Pub Date : 2024-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112934
Gwendolyn Seidman, Lillian K. Carney
This study examined if grandiose narcissism moderated effects of romantic relationship threat on emotional reactions and partner perceptions. 297 partnered individuals completed an online experiment where they recalled a relationship threat or described their daily activities (control condition). High narcissism was associated with greater anger in the threat, but not the control condition. Participants in the threat condition reported more anxiety and sadness, but these effects were not moderated by narcissism. The manipulation did not affect partner perception ratings. However, qualitative analysis showed that narcissism was associated with expressing more negativity toward the partner in written descriptions of relationship threat.
{"title":"The effects of relationship threat and narcissism on emotional responses and partner perceptions","authors":"Gwendolyn Seidman, Lillian K. Carney","doi":"10.1016/j.paid.2024.112934","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paid.2024.112934","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examined if grandiose narcissism moderated effects of romantic relationship threat on emotional reactions and partner perceptions. 297 partnered individuals completed an online experiment where they recalled a relationship threat or described their daily activities (control condition). High narcissism was associated with greater anger in the threat, but not the control condition. Participants in the threat condition reported more anxiety and sadness, but these effects were not moderated by narcissism. The manipulation did not affect partner perception ratings. However, qualitative analysis showed that narcissism was associated with expressing more negativity toward the partner in written descriptions of relationship threat.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48467,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 112934"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142552729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112926
Kyle D. Smith, Yoshito Kawabata
Using newly developed self-report measures, this research documents individual differences in two strategies based on shared positive emotions: to share pleasures and to experience a ‘Helper's High’ in service to others. The research employs these measures in models predicting happiness and satisfaction. Data from 423 participants indicated that resonant pleasure and the Helper's High formed distinct and stable strategies; correlated with specific Orientations to Happiness; reliably and independently predicted multiple measures of subjective well-being (SWB); and reliably mediated (helped to explain) links between individual differences in the Orientations and SWB. In path analyses, individual differences in Resonant Pleasure mediated the link between Pleasant Life and trait happiness and satisfaction: identifying specific social experiences and behaviors that connect pleasure-seeking with lasting SWB. Individual differences in the Helper's High mediated links between Pleasant Life, Meaningful Life, and positive affect: identifying a specific strategy that connects searches for pleasure and meaning with excitement and enthusiasm in the moment. Implications for interventions to improve SWB are discussed.
{"title":"Resonant pleasure and the helper's high: Assessing strategies that link orientations to happiness with well-being","authors":"Kyle D. Smith, Yoshito Kawabata","doi":"10.1016/j.paid.2024.112926","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paid.2024.112926","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Using newly developed self-report measures, this research documents individual differences in two strategies based on shared positive emotions: to share pleasures and to experience a ‘Helper's High’ in service to others. The research employs these measures in models predicting happiness and satisfaction. Data from 423 participants indicated that resonant pleasure and the Helper's High formed distinct and stable strategies; correlated with specific Orientations to Happiness; reliably and independently predicted multiple measures of subjective well-being (SWB); and reliably mediated (helped to explain) links between individual differences in the Orientations and SWB. In path analyses, individual differences in Resonant Pleasure mediated the link between Pleasant Life and trait happiness and satisfaction: identifying specific social experiences and behaviors that connect pleasure-seeking with lasting SWB. Individual differences in the Helper's High mediated links between Pleasant Life, Meaningful Life, and positive affect: identifying a specific strategy that connects searches for pleasure and meaning with excitement and enthusiasm in the moment. Implications for interventions to improve SWB are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48467,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 112926"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142552726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112940
Lennart Freyth , Isabella Sigurdardottir , Peter K. Jonason
We studied how dark personality traits and social motives are associated with the number of community and dating apps used (N = 411). By adopting a multiple app use approach, we expanded knowledge on social media behavior through the lens of life history theory. Narcissism was associated with more community and dating apps used in men and women, in men Machiavellianism was associated with more community apps used, psychopathy in women with more dating apps used, and men high in sadism used more of both app types, with stronger effects than in women. Sadism also emerged as distinct from psychopathy. Fast life history related motives were associated with more dating apps used in men, though men seeking friendships on dating apps exhibited slow life strategies. Women motivated by partner-seeking used both community and dating apps, reflecting a cautious approach to online platform engagement, except for those high in psychopathy. Our results highlight multilayered, sex-specific patterns of personality-related behavior across app types.
{"title":"Dark traits, social motives, and apps used: A life history approach","authors":"Lennart Freyth , Isabella Sigurdardottir , Peter K. Jonason","doi":"10.1016/j.paid.2024.112940","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paid.2024.112940","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We studied how dark personality traits and social motives are associated with the number of community and dating apps used (<em>N</em> = 411). By adopting a multiple app use approach, we expanded knowledge on social media behavior through the lens of life history theory. Narcissism was associated with more community and dating apps used in men and women, in men Machiavellianism was associated with more community apps used, psychopathy in women with more dating apps used, and men high in sadism used more of both app types, with stronger effects than in women. Sadism also emerged as distinct from psychopathy. Fast life history related motives were associated with more dating apps used in men, though men seeking friendships on dating apps exhibited slow life strategies. Women motivated by partner-seeking used both community and dating apps, reflecting a cautious approach to online platform engagement, except for those high in psychopathy. Our results highlight multilayered, sex-specific patterns of personality-related behavior across app types.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48467,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 112940"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142538519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112935
Joel C. Hernández-Méndez , Rosa Elena Ulloa , Marcos Rosetti
Outlining the profile of individuals more receptive to novel behaviors or ideas within a social system is crucial for understanding cultural change. In the pursuit of understanding innovativeness as a personality trait, efforts have produced a short self-report scale that yields an innovativeness score composed of two factors: ‘willingness to try new things’ and ‘creativity or originality.’ This study examines how self-reported measures of life-history, demographics, risk-taking propensity and attention deficit and hyperactivity signs/symptoms are associated with self-perceived innovativeness. Our findings indicate that the characteristics defining an innovator profile — that is, those reporting higher levels of self-perceived innovativeness —include age, which positively predicts innovativeness among individuals aged 18 to 50, being female (sex assigned at birth), identifying as non-binary, having fewer siblings and children, and being in a committed relationship (rather than single). Moreover, higher propensity for self-reported social and recreational risk-taking, and a low propensity for ethical risk-taking, is associated to higher self-perceived innovativeness. Lastly, self-reported inattentiveness is negatively associated with self-perceived innovativeness.
{"title":"Who is the innovator? How do life-history, demographics, risk-taking propensity, and attention deficit and hyperactivity symptoms correlate with self-perceived innovativeness","authors":"Joel C. Hernández-Méndez , Rosa Elena Ulloa , Marcos Rosetti","doi":"10.1016/j.paid.2024.112935","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paid.2024.112935","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Outlining the profile of individuals more receptive to novel behaviors or ideas within a social system is crucial for understanding cultural change. In the pursuit of understanding innovativeness as a personality trait, efforts have produced a short self-report scale that yields an innovativeness score composed of two factors: ‘willingness to try new things’ and ‘creativity or originality.’ This study examines how self-reported measures of life-history, demographics, risk-taking propensity and attention deficit and hyperactivity signs/symptoms are associated with self-perceived innovativeness. Our findings indicate that the characteristics defining an innovator profile — that is, those reporting higher levels of self-perceived innovativeness —include age, which positively predicts innovativeness among individuals aged 18 to 50, being female (sex assigned at birth), identifying as non-binary, having fewer siblings and children, and being in a committed relationship (rather than single). Moreover, higher propensity for self-reported social and recreational risk-taking, and a low propensity for ethical risk-taking, is associated to higher self-perceived innovativeness. Lastly, self-reported inattentiveness is negatively associated with self-perceived innovativeness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48467,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 112935"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142552728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112919
Tuğba Türk-Kurtça , Metin Kocatürk
This study explores the relationship between “doomscrolling”—the habit of consuming continuous negative news—and trait anxiety, while considering the explanatory role of psychological resilience and intolerance of uncertainty. With constant connectivity and information overload in the digital age, doomscrolling has raised concerns about its potential to heighten anxiety. The study examines 443 participants (79.9 % female, 20.1 % male, average age 23.49 years) using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to assess the connections between the variables.
Key findings reveal that trait anxiety significantly predicts intolerance of uncertainty (β = 0.50, p < .001) and is negatively linked to psychological resilience (β = −0.19, p < .001). Intolerance of uncertainty is negatively correlated with psychological resilience (β = −0.42, p < .001) and positively associated with doomscrolling (β = 0.29, p < .001). Psychological resilience acts as a protective factor, negatively associated with doomscrolling (β = −0.12, p < .05). Additionally, both psychological resilience and intolerance of uncertainty explain the relationship between trait anxiety and doomscrolling (β = 0.193, p < .05). These results provide insights into how intolerance of uncertainty and psychological resilience influence the connection between anxiety and doomscrolling, suggesting intervention opportunities in an anxiety-inducing digital world.
{"title":"Beyond the Scroll: Exploring How Intolerance of Uncertainty and Psychological Resilience Explain the Association Between Trait Anxiety and Doomscrolling","authors":"Tuğba Türk-Kurtça , Metin Kocatürk","doi":"10.1016/j.paid.2024.112919","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paid.2024.112919","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the relationship between “doomscrolling”—the habit of consuming continuous negative news—and trait anxiety, while considering the explanatory role of psychological resilience and intolerance of uncertainty. With constant connectivity and information overload in the digital age, doomscrolling has raised concerns about its potential to heighten anxiety. The study examines 443 participants (79.9 % female, 20.1 % male, average age 23.49 years) using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to assess the connections between the variables.</div><div>Key findings reveal that trait anxiety significantly predicts intolerance of uncertainty (β = 0.50, <em>p</em> < .001) and is negatively linked to psychological resilience (β = −0.19, <em>p</em> < .001). Intolerance of uncertainty is negatively correlated with psychological resilience (β = −0.42, p < .001) and positively associated with doomscrolling (β = 0.29, p < .001). Psychological resilience acts as a protective factor, negatively associated with doomscrolling (β = −0.12, <em>p</em> < .05). Additionally, both psychological resilience and intolerance of uncertainty explain the relationship between trait anxiety and doomscrolling (β = 0.193, p < .05). These results provide insights into how intolerance of uncertainty and psychological resilience influence the connection between anxiety and doomscrolling, suggesting intervention opportunities in an anxiety-inducing digital world.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48467,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 112919"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142531252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112925
Jonathan A. Shaffer
The study of health outcomes and its predictors remains a topic of great interest, and psychologists have long examined the connections between individual traits and health. This study focuses on the interaction between two core psychological traits—conscientiousness and general mental ability (GMA)—and their role in predicting health outcomes. This study tests a model in which conscientiousness and GMA interact to predict internal health locus of control (HLOC-I), which is subsequently associated with perceived health, body mass index, and blood pressure. The results suggest a moderated mediation process in which the relationship between conscientiousness and health outcomes is mediated by HLOC-I, and moderated by GMA such that the relationship between conscientiousness and health outcomes is lower for those higher in GMA. The results shed light on how personality and ability combine to predict health outcomes, and offers insight into the traits that potentially underlie HLOC-I, further highlighting the importance of stable, individual differences in determining salient health outcomes.
{"title":"Conscientiousness and health outcomes: The moderating role of general mental ability and the mediating role of internal health locus of control","authors":"Jonathan A. Shaffer","doi":"10.1016/j.paid.2024.112925","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paid.2024.112925","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study of health outcomes and its predictors remains a topic of great interest, and psychologists have long examined the connections between individual traits and health. This study focuses on the interaction between two core psychological traits—conscientiousness and general mental ability (GMA)—and their role in predicting health outcomes. This study tests a model in which conscientiousness and GMA interact to predict internal health locus of control (HLOC-I), which is subsequently associated with perceived health, body mass index, and blood pressure. The results suggest a moderated mediation process in which the relationship between conscientiousness and health outcomes is mediated by HLOC-I, and moderated by GMA such that the relationship between conscientiousness and health outcomes is lower for those higher in GMA. The results shed light on how personality and ability combine to predict health outcomes, and offers insight into the traits that potentially underlie HLOC-I, further highlighting the importance of stable, individual differences in determining salient health outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48467,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 112925"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142531257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-25DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112930
Sarah A. Jessup , Gene M. Alarcon , Scott K. Meyers , Krista N. Harris , August Capiola , Jacob Noblick
Utilizing the two-dimensional plane of valence and arousal with multi-dimensional scaling (MDS), the current study sought to better understand the structure of affect and the relationship between emotion items. The positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS) is the most frequently applied self-report measure of affect but has been criticized for only including high arousal emotions. A between-subjects, two-part experimental study was conducted. Participants (N = 548) were recruited online and asked to rate the similarity between one of two target words (anger: n = 271; calm: n = 277) and 143 emotion words. Our results provided evidence for the two-dimensional plane of valence and arousal, indicating that all four quadrants are important when studying affect. Overall, the current study found support for the activation-arousal theory of affectivity with MDS analyses. Emotion words clustered in all four quadrants of the two-dimensional plane, demonstrating the necessity of an affect measure that encompasses all four quadrants. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that the PANAS does not include items in the positive valence/low activation quadrant, however, a newly published measure was found to have increased item dispersion, with items included in all four quadrants of affect. Limitations and proposed future directions are discussed.
{"title":"Jazz hands and jitters: Exploring valence and arousal dimensions with multidimensional scaling techniques","authors":"Sarah A. Jessup , Gene M. Alarcon , Scott K. Meyers , Krista N. Harris , August Capiola , Jacob Noblick","doi":"10.1016/j.paid.2024.112930","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paid.2024.112930","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Utilizing the two-dimensional plane of valence and arousal with multi-dimensional scaling (MDS), the current study sought to better understand the structure of affect and the relationship between emotion items. The positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS) is the most frequently applied self-report measure of affect but has been criticized for only including high arousal emotions. A between-subjects, two-part experimental study was conducted. Participants (<em>N</em> = 548) were recruited online and asked to rate the similarity between one of two target words (anger: <em>n</em> = 271; calm: <em>n</em> = 277) and 143 emotion words. Our results provided evidence for the two-dimensional plane of valence and arousal, indicating that all four quadrants are important when studying affect. Overall, the current study found support for the activation-arousal theory of affectivity with MDS analyses. Emotion words clustered in all four quadrants of the two-dimensional plane, demonstrating the necessity of an affect measure that encompasses all four quadrants. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that the PANAS does not include items in the positive valence/low activation quadrant, however, a newly published measure was found to have increased item dispersion, with items included in all four quadrants of affect. Limitations and proposed future directions are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48467,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 112930"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142531258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-25DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112886
Paul K. Lutz , David B. Newman , John M. Zelenski
A large body of research has examined the relationship between belief in a just world (BJW) and well-being. However, this research, and work on BJW more broadly, has predominantly employed experimental and cross-sectional methods, which may not adequately capture how BJW functions in daily life. To help address this, we considered how two forms of BJW—believing the world is just for the self (personal-BJW) and just for others (general-BJW)—relate to various aspects of well-being between persons in a cross-sectional study (N = 512) and, critically, within persons in a 2-week naturalistic daily diary study (N = 132; 1439 daily reports). Results revealed that both personal- and general-BJW varied between- and within-individuals. Moreover, personal-BJW was not only more robustly related to greater well-being than general-BJW at the between-person level, consistent with prior work, but also at the within-person level. Overall, our diary findings suggest that BJW fluctuates in daily life and that these fluctuations covary positively with well-being.
{"title":"Belief in a just world and well-being: A daily diary perspective","authors":"Paul K. Lutz , David B. Newman , John M. Zelenski","doi":"10.1016/j.paid.2024.112886","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paid.2024.112886","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A large body of research has examined the relationship between belief in a just world (BJW) and well-being. However, this research, and work on BJW more broadly, has predominantly employed experimental and cross-sectional methods, which may not adequately capture how BJW functions in daily life. To help address this, we considered how two forms of BJW—believing the world is just for the self (personal-BJW) and just for others (general-BJW)—relate to various aspects of well-being between persons in a cross-sectional study (<em>N</em> = 512) and, critically, within persons in a 2-week naturalistic daily diary study (<em>N</em> = 132; 1439 daily reports). Results revealed that both personal- and general-BJW varied between- and within-individuals. Moreover, personal-BJW was not only more robustly related to greater well-being than general-BJW at the between-person level, consistent with prior work, but also at the within-person level. Overall, our diary findings suggest that BJW fluctuates in daily life and that these fluctuations covary positively with well-being.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48467,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 112886"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142531250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-24DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112922
Conor J. O'Dea , Samantha Rapp , Alexandria Archer , Tucker L. Jones , Donald A. Saucier
Masculine honor beliefs dictate that men should build a tough reputation by confronting threats and insults. This ideology has primarily been applied to adults, understanding why men exhibit violence in society. However, recent research suggests that these beliefs may influence how children are expected to respond to bullies which we contend may help to explain children's internalization of aggression and the prevalence of extreme retaliatory violence in schools (e.g., school shootings). Across four studies we showed that, while adults higher in masculine honor beliefs do not necessarily endorse extreme forms of violence in response to bullying, those higher in masculine honor ideologies reported greater endorsement of aggressive confrontations of bullies, more positive perceptions of children who respond aggressively to bullies, backlash boys who do not respond aggressively to bullies, and (surprisingly) report more positive perceptions of bullying behavior. These results suggest that adults higher in masculine honor beliefs may inspire greater bullying behavior and aggression in bullied children.
{"title":"“Stand up for yourself!” Masculine honor beliefs and expectations for bullied youth","authors":"Conor J. O'Dea , Samantha Rapp , Alexandria Archer , Tucker L. Jones , Donald A. Saucier","doi":"10.1016/j.paid.2024.112922","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paid.2024.112922","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Masculine honor beliefs dictate that men should build a tough reputation by confronting threats and insults. This ideology has primarily been applied to adults, understanding why men exhibit violence in society. However, recent research suggests that these beliefs may influence how children are expected to respond to bullies which we contend may help to explain children's internalization of aggression and the prevalence of extreme retaliatory violence in schools (e.g., school shootings). Across four studies we showed that, while adults higher in masculine honor beliefs do not necessarily endorse extreme forms of violence in response to bullying, those higher in masculine honor ideologies reported greater endorsement of aggressive confrontations of bullies, more positive perceptions of children who respond aggressively to bullies, backlash boys who do not respond aggressively to bullies, and (surprisingly) report more positive perceptions of bullying behavior. These results suggest that adults higher in masculine honor beliefs may inspire greater bullying behavior and aggression in bullied children.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48467,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 112922"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142531256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-22DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112929
Jisoo Ock
Given the prevalent use of short-form measures of the Dark Triad (DT) personality traits, much research attention has been devoted to examining the extent of psychometric equivalence of these scales across groups using measurement invariance (MI) analysis. However, an important limitation of MI analysis is that it provides limited information regarding the practical implications of non-invariance for group comparisons. The current study addressed this issue by supplementing MI analysis with additional assessments of practical significance of non-invariance. Specifically, in addition to examining gender invariance across two samples who completed the Dirty Dozen (DD) and the Short Dark Triad (SD3), we calculated effect size measures of measurement non-invariance that indicate the magnitude of non-invariance and the extent to which the observed mean gender differences are attributed to measurement non-invariance vs. true gender mean differences. The results provided support for the inference that observed mean gender differences on the DD and SD3 are largely construct-driven. Nonetheless, a few items on the Machiavellianism (SD3) and psychopathy (DD and SD3) scales showed gender non-invariance that reached the benchmark for medium effect. The results illustrate the advantage of supplementing MI analysis with standardized effect size indices that inform the practical implications of measurement non-invariance.
鉴于对 "黑暗三联征"（Dark Triad，DT）人格特质的短式测量方法的普遍使用，很多研究都致力于使用测量不变量（MI）分析来检验这些量表在不同群体间的心理测量等效程度。然而，测量不变量分析的一个重要局限是，它只能提供有限的信息，说明不变量对群体比较的实际影响。为了解决这个问题，本研究在 MI 分析的基础上，增加了对非方差实际意义的评估。具体来说，除了对完成 "肮脏一打"（Dirty Dozen，DD）和 "黑暗短三联征"（Short Dark Triad，SD3）的两个样本进行性别不变性检查外，我们还计算了测量非变异性的效应大小测量值，这些测量值表明了非变异性的程度，以及观察到的性别平均差异在多大程度上归因于测量非变异性而非真正的性别平均差异。研究结果支持这样的推论，即在 DD 和 SD3 中观察到的平均性别差异主要是由建构驱动的。然而，马基雅维利主义（SD3）和心理变态（DD 和 SD3）量表中的少数项目显示出性别非方差性，达到了中等效应的基准。这些结果说明了用标准化的效应大小指数对多元智能分析进行补充的优势，这些效应大小指数可以说明测量非方差的实际影响。
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