感后果。我们假设，接受过口译训练的学生与未接受过口译训练的学生相比，会表现出更多的移情关注和更高的准确性，因为口译本身就涉及到接触多种文化、语言和社会规范，从而促进对不同情感和心理状态的更深入理解和领悟。研究 1 采用了自我报告测量方法，发现接受过口译培训的学员在移情量表上的得分高于参加语言课程的学员。除了自我报告技术外，研究 2 还通过行为证实了我们的假设；具体而言，有口译经验的学生在识别他人情绪方面表现出更高的移情准确性。此外，与之前的研究一致，我们发现女性比男性表现出更强的移情倾向。综上所述，这些研究结果表明，口译任务的艰巨性可能有助于这些人格变化的发展，这与社会投资理论的原则是一致的。

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引用次数: 0

A bifactorial approach to the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised scale 亲密关系中的经历--修订版量表的双因素方法

IF 3.5 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Personality and Individual Differences

Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112911

The Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) scale has been argued to be the most robust measure of adult attachment to date. However, while previous authors propose that the ECR-R contains a 2-factor model of attachment with the factors representing anxious and avoidant attachment, none have considered a bifactor model of attachment (i.e., an overarching factor of attachment security, together with additional latent variables representing anxious and avoidant attachment) and several have applied, arguably unnecessary, data parcelling. In the current study, 911 participants completed the ECR-R and measures of several associated variables to assess differential predictive validity. Confirmatory factor analysis suggested that the bifactor model was found to be the best fit to the data. These findings have important implications for evaluating previous research which has used the ECR-R. The practical implications of these are discussed.

亲密关系中的经历-修订版（ECR-R）量表被认为是迄今为止最可靠的成人依恋测量方法。然而，尽管之前的作者提出 ECR-R 包含一个依恋的双因子模型，其中的因子代表焦虑依恋和回避依恋，但没有人考虑过依恋的双因子模型（即依恋安全的总体因子，以及代表焦虑依恋和回避依恋的附加潜变量），而且有几位作者还应用了可能是不必要的数据分层。在本研究中，911 名参与者完成了 ECR-R 和几个相关变量的测量，以评估不同的预测有效性。确认性因素分析表明，双因素模型是最适合数据的。这些发现对于评估以往使用 ECR-R 的研究具有重要意义。本文讨论了这些结果的实际意义。

引用次数: 0

Trait variability as a partial explanation of gender gaps 特征变异是性别差距的部分原因

IF 3.5 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Personality and Individual Differences

Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112908

When an outcome is caused by a trait or covariate, gender gaps in average outcomes can arise solely from differences in trait variance. Thus, average gender disparities in outcomes such as wages, patent registrations, STEM degrees, and imprisonment rates may emerge if one group is more variable in traits such as cognitive ability, personality traits, aggression, or risk preferences, even in the absence of discrimination and mean trait differences. As the variability of traits can differ between males and females, with males most often exhibiting greater variability, this channel of gender gaps warrants thorough exploration. This study develops a formal framework, using analysis and examples, to demonstrate how the convexity or concavity of the function mapping traits to outcomes plays a critical role in determining average gender gaps in outcomes. These results hold when the trait distribution is symmetric and unimodal, such as the normal distribution. A simulation exercise demonstrates how popular statistical decomposition methods, such as regression analysis, may produce misleading conclusions about gender disparities and their sources. Overall, gender gaps in social outcomes are complex and context-dependent, and greater male variability in traits may be a significant contributing factor.

当结果是由特质或协变量引起时，平均结果中的性别差距可能仅由特质差异引起。因此，如果一个群体在认知能力、个性特征、攻击性或风险偏好等特质方面的变异性更大，即使没有歧视和平均特质差异，也可能会出现工资、专利注册、STEM 学位和监禁率等结果的平均性别差异。由于男性和女性的特质可变性可能不同，男性通常表现出更大的可变性，因此性别差距的这一渠道值得深入探讨。本研究通过分析和举例，建立了一个正式的框架，以证明将特质映射到结果的函数的凸性或凹性如何在决定结果的平均性别差距中发挥关键作用。当特质分布是对称和单模态分布（如正态分布）时，这些结果是成立的。一个模拟练习展示了流行的统计分解方法（如回归分析）如何可能对性别差异及其来源产生误导性结论。总体而言，社会结果中的性别差距是复杂的，并取决于具体情况，男性特质的更大变异性可能是一个重要因素。

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引用次数: 0

Social interpretation bias and inflexibility: Mapping indirect pathways from pathological personality traits to symptom clusters of anxiety and depression 社会解释偏差和缺乏灵活性：绘制从病态人格特征到焦虑和抑郁症状群的间接路径图

IF 3.5 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Personality and Individual Differences

Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112920

Pathological personality traits are thought to predispose individuals to anxiety and depression by encouraging biased and inflexible interpretations of emotionally-ambiguous situations. This indirect effect was investigated in a diverse adult sample (n = 214) from the local community and mental health care facilities. Participants completed assessments of pathological personality traits and symptom clusters of anxiety and depression. Additionally, participants completed a cognitive-behavioral task measuring inflexibility and bias in interpretations of emotionally ambiguous situations. Results from network analysis revealed that negative interpretation bias (tendency to infer negative interpretations from emotionally-ambiguous information) connected the traits of negative affectivity (experiencing intense negative emotions, hostile or passive interpersonal behavior) and detachment (withdrawal from interpersonal interactions, restricted emotional experience and expression) with symptom clusters of general distress, anhedonic depression, and anxious arousal. Positive interpretation bias (tendency to infer positive interpretations) was only connected to negative affectivity and anhedonic depression. Finally, inflexible negative interpretations (difficulty in revising initial negative interpretations based on positive information) connected detachment with general distress and anxious arousal. This study represents the first data-driven investigation of how distorted interpretations mediate the relationship between pathological personality traits and common mental health complaints. These findings have potential implications for tailoring interventions according to individuals' personality profiles.

病态人格特征被认为会促使人们对情绪模糊的情境做出有偏见和不灵活的解释，从而导致焦虑和抑郁。我们对来自当地社区和精神卫生保健机构的不同成人样本（n = 214）进行了调查，以了解这种间接效应。参与者完成了病态人格特征以及焦虑和抑郁症状群的评估。此外，参与者还完成了一项认知行为任务，测量对情绪模糊情况的解释是否缺乏灵活性和存在偏差。网络分析结果显示，消极解释偏差（从情绪模糊的信息中推断出消极解释的倾向）将消极情绪特质（体验强烈的消极情绪、敌对或被动的人际行为）和疏离特质（退出人际交往、情感体验和表达受限）与一般痛苦、厌世抑郁和焦虑唤醒等症状群联系在一起。积极解释偏差（推断积极解释的倾向）只与消极情绪和厌世抑郁有关。最后，不灵活的消极解释（难以根据积极信息修改最初的消极解释）将疏离与一般痛苦和焦虑唤醒联系在一起。这项研究首次以数据为驱动，调查了扭曲的解释如何介导病态人格特征与常见心理健康问题之间的关系。这些发现对根据个人的人格特征进行干预具有潜在的意义。

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引用次数: 0

Network psychometric-based identification and structural analysis of a set of evolved human motives 基于网络心理计量学的一套进化人类动机的识别和结构分析

IF 3.5 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Personality and Individual Differences

Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112921

Establishing a limited set of motives characteristic of the human species has been a goal in psychology since the beginning of the discipline. This paper uses a network-based analysis of previously published psychometric data to establish the existence of a pre-defined set of human motives. The set was derived by using evolutionary theory to identify what sorts of goals humans need to achieve to survive and reproduce in the niche our species evolved to fill. The analysis reported here is based on responses obtained from an on-line sample of 510 representative residents of the United Kingdom to 150 items. Analysis shows that all fifteen of the identified motives can be isolated, that they show expected relationships to one another (based on common functionality), and that differences in attentiveness to motives by gender reflect traditional gender-based role-play during human evolution, while differences by age are consistent with expectations from life history theory. The reduced set of 45 items identified by a genetic algorithm-based analysis could form the basis of a psychometric scale. Knowing the set of motives behind goal-directed behaviour should prove a significant boon to a wide variety of psychological applications, including human relations, educational strategies, marketing and behaviour change.

自心理学诞生以来，建立一套有限的人类特有动机一直是心理学的目标。本文通过对之前公布的心理测量数据进行基于网络的分析，确定了一组预先定义的人类动机的存在。这套动机是通过使用进化理论来确定人类需要实现什么样的目标，才能在我们这个物种进化过程中的利基环境中生存和繁衍。本文所报告的分析基于 510 位具有代表性的英国居民对 150 个项目的在线抽样回答。分析表明，所有 15 个已识别动机都可以分离出来，它们之间显示出预期的关系（基于共同的功能性），不同性别对动机关注度的差异反映了人类进化过程中传统的基于性别的角色扮演，而不同年龄的差异则符合生活史理论的预期。通过基于遗传算法的分析确定的 45 个项目的缩减集可作为心理测量量表的基础。了解目标导向行为背后的一系列动机，对人际关系、教育策略、市场营销和行为改变等各种心理学应用都将大有裨益。

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引用次数: 0

Stability of Cloninger's temperament traits following a health event: Subjective and objective health status analysis from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 健康事件后克罗宁格气质特征的稳定性：1966年北芬兰出生队列的主观和客观健康状况分析

IF 3.5 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Personality and Individual Differences

Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112918

Personality/temperament traits are often presumed to remain stable across various life outcomes. This longitudinal study challenges this assumption by examining changes of Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory traits following a severe health event, utilizing data from the population-based Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966, combined with Finnish register data (N = 3195). We explore both health conditions diagnosed in healthcare settings and changes in individuals' self-reported health to discern the relationship between alterations in objective and subjective health and changes in temperament traits between ages 31 and 46. Our findings suggest that changes in health generally don't relate to alterations in three of the four temperament traits—novelty seeking, reward dependence, and persistence. However, we observe a significant shift in the fourth temperament trait, harm avoidance, following a health change. Both females and males reporting a decline in self-reported health become significantly more harm avoidant, irrespective of whether they experience an objective health event. Our results indicate that harm avoidance may not be entirely stable over time, and health changes, particularly regarding subjective health, are linked to variations in harm avoidance. Our results emphasize the need for caution when using harm avoidance as a predictor, particularly in the context of diverse health outcomes.

人格/气质特征通常被认为在各种生活结果中保持稳定。这项纵向研究利用1966年北芬兰出生队列（Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966）的人口数据和芬兰登记数据（N = 3195），研究了严重健康事件发生后克罗宁格气质和性格量表（Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory）特征的变化，从而对这一假设提出了挑战。我们对医疗机构诊断出的健康状况和个人自我报告的健康状况的变化进行了研究，以发现31至46岁之间客观和主观健康状况的变化与气质特征变化之间的关系。我们的研究结果表明，健康状况的变化一般与四种气质特征中的三种--追求新奇、奖励依赖和坚持不懈--的变化无关。然而，我们观察到，在健康状况发生变化后，第四种气质特征--伤害回避--发生了显著变化。无论女性还是男性，在自我健康状况下降时，都会明显变得更加趋利避害，无论他们是否经历了客观的健康事件。我们的研究结果表明，随着时间的推移，趋利避害心理可能并不完全稳定，健康状况的变化，尤其是主观健康状况的变化，与趋利避害心理的变化有关。我们的研究结果强调，在使用伤害回避作为预测指标时需要谨慎，尤其是在不同健康结果的背景下。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “‘Title’ Volume, Page: Liao, Y. H., Chen, Y. H., & Chen, H. C. (2024). Laughing matters: Exploring ridicule-related traits, personality, and well-being.” [Pers. Individ. Differ. 227, 112704] 对"'标题'卷，页：Liao, Y. H., Chen, Y. H., & Chen, H. C. (2024).笑很重要：探索与嘲笑相关的特质、人格和幸福感"。[Pers. Individ.］

IF 3.5 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Personality and Individual Differences

Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112916

引用次数: 0

Understanding students' emotion regulation strategy selection using network analysis approach 用网络分析方法了解学生的情绪调节策略选择

IF 3.5 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Personality and Individual Differences

Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112913

This study aims to explore the nature of emotion regulation strategy selection among students across primary and secondary schools. We investigated the complex relationship patterns in students' emotion regulation strategy selection when faced with emotional situations in school. Using the Student Emotion Regulation Assessment (SERA), we conducted two independent analyses for primary (SERA-P; N = 410) and secondary (SERA-S; N = 724) students. Specifically, we applied the network analysis model to describe the dynamic interconnections among students' use of eight different emotion regulation strategies (avoidance/escape, distraction, emotional support-seeking, acceptance, problem-solving, reappraisal/reframing, rumination/repetitive thinking, somatic relaxation) to manage different types of emotions (anger, sadness, anxiety, boredom) and situations (academic, social, socio-academic, other) in school. The findings show that children exhibit greater variability in their selection of emotion regulation strategies than adolescents, with notably lower use of acceptance and rumination strategies. Adolescents displayed a more balanced pattern of using seven different strategies, though their understanding of somatic relaxation remained limited. This study extends the discourse for supporting students' emotion regulation development in schools.

本研究旨在探讨中小学生情绪调节策略选择的本质。我们研究了学生在学校面对情绪情境时情绪调节策略选择的复杂关系模式。通过学生情绪调节评估（SERA），我们对小学生（SERA-P；人数=410）和中学生（SERA-S；人数=724）进行了两项独立分析。具体来说，我们运用网络分析模型来描述学生在学校中使用八种不同的情绪调节策略（回避/逃避、分散注意力、寻求情绪支持、接受、解决问题、重新评估/重构、反刍/重复思考、躯体放松）来管理不同类型的情绪（愤怒、悲伤、焦虑、无聊）和情境（学习、社交、社会学术、其他）之间的动态相互联系。研究结果表明，与青少年相比，儿童在选择情绪调节策略时表现出更大的差异性，其中接受和反刍策略的使用率明显较低。青少年使用七种不同策略的模式更为均衡，但他们对躯体放松的理解仍然有限。这项研究扩展了学校支持学生情绪调节发展的论述。

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引用次数: 0

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