Personality and Individual Differences最新文献

The COVID-19 pandemic posed a significant impact on employees' work outcomes worldwide. However, it remains unclear whether some employees fared worse than others when facing work-related health threats and what role individual differences in vulnerability to disease played in shaping their work experiences. Integrating the evolutionary psychology perspective of the behavioral immune system with Job Demands-Resources Theory, we argue that a fundamental factor in how employees dealt with these threats was the extent to which they perceived themselves as vulnerable to infectious diseases. Employees with higher susceptibility to infectious diseases were predicted to experience heightened workplace safety concerns and engage less with their work. In addition, a health-oriented leadership style was expected to decrease employees' safety concerns and increase their work engagement, especially for the more vulnerable employees. To test hypotheses, we conducted a three-wave field survey and two vignette-based experiments on working adults in the United Kingdom at different stages of the pandemic. Results largely supported our predictions, revealing that employees who felt more vulnerable to infectious diseases were more concerned about their workplace safety, inhibiting their work engagement. We discuss these findings' theoretical and practical implications for promoting a safe and healthy post-pandemic workplace, especially for vulnerable employees.

Personality is the essence of individuality in animals, affecting individual behaviours, perceptions and lived experiences. Being able to reliably assess personality in animals holds the key to understanding individual differences, and application of this knowledge is paramount in the provision of individual-level management of animals to optimise welfare. A key aspect of the definition of animal personality is ‘consistency over time’. Yet, despite the range of studies assessing elephant personality, there is a lack of consistency within methodologies and personality is usually assessed at a single point in time. Here, we examine personality data from adult members of the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) herd at Chester Zoo at five separate time points, across a ten-year period (2013−2023). Data were analysed in terms of the instruments used to measure personality (differences in questions/items across assessments, presentation of the personality assessments, raters), and changes over time in elephant personality assessment scores. Select personality traits were consistent over multiple time points. Inter-rater reliability across personality adjectives is highest when keepers are involved in scale development, reinforcing the importance of collaboration between scientists and animal caregivers in building tools for evidence-based management decisions over the lifetime of animals.

The relative contributions of genetic and environmental influences to phenotypes vary with age. A Wilson effect denotes age-related increases in heritability, and an anti-Wilson effect the opposite (specifically a decline in heritability in late life). To date, few molecular-genetic studies of these effects have been conducted. Here we tested for Wilson effects on educational attainment (EA), leveraging a dataset with a wide age range (18–60 years) and polygenic scores (PGSs) for EA. Using a two-way interaction model, we estimated changes in the predictive power of one such PGS (specifically EA3) for EA as a function of aging. We found that the PGS predicted EA better in older participants (semi-partial regression coefficient [sr] = 0.05, 95%CI = 0.00, 0.10), potentially consistent with a Wilson effect. The effect of EA3² had a further independent negative effect on EA in older participants (sr = −0.06, 95%CI = −0.11, −0.01), indicating that the Wilson effect slows with greater age. The findings suggest that PGS expressivity increases as individuals attain an educationlevel in line with their abilities and preferences as they age. But past a relatively early age (in almost all cases), the maximal level of education in line with genetic liability is reached, and PGS expressivity plateaus. Beyond this point PGS expressivity may even start to decline (an anti-Wilson effect), which, rather than reflecting the developmental dynamics of EA itself, could result from the known tendency for episodic and semantic memory to decline later in life, leading to misrecollection of certain life events (which could cause erroneous recall of level of EA). Caution is warranted in interpreting these results, however, since, owing to the cross-sectional nature of our study, there are potential confounding factors at play.

Psychological distress can have a wide range of negative consequences, and the central role played by parental overcontrol in its occurrence has been widely demonstrated. It is also well-established that narcissistic vulnerability results from parental overcontrol and is characterized by intense shame experiences, which, in turn, favors psychological distress. However, no studies have examined these variables simultaneously, integrating them in a theoretical-based model. Therefore, this study aims to build on previous evidence by exploring whether parental overcontrol can lead to the onset of depression, anxiety and stress through the serial mediating role of narcissistic vulnerability and shame proneness. A convenience sample of 643 participants (68%F; M_age = 29.87 ± 13.00) was recruited. The assessed structural model produced adequate fit to the data. Results showed the significant role played by maternal – but not paternal – overcontrol in the onset of vulnerable narcissistic traits and that shame proneness, particularly bodily shame, fosters the three facets of psychological distress in such individuals. Clinicians dealing with individuals with high vulnerable traits could help them reduce their distress by working on the level of narratives relating to experiences of maternal overcontrol perceived during childhood and feelings of shame expressed, especially when connected to one's own body.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) may affect individuals' neurological and cognitive development and may cause some mental health challenges later in adulthood. Previous research show emotionally abused children may internalize self-critical tendencies, leading to an increased display of self-critical rumination. And one way to cope with self-criticism might be through psychological flexibility. This cross-sectional study investigated the serial mediation of psychological flexibility and self-critical rumination in the ACES-adult mental well-being link in a sample of 450 Turkish adults with the average age of 30.5. The results showed that psychological flexibility and self-critical rumination fully mediated the path from ACEs to mental well-being. The goodness of the fit indexes indicated a good fit. ACEs were associated with an increased tendency towards self-critical rumination, potentially perpetuating a cycle where individuals who were subjected to abuse in childhood may internalize and replicate harmful behaviors in adulthood. However, through psychological flexibility, adults with ACEs possess the capacity to confront and acknowledge these traumatic events and their effects. By embracing psychological flexibility, individuals may tap into their mental resources, facilitating a pathway towards healing and well-being. Thus, fostering psychological flexibility might be a significant factor in promoting mental well-being among adults with a history of ACEs.

It is widely believed that children who witness or are involved in interparental conflicts often exhibit problem behaviors. However, for left-behind children (LBC) who have been separated from one or both parents for a long time and have avoided directly witnessing or being involved in interparental conflict, it remains to be investigated whether the level of their perception of interparental conflict, as well as the impact of perceived interparental conflict on their internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors, is different from that of non-LBC. A total of 900 Chinese children (622 LBC and 278 non-LBC) completed self-report questionnaires at two time points. The results showed that there was no significant difference between LBC and non-LBC in the level of perceived interparental conflict, whereas perceived interparental conflict directly predicted the LBC's internalizing problem behaviors and the non-LBC's externalizing problem behaviors. Moreover, self-compassion plays a mediating role between perceived interparental conflict and LBC's/non-LBC's internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors. This study reveals that LBC can perceive the interparental conflict and thus exhibit internalizing problem behaviors. Highlighting key mechanisms of self-compassion, cultivating and improving the self-compassion in both LBC and non-LBC may be an effective measure to reduce the internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors.

In social media research, many make a distinction between active use and passive use. This distinction may focus too simplistically on the quantity of content shared rather than the qualitative ways that individuals present themselves online. Informed by self-monitoring theory, this paper examines whether there exist distinct classes of individuals who vary with respect to how actively and selectively they present themselves online. Participants reported on measures assessing open disclosure (feeling that one can share anything), restricting audiences (limiting the telling of one's story to only some audience members), limiting identities (sharing only specific identity aspects online), passive use (reading the content of others), and extent of posting content. A latent class analysis of these assessments ($N=391$) identified four types of persons: active authentic (openly sharing without restrictions), active negotiators (sharing with audience restrictions via limited aspects of self), quiet authentic (feeling free to share, but not doing so often), and passive restrictive (low use with restricted audiences and limited identities). A mixed ANOVA using the HEXACO found that the four user types differ most notably on extraversion and emotionality. Implications are discussed.

Interpersonal and callous traits in psychopathy have long been recognised as a precursor of antisocial and aggressive behaviour. While these traits commonly describe behaviours attributed to deficient empathy, research has not yet investigated to which extent different facets of empathy mediate the associations between interpersonal callousness and aggression. In the present paper, we seek to address this gap across two studies. In Study 1, we predicted and found that deficiencies in affective empathy, rather than cognitive empathy, were more strongly correlated with interpersonal callousness, and mediated the association of interpersonal callousness with proactive aggression and social deviance. Study 2 replicated these results and further revealed that the mediating effect of affective empathy on proactive aggression was amplified in participants with more tendencies to rationalise and morally disengage from immoral actions. These findings suggest that deficits in affective empathy and moral sensitivity play a more crucial role than cognitive empathy for the association of interpersonal callousness with proactive aggression and social deviance, indicating a critical avenue for targeted interventions aimed at mitigating these effects.