Personality and Individual Differences最新文献

Childhood environment has a significant influence on individuals' psychology and behaviors. Those who grow up in harsh environments with resource scarcity and uncertainty tend to develop impatience and prefer investing resources in the present rather than the future. We hypothesized that childhood environment also affects patience in terms of duration estimation. In this research, we explored the effects of childhood resource scarcity and economic threat on the duration estimation and the persistence through three studies. Study 1 and Study 3 found that individuals growing up in resource-scarce environments tended to overestimate time and exhibited lower persistence in the economic threat situation. Moreover, duration estimation mediated the influence of childhood socioeconomic status on persistence. Study 2 provided causal evidence that priming childhood resource scarcity affected the duration estimation. The findings showed that individuals growing up in resource-scarce environments tended to overestimate the time cost of the task when facing threats, which led to impatient behavior. The present research investigated the effect of childhood resource scarcity on duration estimation for the first time, offering a novel perspective on time perception to comprehend the psychological and behavioral consequences of life history strategies.

Past research has demonstrated that the Big Five personality dimensions explain up to a third of the variance in burnout, with extraversion typically showing the strongest negative relationship. Guided by social exchange theory, the present study extends these findings by exploring how extraversion relates to burnout, specifically examining the mediating role of workplace support. Further, based on past research, neuroticism is hypothesized to limit the benefits of extraversion through support by moderating the relationship between workplace support and burnout. Based on a final sample of 227 U.S. working adults from a variety of occupations, the results suggest that neuroticism attenuates the indirect effect of extraversion on burnout through supervisor support. Neuroticism, however, does not weaken the indirect effect of extraversion through coworker support. Implications for research and practice are described.

Sorjonen et al. (2024) critique a recently published finding that cognitive tilts are heritable, which was advanced as a line of evidence supporting their substantive (rather than artefactual) nature. These researchers claim: i) that the heritability of tilts is simply a function of the heritabilities of the specific cognitive dimensions used in their estimation, and ii) that spuriously heritable tilts can be recovered using difference scores between psychometric, anthropometric, and even random number variables. Here, multiple studies employing three behavior genetic datasets are used to test these claims. Even when cognitive tilts are residualized for their association with their constituent abilities, they still exhibit small, but non-zero heritabilities. Shared environmentality (C) accounts for the largest proportion of variance among these residuals. Tilts generated using random numbers are, by contrast, in all cases associated with AE models, exhibiting near 100 % E variance, corresponding to error. In the Swedish Twin Registry, the tilt residual is positively correlated with a measure of life history speed (Mini-K score), suggesting that tilts capture cognitive differentiation-integration effort conditioned developmentally by C variance. Distinct latent factors among psychometric and anthropometric variables in the Georgia Twin Study are also found. These indicate the presence of distinct developmental modules, meaning that tilts estimated using manifest variables associated with different modules lack theoretical credibility, as also evidenced by weak cross loadings.

Studies have shown that men discount the future and prefer immediate-but-smaller over delayed-but-larger rewards when exposed to mating opportunities (e.g., attractive opposite-sex targets) or threats (e.g., same-sex competition) whereas women's discounting in response to similar cues appears mixed, suggesting that mating-motivated discounting is primarily a male phenomenon. Importantly, this line of research has not yet examined the role of individual difference variables as well as how the attractiveness of potential mates and perceptions of competition jointly influence discounting rates. We conducted a novel test of the effect of trait intrasexual competitiveness (ISC) using dating profiles varying on target attractiveness and same-sex competition to observe their interactive effects on participants' discounting. Results showed that when targets were attractive, higher ISC was associated with steeper discounting for both men and women, and this association was stronger when competition was high rather than low. ISC still predicted discounting when targets were low in attractiveness but competition was high; high ISC did not predict discounting only in the low attractiveness and low competition condition. These findings reveal ISC as a factor that leads women to discount as much as men, and that high-ISC individuals may be more responsive to competition than to target attractiveness.

The dispositional need for uniqueness (NfU) is defined as an individual's need to feel special and different from others (Snyder & Fromkin, 1980). Previous research has proposed a distinction between a private and a public NfU (Lalot et al., 2019). Still, there is no research on the specific nomological network of the private versus the public NfU. Three studies investigated the relationship between the private and the public NfU and aspects of the self-concept.

In study 1 (N = 355), a high public NfU related to high self-esteem and high self-concept clarity. In contrast, the private NfU was statistically independent of self-esteem and self-concept clarity. Study 2 (N = 263) confirmed that self-esteem explains significant variance in the nomological network of the public NfU beyond neuroticism and extraversion. In study 3 (N = 256) we confirmed these results under methodological variance and analysed specific domains: Social, performance-related, and body-related self-esteem were also positively correlated with public NfU, but not private NfU. In sum, individuals with a high public NfU hold a positive self-evaluation. They are convinced of their attractiveness and athleticism, of their efficiency in their profession, and of their social value.

We investigate the relationship between two strategies of vulnerable narcissism – isolation and enmity – in their relation to daily social anxiety and variability and inertia of social anxiety states. We recruited a sample of N = 317 adults from Poland who participated in a 30-day long daily diary study (k = 7871 observations). The results revealed that both strategies were related to increased levels of daily social anxiety (although this relation was stronger for isolation), however – we observed a differential pattern of relation in regard to variability and inertia of social anxiety states. Specifically, isolation and average social anxiety were related to greater variability in social anxiety states, which might reflect their vulnerability to the exposure to social stressors. In turn, only enmity was positively related to inertia of social anxiety states, which might suggest that this strategy is indeed reactive in nature; however, it is also ineffective in regulating experienced negative emotions. Findings from the current study provide further support for the validity of differentiating the two distinct strategies of vulnerable narcissism.

The ‘dark triad’ represents the socially aversive personality traits of Machiavellianism, subclinical narcissism (henceforth, ‘narcissim’), and subclinical psychopathy (henceforth, ‘psychopathy’). There is evidence of assortative mating suggesting romantic partners are more similar than chance for these traits at the start of relationships (initial assortment) and not becoming alike with time (convergence), that people seek out partners to whom they are similar (active assortment), and that partner resemblance is not explained by social stratification processes (social homogamy). As the literature relates primarily to Eastern European and North American populations, we present studies from the UK (N = 104 couples) and Fiji (N = 99 couples). These showed significant positive assortment for each dark triad trait (other than psychopathy in the Fijian sample), and suggest the effects are explained by initial and active assortment and not by convergence or social homogamy. We also submitted the literature to meta-analytic review (Machiavellianism: k = 10, N = 1302; narcissism: k = 14, N = 1645; psychopathy: k = 13, N = 1989) and observed positive within-couple correlations of small (narcissism, psychopathy) to medium (Machiavellianism) effect size for each of the dark triad traits.

This study investigated the challenges posed by Large Language Models (LLMs) in faking on personality assessments within human resource management. As LLMs are increasingly adopted for a variety of tasks like writing and problem-solving, their potential to manipulate high-stakes personality assessments raises concerns about the validity of such tools in personnel selection. This study examines whether LLMs can inflate scores more effectively than humans and examines the effectiveness of different question types in resisting faking attempts. An experimental framework involving 655 business students and various LLMs was used to compare phrase-based forced-choice and single-stimulus questions. Results indicated that phrase-based prompts and the forced-choice measures were more resistant to faking, reducing manipulated scores more effectively than single-stimulus questions. ChatGPT models scored higher than the student population. These findings underscore the potential for LLMs to undermine the validity of personality assessments in remote testing environments and suggest a need to re-evaluate traditional assessment methodologies in the era of advanced generative AI.

Consisting of Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy, and sadism, the Dark Tetrad of personality have previously been linked to diverse mating strategies. Here, we expand on previous research using two sexuality self-reports: (1) sex drive and (2) pornography use. In Study 1, 779 students completed an online questionnaire that included (a) the Short Dark Tetrad inventory as well as (b) criterion questions about sex drive and pornography use. Based on previous literature, we hypothesized that narcissism and sadism would be independently associated with a composite of the two sexuality items. Multiple regression analyses confirmed this prediction. Males scored higher on all tetrad variables as well as the sexuality variables. In Study 2, a sample of 400 students at a different university replicated this ‘twin peaks’ pattern – even after (a) a 5-month predictor-criterion delay and (b) a control for relationship status. These results speak to debates over the separability of the Dark Tetrad members, and indicate that, in contrast to global sociosexuality, reports of sex drive are highest in narcissistic and sadistic individuals.

Adolescents are often described as notorious risk-takers. However, adolescents do not always take risks and risk-taking may vary across risk-taking domains. Furthermore, there are large individual differences. Certain clinical groups, such as adolescents with ADHD, may be more likely to take risks. In two studies we examined these domain-specific and individual differences using the adolescent Domain-Specific Risk-Taking (DOSPERT)-questionnaire, which assesses adolescents' self-reported risk-taking likelihood, perceptions of risk, and perceptions of benefits (‘returns’). Furthermore, we examined how risk-taking likelihood is informed by risk- and benefit-perceptions, i.e., ‘risk-return’ weighing. In a community-sample study (N = 361, 12–25 years), we tested the domain-specificity across age, and observed a peak in risk-taking likelihood in late adolescence in the Health-Safety domain only. Perceived benefits were heightened, and perceived risks attenuated, in mid-to-late adolescence for Health-Safety, Recreational, and Ethical risks. In a second study, we compared boys with ADHD (N = 81) and controls (N = 99; 12–20 years). Adolescents with ADHD rated higher risk-taking likelihoods for Social risks only. Risk-return models in both studies revealed that effects of perceived risks (Health-Safety) and benefits (Recreational) on risk-taking likelihood were most pronounced and varied across age. Together, adolescents' risk-taking likelihood is impacted by risks and returns, age-related differences, and should be studied domain-specifically.