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A future beyond ourselves: Self-oriented prospection predicts increased intergenerational responsibility 超越自我的未来以自我为导向的展望预示着代际责任的增加
IF 3.5 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112915
Do differences in how people think about their own futures predict responsibility for the collective future welfare of humanity? Across a reanalysis of existing data, four primary studies, six supplemental studies, and an internal meta-analysis (NTotal = 11,261 US participants), we investigate how individual differences in self-oriented prospection relate to intergenerational responsibility, elucidating theoretical and practical implications for the psychologies of future-thinking and intergenerational ethics alike. We consistently observe an association between Future Self-Continuity (FSC; variation in the amount of perceived overlap between people's present and future self-concept) and Consideration of Future Consequences (CFC; individual differences in tendencies to consider how present actions impact one's own future life outcomes) with increased feelings of responsibility for, perceived efficacy to impact, and identification with future generations. Drawing upon insights from behavioral economics, Construal Level Theory, and research on moral expansiveness, our results begin to reconcile the literatures studying the adaptive functions of self-oriented prospection with disparate lines of inquiry into the individual differences that mitigate tendencies to prioritize present over future generations. Moreover, the present findings open new avenues for further research to explore potential practical benefits of self-oriented prospection for bolstering efforts to improve long-term collective welfare.
人们对自身未来的思考方式不同,是否会影响对人类集体未来福祉的责任感?通过对现有数据、四项主要研究、六项补充研究和一项内部荟萃分析(NTotal = 11,261 名美国参与者)的重新分析,我们研究了自我导向展望的个体差异与代际责任之间的关系,阐明了未来思考心理学和代际伦理学的理论和实践意义。我们持续观察到,未来自我连续性(FSC,人们对现在和未来自我概念重叠程度的感知差异)和未来后果考虑(CFC,考虑当前行为如何影响自身未来生活结果的个体差异)与对后代的责任感、影响感知能力和认同感之间存在关联。我们的研究结果借鉴了行为经济学、构想水平理论和道德扩展性研究的观点,开始调和研究自我导向展望的适应功能的文献与研究个体差异的文献之间的差异,而个体差异会减轻当代人优先于后代人的倾向。此外,本研究结果还为进一步的研究开辟了新的途径,以探索自我导向的展望对改善长期集体福利的潜在实际益处。
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引用次数: 0
A preliminary comparison of serial daters and multi-daters on their evaluation strategies, dating goals, and perceptions by others 连续约会者和多重约会者在评估策略、约会目标和他人看法方面的初步比较
IF 3.5 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-10-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112906
The topic of how many potential partners one should casually date at the same time has been widely debated among the general public. Serial daters are those who only date one person at a time, whereas multi-daters are those who date multiple people at the same time. Despite the fact that these dating approaches appear to play a major role in the partner selection process, differences between serial daters and multi-daters have not been studied empirically. As such, the current research presents the first investigation of potential differences between serial daters and multi-daters regarding their strategies for evaluating and selecting potential partners, individual differences related to their dating goals, and how they may be perceived by others on the dating market. The results of two studies (total N = 460) revealed that multi-daters have a more unrestricted sociosexual orientation and may experience more decision difficulty than serial daters. Furthermore, serial daters are perceived as more genuine, intentional, and interested in commitment, whereas multi-daters are perceived as less trustworthy and more interested in casual or sex-only involvements. However, serial daters and multi-daters did not differ significantly in their evaluation strategies, nor in their implicit theories, commitment readiness, or general maximization tendency.
关于一个人应该同时与多少个潜在伴侣随便约会的话题,在公众中引起了广泛的争论。连续约会者是指一次只与一个人约会的人,而多重约会者则是指同时与多人约会的人。尽管这些约会方式似乎在选择伴侣的过程中扮演着重要角色,但人们尚未对连续约会者和多人约会者之间的差异进行实证研究。因此,本研究首次调查了连续约会者和多重约会者在评估和选择潜在伴侣的策略方面的潜在差异、与约会目标相关的个体差异以及约会市场上其他人对他们的看法。两项研究(总人数=460)的结果显示,多重约会者的社会性取向更不受限制,可能比连续约会者更难做出决定。此外,连续约会者被认为更真诚、更用心、对承诺更感兴趣,而多重约会者则被认为不那么值得信赖,更喜欢随意的或只与性有关的交往。然而,连续约会者和多重约会者在评估策略、内隐理论、承诺准备程度或一般最大化倾向方面并无显著差异。
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引用次数: 0
Men's general intelligence and heterosexual romantic relationship outcomes 男性的一般智力与异性恋爱关系的结果
IF 3.5 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112902
Research has established that higher general intelligence is associated with a range of favorable life outcomes, including academic and workplace achievement, and socioeconomic status. Recent work also has explored the potential role of specific cognitive abilities in navigating romantic relationship problems, and mitigating undesirable relationship outcomes such as infidelity and partner-directed violence. Less research has investigated the associations between general intelligence and outcomes for romantic relationships. The present research analyzed data secured from a sample of heterosexual, partnered men (N = 202) to investigate associations between men's intelligence and several variables related to romantic relationship phenomena and functioning, including partner-directed insults, desire for power in intimate relationships, and erectile dysfunction. Results revealed that men's general intelligence, and in particular, their performance on letter number series items, was negatively associated with a range of aversive, partner-directed behaviors including insults, sexual coercion, and cost-inflicting mate retention tactics, as well as several individual difference variables including men's sociosexual orientation, erectile dysfunction, and psychopathy. Conversely, men's general intelligence was positively associated with their self-reported relationship investment.
研究证实,较高的一般智力与一系列有利的生活结果有关,包括学业和工作场所的成就以及社会经济地位。最近的研究还探讨了特定认知能力在解决恋爱关系问题、减少不忠和伴侣暴力等不良恋爱关系结果方面的潜在作用。对一般智力与恋爱关系结果之间关系的研究较少。本研究分析了从有伴侣的异性恋男性样本(N = 202)中获得的数据,以调查男性智力与几个与恋爱关系现象和功能相关的变量之间的关系,包括伴侣直接侮辱、亲密关系中的权力欲望和勃起功能障碍。结果发现,男性的一般智力,尤其是他们在字母数字系列项目上的表现,与一系列厌恶性的、以伴侣为导向的行为(包括侮辱、性胁迫和有损成本的配偶挽留策略)以及一些个体差异变量(包括男性的社会性倾向、勃起功能障碍和心理变态)呈负相关。相反,男性的一般智力与他们自我报告的关系投资呈正相关。
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引用次数: 0
The association between adverse childhood experiences and early adulthood social mindfulness: The mediating role of daily stress 不良童年经历与成年早期社会心智之间的关联:日常压力的中介作用
IF 3.5 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112894
Social mindfulness is a low-cost, proactive prosocial behavior that is commonly elicited and enhanced through everyday interpersonal interactions. Recent studies revealed that individuals' childhood experiences shape adults' prosocial behavior. However, the association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and social mindfulness during early adulthood—a pivotal stage for identity and career development—remains unclear. Therefore, Study 1 employed the Chinese version of the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire-Revised (ACEQ-R) to measure ACEs and the Social Mindfulness (SoMi) paradigm to determine social mindfulness and preliminarily assessed the association between ACEs and early adulthood social mindfulness. Study 2 also employed the ACEQ-R to measure ACEs and assessed daily stress and social mindfulness levels through a 12-day diary study to examine the association between ACEs and daily social mindfulness and the mediating role of daily stress. Greater severity of ACEs was associated with lower levels of social mindfulness in early adulthood. ACEs not only influenced individuals' level of social mindfulness directly but also indirectly affected early adulthood social mindfulness through daily stress. Thus, ACEs, as negative environmental factors, profoundly impact individuals' social adaptive development in early adulthood. These results offer a theoretical foundation and empirical support for enhancing social mindfulness levels among adults.
社交正念是一种低成本、积极主动的亲社会行为,通常通过日常人际交往激发和增强。最近的研究表明,个人的童年经历会影响其成年后的亲社会行为。然而,童年的不良经历(ACEs)与成年早期(身份和职业发展的关键阶段)的社会正念之间的关系仍不清楚。因此,研究1采用中文版《童年不良经历问卷-修订版》(ACEQ-R)来测量童年不良经历,并采用社会正念(SoMi)范式来测定社会正念,初步评估童年不良经历与成年早期社会正念之间的关系。研究 2 同样采用 ACEQ-R 来测量 ACE,并通过一项为期 12 天的日记研究来评估日常压力和社交正念水平,以研究 ACE 与日常社交正念之间的关联以及日常压力的中介作用。ACE严重程度越高,成年早期的社交正念水平越低。ACE不仅直接影响个人的社交正念水平,还通过日常压力间接影响成年早期的社交正念。因此,ACE 作为负面环境因素,深刻影响着个体成年早期的社会适应能力发展。这些结果为提高成年人的社交正念水平提供了理论基础和经验支持。
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引用次数: 0
Self-dehumanization differences in perception of social class: The mediating role of authenticity 社会阶层认知中的自我非人化差异:真实性的中介作用
IF 3.5 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-10-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112907
Lower social class is associated with many negative influences in diverse domains (e.g., health, cognition, and emotion). Given these circumstances, lower class individuals may attribute less humanness to themselves. Across three studies (N = 560), including one pre-registered study, we examined whether and how lower subjective social class (SSC) would lead to more self-dehumanization. Results revealed that SSC was negatively associated with self-dehumanization, and authenticity could mediate the relationship (Study 1). Even the experience of lower (vs. upper) SSC results in self-dehumanization via impaired authenticity (Study 2). Finally, we provide additional a causal link between authenticity and self-dehumanization by manipulating authenticity (Study 3). Therefore, these findings confirmed that lower SSC individuals would attribute less humanness to themselves through less authenticity. Our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the psychological processes shaped by social stratification.
较低的社会阶层与不同领域(如健康、认知和情感)的许多负面影响有关。在这种情况下,较低阶层的人可能会认为自己的人性程度较低。通过三项研究(N = 560),包括一项预先注册的研究,我们考察了较低的主观社会阶层(SSC)是否会导致更多的自我非人化,以及如何导致自我非人化。结果显示,主观社会阶层与自我非人化呈负相关,而真实性可以调节两者之间的关系(研究 1)。即使是较低(相对于较高)的社会心理健康水平,也会因真实性受损而导致自我非人化(研究 2)。最后,我们通过操纵真实性,在真实性与自我非人化之间提供了额外的因果联系(研究 3)。因此,这些研究结果证实,SSC 较低的个体会通过较低的真实性来降低自己的人性化程度。我们的研究结果有助于加深对社会分层所形成的心理过程的理解。
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引用次数: 0
Relationship satisfaction and The Big Five – Utilizing longitudinal data covering 9 years 人际关系满意度与 "五大"--利用 9 年的纵向数据
IF 3.5 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-10-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112887
There is abundant evidence linking satisfaction in romantic relationships and the big five personality factors. It is important to distinguish between actor effects (i.e. influence of one's own personality) and partner effects (i.e. influence of the partner's personality). In this study, we utilized three cohorts (born 1991–1993, 1981–1983, and 1971–1973) from a longitudinal data set and estimated an Actor-Partner-Interdependence Model (APIM) to examine the association between personality and relationship satisfaction over a period of 9 years in romantic relationships involving both heterosexual partners (N = 972). Our findings revealed significant actor effects, but no partner effects. Specifically, long-lasting relationship satisfaction was found to be associated with lower levels of Neuroticism and higher levels of Conscientiousness. Apart from a negative correlation between Extraversion and relationship satisfaction in women, we did not find any differences between men and women. Over a longer time span the congruence between both persons plays a smaller role than previous studies have assumed. Our results emphasize the contribution of one's own Conscientiousness and Neuroticism to the relationship satisfaction. This could be an important insight for the research into couples therapy or coaching in the context of personal development.
有大量证据表明,恋爱关系中的满意度与五大人格因素有关。重要的是要区分行为者效应(即自身人格的影响)和伴侣效应(即伴侣人格的影响)。在本研究中,我们利用纵向数据集中的三个队列(1991-1993 年出生、1981-1983 年出生和 1971-1973 年出生),估算了行为者-伴侣-相互依赖模型(APIM),研究了异性伴侣(N = 972)9 年恋爱关系中人格与恋爱满意度之间的关系。我们的研究结果表明,行为者效应明显,但伴侣效应不明显。具体来说,长期关系满意度与较低的神经质水平和较高的自觉性水平相关。除了女性的外向性与关系满意度呈负相关外,我们没有发现男女之间存在任何差异。在较长的时间跨度内,两人之间的一致性所起的作用比以往研究假设的要小。我们的研究结果强调了一个人自身的 "自觉性 "和 "神经质 "对关系满意度的影响。这对研究夫妻治疗或个人发展方面的辅导具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
Does childhood adversity make adolescents more morally disengaged? The effect of life history strategy and self-compassion 童年逆境是否会使青少年更加脱离道德?生活史策略和自我同情的影响
IF 3.5 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-10-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112900
Childhood adversity may place adolescents at risk for moral disengagement. Drawing on evolutionary life history theory, this study aims to examine the underexplored relationship between childhood adversity and moral disengagement in Chinese adolescents as well as to explore the mediating role of life history strategy and the moderating role of self-compassion in the focal relationship. In Study 1, a total of 5089 adolescents were recruited and they finished a set of questionnaires concerning childhood adversity, life history strategy, self-compassion, and moral disengagement. A positive association was found between childhood adversity and moral disengagement via life history strategy, and this mediation effect was much weaker for adolescents who have high self-compassion. In Study 2, a total of 1890 adolescents initially participated in a three-wave longitudinal survey to validate the model obtained in Study 1. Childhood adversity increased adolescents' subsequent moral disengagement by accelerating their life history strategies, and self-compassion buffered the relatively long-lasting detrimental effects of childhood adversity. This work not only advances our understanding of the significant role of childhood adversity in causing moral disengagement among adolescents but also offers valuable insights into implementing appropriate preventions and interventions to reduce moral disengagement in adolescents and promote their positive development.
童年逆境可能使青少年面临道德脱离的风险。本研究以进化生活史理论为基础,旨在研究中国青少年童年逆境与道德疏离之间尚未被充分探索的关系,并探讨生活史策略在这一焦点关系中的中介作用和自我同情的调节作用。研究一共招募了5089名青少年,他们完成了一套关于童年逆境、生活史策略、自我同情和道德疏离的问卷。研究发现,童年逆境与道德疏离之间通过生活史策略存在正相关,而这种中介效应对于自我同情程度高的青少年来说要弱得多。在研究2中,共有1890名青少年最初参与了三波纵向调查,以验证研究1中获得的模型。童年逆境通过加速青少年的生活史策略,增加了他们随后的道德脱离,而自我同情则缓冲了童年逆境相对持久的有害影响。这项研究不仅加深了我们对童年逆境在导致青少年道德偏离方面的重要作用的理解,还为我们实施适当的预防和干预措施以减少青少年道德偏离并促进其积极发展提供了宝贵的见解。
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引用次数: 0
On the relationship between psychopathic traits and visual attentional breadth 精神变态特质与视觉注意力广度之间的关系
IF 3.5 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-10-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112903
Primary psychopathic traits are associated with goal hyperfocus and reduced processing of goal-irrelevant stimuli. Here we tested whether a narrower visual attentional breadth could explain these effects. We also tested whether secondary psychopathic traits were associated with a broadened attentional breadth and altered resizing dynamics, given that they are thought to be associated with poorer attentional control and broader attentional breadth is less demanding of attentional control than a narrower breadth. Egocentricity and callousness were considered as primary psychopathic traits, and antisociality as a secondary psychopathic trait. Experiment 1 found weak evidence for higher antisociality being associated with a broader attentional breadth, and no evidence that either egocentricity or callousness were systematically associated with any attentional breadth preference, suggesting that a mechanism other than attentional breadth is required to explain the effects associated with primary psychopathic traits. Experiment 2 found clear evidence that higher antisociality was associated with quicker attentional expansion. Given that expansion reflects changing from a state more demanding of attentional control (narrow) to a less demanding one (broad), plus the evidence that poor optimization promotes faster infrequent resizing, quicker resizing associated with antisociality is consistent with poorer attentional control or executive function in secondary psychopathic traits.
原发性精神变态特质与目标过度集中和对目标无关刺激的处理减少有关。在此,我们测试了较窄的视觉注意广度是否可以解释这些影响。我们还测试了继发性精神变态特质是否与扩大注意广度和改变大小动态有关,因为继发性精神变态特质被认为与较差的注意控制有关,而较宽的注意广度比较窄的注意广度对注意控制的要求更低。自我中心和冷酷无情被认为是主要的心理变态特征,而反社会性则是次要的心理变态特征。实验 1 发现了较强的反社会性与较宽的注意广度相关的微弱证据,而没有证据表明自我中心或冷酷无情与任何注意广度偏好有系统的关联,这表明需要注意广度以外的机制来解释与主要心理变态特质相关的效应。实验 2 发现了明确的证据,表明反社会性越高,注意力扩展越快。考虑到注意力扩展反映了从一种对注意力控制要求较高的状态(狭义)到一种对注意力控制要求较低的状态(广义)的变化,再加上有证据表明不良的优化会促进更快的非经常性的大小调整,因此与反社会性相关的更快的大小调整与继发性心理变态特质中更差的注意力控制或执行功能是一致的。
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引用次数: 0
Gender swapping in massively multiplayer online role-playing games in China: Relationship to gender nonconformity and gender dysphoria 中国大型多人在线角色扮演游戏中的性别互换:与性别不符和性别焦虑症的关系
IF 3.5 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112898
Video games are identified as rich environments for the extension and development of the self. Gender swapping is common in massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs). Drawing on self-discrepancy theory, this study aims to examine whether variables reflecting actual-ideal self-discrepancy in gender-atypical behaviors and gender identity contribute to gender swapping. Specifically, we examine associations between childhood gender nonconformity (CGN), adulthood gender nonconformity (AGN), gender dysphoria, and gender-swapping. An online survey was conducted with 586 players of MMORPGs in China. CGN, AGN, and gender dysphoria were positively associated with gender-swapping. Gender dysphoria fully mediated the associations between CGN and gender swapping. The current findings indicate the effects of gender-atypical behaviors and gender identity on gender swapping among Chinese MMORPGs players.
电子游戏被认为是扩展和发展自我的丰富环境。性别互换在大型多人在线角色扮演游戏(MMORPG)中很常见。本研究以自我差异理论为基础,旨在探讨反映性别典型行为和性别认同中实际-理想自我差异的变量是否会导致性别互换。具体来说,我们研究了童年性别不一致(CGN)、成年性别不一致(AGN)、性别焦虑症和性别互换之间的关联。我们对中国 586 名网络游戏玩家进行了在线调查。CGN、AGN和性别焦虑症与性别交换呈正相关。性别焦虑症完全调节了 CGN 与性别交换之间的关联。目前的研究结果表明,性别典型行为和性别认同对中国 MMORPG 玩家的性别交换有影响。
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引用次数: 0
Like owner, like dog – A systematic review about similarities in dog-human dyads 物以类聚,人以群分--关于人狗关系相似性的系统回顾
IF 3.5 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-09-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112884
This systematic review examines empirical evidence supporting the anecdotal assumption, that dogs look like and behave like their owners. To this end, we investigated 15 studies with the aim of testing that: (1) Owners and their dogs resemble each other in appearance and (2) owners and their dogs have similar personalities. Aggregation of the results supports evidence for both hypotheses. In terms of external similarities (i.e., appearance), participants were able to correctly match photos of dog-owner pairs, with one study even demonstrating that the eye area of owners and dogs was sufficient for accurate pairings. Further significant attributes included the correlation of weight of dog and owner and the hair/ear length similarity between women and their dogs. The included studies explain this by the owners' choice of a similar looking dog, possibly influenced by psychological mechanisms such as the Mere Exposure Effect or a Preference for Self-Similarity. Regarding internal similarities (i.e., personality), correlation of various personality dimensions was found. Most studies support the existence of similarities on the dimensions of extraversion and neuroticism. Discussion of potential reasons for these findings proposed a development of similarity over time, due to effects such as Emotional Convergence, Co-Regulation, and Reinforcement.
本系统综述研究了支持 "狗的长相和行为像主人 "这一传闻假设的经验证据。为此,我们对 15 项研究进行了调查,目的是检验以下假设是否成立:(1) 狗的主人和狗的外表相似;(2) 狗的主人和狗的性格相似。汇总结果证明了这两个假设。就外部相似性(即外貌)而言,参与者能够正确配对狗主人配对的照片,其中一项研究甚至证明狗主人和狗的眼睛区域足以准确配对。其他重要属性包括狗和主人体重的相关性,以及女性和她们的狗之间毛发/耳朵长度的相似性。所包含的研究对此的解释是,狗的主人选择了外形相似的狗,这可能是受心理机制的影响,如单纯暴露效应或自我相似偏好。关于内部相似性(即个性),研究发现了不同个性维度之间的相关性。大多数研究支持在外向性和神经质方面存在相似性。在讨论这些发现的潜在原因时,提出了随着时间的推移,由于情感趋同、共同调节和强化等效应,相似性会逐渐发展。
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引用次数: 0
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Personality and Individual Differences
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