Franziska Fichtner, Jazmine L Humphreys, Francois F Barbier, Regina Feil, Philipp Westhoff, Anna Moseler, John E Lunn, Steven M Smith, Christine A Beveridge
The phytohormone strigolactone (SL) inhibits shoot branching, whereas the signalling metabolite trehalose 6-phosphate (Tre6P) promotes branching. How Tre6P and SL signalling may interact and which molecular mechanisms might be involved remains largely unknown. Transcript profiling of Arabidopsis SL mutants revealed a cluster of differentially expressed genes highly enriched in the Tre6P pathway compared with wild-type (WT) plants or brc1 mutants. Tre6P-related genes were also differentially expressed in axillary buds of garden pea (Pisum sativum) SL mutants. Tre6P levels were elevated in the SL signalling mutant more axillary (max) growth 2 compared with other SL mutants or WT plants indicating a role of MAX2-dependent SL signalling in regulating Tre6P levels. A transgenic approach to increase Tre6P levels demonstrated that all SL mutant lines and brc1 flowered earlier, showing all of these mutants were responsive to Tre6P. Elevated Tre6P led to increased branching in WT plants but not in max2 and max4 mutants, indicating some dependency between the SL pathway and Tre6P regulation of shoot branching. By contrast, elevated Tre6P led to an enhanced branching phenotype in brc1 mutants indicating independence between BRC1 and Tre6P. A model is proposed whereby SL signalling represses branching via Tre6P and independently of the BRC1 pathway.
{"title":"Strigolactone signalling inhibits trehalose 6-phosphate signalling independently of BRC1 to suppress shoot branching.","authors":"Franziska Fichtner, Jazmine L Humphreys, Francois F Barbier, Regina Feil, Philipp Westhoff, Anna Moseler, John E Lunn, Steven M Smith, Christine A Beveridge","doi":"10.1111/nph.20072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20072","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The phytohormone strigolactone (SL) inhibits shoot branching, whereas the signalling metabolite trehalose 6-phosphate (Tre6P) promotes branching. How Tre6P and SL signalling may interact and which molecular mechanisms might be involved remains largely unknown. Transcript profiling of Arabidopsis SL mutants revealed a cluster of differentially expressed genes highly enriched in the Tre6P pathway compared with wild-type (WT) plants or brc1 mutants. Tre6P-related genes were also differentially expressed in axillary buds of garden pea (Pisum sativum) SL mutants. Tre6P levels were elevated in the SL signalling mutant more axillary (max) growth 2 compared with other SL mutants or WT plants indicating a role of MAX2-dependent SL signalling in regulating Tre6P levels. A transgenic approach to increase Tre6P levels demonstrated that all SL mutant lines and brc1 flowered earlier, showing all of these mutants were responsive to Tre6P. Elevated Tre6P led to increased branching in WT plants but not in max2 and max4 mutants, indicating some dependency between the SL pathway and Tre6P regulation of shoot branching. By contrast, elevated Tre6P led to an enhanced branching phenotype in brc1 mutants indicating independence between BRC1 and Tre6P. A model is proposed whereby SL signalling represses branching via Tre6P and independently of the BRC1 pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":48887,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142074310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eduardo Mendoza-Maya, Gustavo Ibrahim Giles-Pérez, J Jesús Vargas-Hernández, Cuauhtémoc Sáenz-Romero, Miguel Martínez-Trujillo, María de Los Angeles Beltrán-Nambo, José Ciro Hernández-Díaz, José Ángel Prieto-Ruíz, Juan P Jaramillo-Correa, Christian Wehenkel
Population genetics theory predicts a relationship between fitness, genetic diversity (H0) and effective population size (Ne), which is often tested through heterozygosity-fitness correlations (HFCs). We tested whether population and individual fertility and heterozygosity are correlated in two endangered Mexican spruces (Picea martinezii and Picea mexicana) by combining genomic, demographic and reproductive data (seed development and germination traits). For both species, there was a positive correlation between population size and seed development traits, but not germination rate. Individual genome-wide heterozygosity and seed traits were only correlated in P. martinezii (general-effects HFC), and none of the candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with individual fertility showed heterozygote advantage in any species (no local-effects HFC). We observed a single and recent (c. 30 thousand years ago (ka)) population decline for P. martinezii; the collapse of P. mexicana occurred in two phases separated by a long period of stability (c. 800 ka). Recruitment always contributed more to total population census than adult trees in P. mexicana, while this was only the case in the largest populations of P. martinezii. Equating fitness to either H0 or Ne, as traditionally proposed in conservation biology, might not always be adequate, as species-specific evolutionary factors can decouple the expected correlation between these parameters.
{"title":"Evolutionary drivers of reproductive fitness in two endangered forest trees.","authors":"Eduardo Mendoza-Maya, Gustavo Ibrahim Giles-Pérez, J Jesús Vargas-Hernández, Cuauhtémoc Sáenz-Romero, Miguel Martínez-Trujillo, María de Los Angeles Beltrán-Nambo, José Ciro Hernández-Díaz, José Ángel Prieto-Ruíz, Juan P Jaramillo-Correa, Christian Wehenkel","doi":"10.1111/nph.20073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20073","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Population genetics theory predicts a relationship between fitness, genetic diversity (H<sub>0</sub>) and effective population size (N<sub>e</sub>), which is often tested through heterozygosity-fitness correlations (HFCs). We tested whether population and individual fertility and heterozygosity are correlated in two endangered Mexican spruces (Picea martinezii and Picea mexicana) by combining genomic, demographic and reproductive data (seed development and germination traits). For both species, there was a positive correlation between population size and seed development traits, but not germination rate. Individual genome-wide heterozygosity and seed traits were only correlated in P. martinezii (general-effects HFC), and none of the candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with individual fertility showed heterozygote advantage in any species (no local-effects HFC). We observed a single and recent (c. 30 thousand years ago (ka)) population decline for P. martinezii; the collapse of P. mexicana occurred in two phases separated by a long period of stability (c. 800 ka). Recruitment always contributed more to total population census than adult trees in P. mexicana, while this was only the case in the largest populations of P. martinezii. Equating fitness to either H<sub>0</sub> or N<sub>e</sub>, as traditionally proposed in conservation biology, might not always be adequate, as species-specific evolutionary factors can decouple the expected correlation between these parameters.</p>","PeriodicalId":48887,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142074308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aberrant RNA modifications can lead to dysregulated gene expression and impeded growth in plants. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) constitutes a substantial portion of total RNA, while the precise functions and molecular mechanisms underlying rRNA modifications in plants remain largely elusive. Here, we elucidated the exclusive occurrence of the canonical RNA modification N6-methyladenosine (m6A) solely 18S rRNA, but not 25S rRNA. We identified a completely uncharacterized protein, ATMETTL5, as an Arabidopsis m6A methyltransferase responsible for installing m6A methylation at the 1771 site of the 18S rRNA. ATMETTL5 is ubiquitously expressed and localized in both nucleus and cytoplasm, mediating rRNA m6A methylation. Mechanistically, the loss of ATMETTL5-mediated methylation results in attenuated translation. Furthermore, we uncovered the role of ATMETTL5-mediated methylation in coordinating blue light-mediated hypocotyl growth by regulating the translation of blue light-related messenger RNAs (mRNAs), specifically HYH and PRR9. Our findings provide mechanistic insights into how rRNA modification regulates ribosome function in mRNA translation and the response to blue light, thereby advancing our understanding of the role of epigenetic modifications in precisely regulating mRNA translation in plants.
{"title":"Methyltransferase ATMETTL5 writes m<sup>6</sup>A on 18S ribosomal RNA to regulate translation in Arabidopsis.","authors":"Peizhe Song, Enlin Tian, Zhihe Cai, Xu Chen, Shuyan Chen, Kemiao Yu, Hanxiao Bian, Kai He, Guifang Jia","doi":"10.1111/nph.20034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20034","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aberrant RNA modifications can lead to dysregulated gene expression and impeded growth in plants. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) constitutes a substantial portion of total RNA, while the precise functions and molecular mechanisms underlying rRNA modifications in plants remain largely elusive. Here, we elucidated the exclusive occurrence of the canonical RNA modification N<sup>6</sup>-methyladenosine (m<sup>6</sup>A) solely 18S rRNA, but not 25S rRNA. We identified a completely uncharacterized protein, ATMETTL5, as an Arabidopsis m<sup>6</sup>A methyltransferase responsible for installing m<sup>6</sup>A methylation at the 1771 site of the 18S rRNA. ATMETTL5 is ubiquitously expressed and localized in both nucleus and cytoplasm, mediating rRNA m<sup>6</sup>A methylation. Mechanistically, the loss of ATMETTL5-mediated methylation results in attenuated translation. Furthermore, we uncovered the role of ATMETTL5-mediated methylation in coordinating blue light-mediated hypocotyl growth by regulating the translation of blue light-related messenger RNAs (mRNAs), specifically HYH and PRR9. Our findings provide mechanistic insights into how rRNA modification regulates ribosome function in mRNA translation and the response to blue light, thereby advancing our understanding of the role of epigenetic modifications in precisely regulating mRNA translation in plants.</p>","PeriodicalId":48887,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142074309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Josephine Mittendorf, Jule Meret Niebisch, Leon Pierdzig, Siqi Sun, Elena Kristin Petutschnig, Volker Lipka
In Arabidopsis, the enzymatically active lysin motif-containing receptor-like kinase (LysM-RLK) CHITIN ELICITOR RECEPTOR KINASE 1 (CERK1) and the pseudokinases LYSIN MOTIF-CONTAINING RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 5 (LYK5) and LYK4 are the core components of the canonical chitin receptor complex. CERK1 dimerizes and autophosphorylates upon chitin binding, resulting in activation of chitin signaling. In this study, we clarified and further elucidated the individual contributions of LYK4 and LYK5 to chitin-dependent signaling using mutant (combination)s and stably transformed Arabidopsis plants expressing fluorescence-tagged LYK5 and LYK4 variants from their endogenous promoters. Our analyses revealed that LYK5 interacts with CERK1 upon chitin treatment, independently of LYK4 and vice versa. We show that chitin-induced autophosphorylation of CERK1 is predominantly dependent on LYK5, whereas chitin-triggered ROS generation is almost exclusively mediated by LYK4. This suggests specific signaling functions of these two co-receptor proteins apart from their redundant function in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and transcriptional reprogramming. Moreover, we demonstrate that LYK5 is subject to chitin-induced and CERK1-dependent ubiquitination, which serves as a signal for chitin-induced internalization of LYK5. Our experiments provide evidence that a combination of phosphorylation and ubiquitination events controls LYK5 removal from the plasma membrane via endocytosis, which likely contributes to receptor complex desensitization.
{"title":"Differential contribution of Arabidopsis chitin receptor complex components to defense signaling and ubiquitination-dependent endocytotic removal from the plasma membrane.","authors":"Josephine Mittendorf, Jule Meret Niebisch, Leon Pierdzig, Siqi Sun, Elena Kristin Petutschnig, Volker Lipka","doi":"10.1111/nph.20074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20074","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In Arabidopsis, the enzymatically active lysin motif-containing receptor-like kinase (LysM-RLK) CHITIN ELICITOR RECEPTOR KINASE 1 (CERK1) and the pseudokinases LYSIN MOTIF-CONTAINING RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 5 (LYK5) and LYK4 are the core components of the canonical chitin receptor complex. CERK1 dimerizes and autophosphorylates upon chitin binding, resulting in activation of chitin signaling. In this study, we clarified and further elucidated the individual contributions of LYK4 and LYK5 to chitin-dependent signaling using mutant (combination)s and stably transformed Arabidopsis plants expressing fluorescence-tagged LYK5 and LYK4 variants from their endogenous promoters. Our analyses revealed that LYK5 interacts with CERK1 upon chitin treatment, independently of LYK4 and vice versa. We show that chitin-induced autophosphorylation of CERK1 is predominantly dependent on LYK5, whereas chitin-triggered ROS generation is almost exclusively mediated by LYK4. This suggests specific signaling functions of these two co-receptor proteins apart from their redundant function in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and transcriptional reprogramming. Moreover, we demonstrate that LYK5 is subject to chitin-induced and CERK1-dependent ubiquitination, which serves as a signal for chitin-induced internalization of LYK5. Our experiments provide evidence that a combination of phosphorylation and ubiquitination events controls LYK5 removal from the plasma membrane via endocytosis, which likely contributes to receptor complex desensitization.</p>","PeriodicalId":48887,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142074307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The integrity of wheat (Triticum aestivum) production is increasingly jeopardized by the fungal pathogen Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), particularly amid the vicissitudes of climate change. Here, we delineated the role of a wheat transcription factor, TaNAC1, which precipitates cellular apoptosis and fortifies resistance against Bgt. Utilizing BiFC, co-immunoprecipitation, protein quantification, luciferase report assays, we determined that cytoplasmic TaNAC1-7A undergoes phosphorylation at the S184/S258 sites by TaCDPK20, facilitating its nuclear translocation. This migration appears to prime further phosphorylation by TaMPK1, thereby enhancing transcriptional regulatory activity. Notably, the apoptotic activity of phosphorylated TaNAC1-7A is negatively modulated by the nuclear protein phosphatase PP2Ac. Furthermore, activation of TaNAC1 phosphorylation initiates transcription of downstream genes TaSec1a and TaCAMTA4, through binding to the C[T/G]T[N7]A[A/C]G nucleic acid motif. Suppression of TaNAC1, TaCDPK20, and TaMPK1 in wheat compromises its resistance to Bgt strain E09, whereas overexpression of TaNAC1 and silencing of PP2Ac markedly elevate resistance levels. Our results reveal the pivotal role of TaNAC1 in basal resistance which is mediated by its effects on homotypic fusion, vacuolar protein sorting, and the expression of defense-related genes. The findings highlight the potential through targeting TaNAC1 and its regulators as a strategy for improving wheat's resistance to fungal pathogens.
{"title":"TaNAC1 boosts powdery mildew resistance by phosphorylation-dependent regulation of TaSec1a and TaCAMTA4 via PP2Ac/CDPK20.","authors":"Yuanming Liu, Hongguang You, Hanping Li, Chujun Zhang, Huan Guo, Xueling Huang, Qiong Zhang, Xiangyu Zhang, Chuang Ma, Yajuan Wang, Tingdong Li, Wanquan Ji, Zhensheng Kang, Hong Zhang","doi":"10.1111/nph.20070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20070","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The integrity of wheat (Triticum aestivum) production is increasingly jeopardized by the fungal pathogen Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), particularly amid the vicissitudes of climate change. Here, we delineated the role of a wheat transcription factor, TaNAC1, which precipitates cellular apoptosis and fortifies resistance against Bgt. Utilizing BiFC, co-immunoprecipitation, protein quantification, luciferase report assays, we determined that cytoplasmic TaNAC1-7A undergoes phosphorylation at the S184/S258 sites by TaCDPK20, facilitating its nuclear translocation. This migration appears to prime further phosphorylation by TaMPK1, thereby enhancing transcriptional regulatory activity. Notably, the apoptotic activity of phosphorylated TaNAC1-7A is negatively modulated by the nuclear protein phosphatase PP2Ac. Furthermore, activation of TaNAC1 phosphorylation initiates transcription of downstream genes TaSec1a and TaCAMTA4, through binding to the C[T/G]T[N<sub>7</sub>]A[A/C]G nucleic acid motif. Suppression of TaNAC1, TaCDPK20, and TaMPK1 in wheat compromises its resistance to Bgt strain E09, whereas overexpression of TaNAC1 and silencing of PP2Ac markedly elevate resistance levels. Our results reveal the pivotal role of TaNAC1 in basal resistance which is mediated by its effects on homotypic fusion, vacuolar protein sorting, and the expression of defense-related genes. The findings highlight the potential through targeting TaNAC1 and its regulators as a strategy for improving wheat's resistance to fungal pathogens.</p>","PeriodicalId":48887,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142057015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aaron Kusmec, Cheng-Ting 'Eddy' Yeh, Patrick S Schnable
Phenotypic plasticity describes a genotype's ability to produce different phenotypes in response to different environments. Breeding crops that exhibit appropriate levels of plasticity for future climates will be crucial to meeting global demand, but knowledge of the critical environmental factors is limited to a handful of well-studied major crops. Using 727 maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids phenotyped for grain yield in 45 environments, we investigated the ability of a genetic algorithm and two other methods to identify environmental determinants of grain yield from a large set of candidate environmental variables constructed using minimal assumptions. The genetic algorithm identified pre- and postanthesis maximum temperature, mid-season solar radiation, and whole season net evapotranspiration as the four most important variables from a candidate set of 9150. Importantly, these four variables are supported by previous literature. After calculating reaction norms for each environmental variable, candidate genes were identified and gene annotations investigated to demonstrate how this method can generate insights into phenotypic plasticity. The genetic algorithm successfully identified known environmental determinants of hybrid maize grain yield. This demonstrates that the methodology could be applied to other less well-studied phenotypes and crops to improve understanding of phenotypic plasticity and facilitate breeding crops for future climates.
{"title":"Data-driven identification of environmental variables influencing phenotypic plasticity to facilitate breeding for future climates.","authors":"Aaron Kusmec, Cheng-Ting 'Eddy' Yeh, Patrick S Schnable","doi":"10.1111/nph.19937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.19937","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Phenotypic plasticity describes a genotype's ability to produce different phenotypes in response to different environments. Breeding crops that exhibit appropriate levels of plasticity for future climates will be crucial to meeting global demand, but knowledge of the critical environmental factors is limited to a handful of well-studied major crops. Using 727 maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids phenotyped for grain yield in 45 environments, we investigated the ability of a genetic algorithm and two other methods to identify environmental determinants of grain yield from a large set of candidate environmental variables constructed using minimal assumptions. The genetic algorithm identified pre- and postanthesis maximum temperature, mid-season solar radiation, and whole season net evapotranspiration as the four most important variables from a candidate set of 9150. Importantly, these four variables are supported by previous literature. After calculating reaction norms for each environmental variable, candidate genes were identified and gene annotations investigated to demonstrate how this method can generate insights into phenotypic plasticity. The genetic algorithm successfully identified known environmental determinants of hybrid maize grain yield. This demonstrates that the methodology could be applied to other less well-studied phenotypes and crops to improve understanding of phenotypic plasticity and facilitate breeding crops for future climates.</p>","PeriodicalId":48887,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142057013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andrés G Rolhauser, Marney E Isaac, Cyrille Violle, Adam R Martin, François Vasseur, Taina Lemoine, Lucie Mahaut, Florian Fort, José L Rotundo, Denis Vile
Relationships between crop genetic and functional diversity are key to addressing contemporary agricultural challenges. Yet, there are few approaches for quantifying the relationship between genetic diversity and crop functional trait expression. Here, we introduce 'functional space accumulation curves' to analyze how trait space increases with the number of crop genotypes within a species. We explore the potential for functional space accumulating curves to quantify genotype-trait space relationships in four common annual crop species: barley (Hordeum vulgare), rice (Oryza sativa), soybean (Glycine max), and durum wheat (Triticum durum). We also employ these curves to describe genotype-trait space relationships in the wild annual Arabidopsis thaliana, which has not been subjected to artificial selection. All five species exhibited asymptotic functional space accumulation curves, suggesting a limit to intraspecific functional crop diversity, likely due to: dominant phenotypes represented by several genotypes; or functional redundancy that might exist among genotypes. Our findings indicate that there is a diminishing return of functional diversity with increasing number of genotypes. Our analysis demonstrates the efficacy of functional space accumulation curves in quantifying trait space occupancy of crops, with implications for managing crop diversity in agroecosystems, and genetic diversity in crop breeding programs.
{"title":"Phenotypic limits of crop diversity: a data exploration of functional trait space.","authors":"Andrés G Rolhauser, Marney E Isaac, Cyrille Violle, Adam R Martin, François Vasseur, Taina Lemoine, Lucie Mahaut, Florian Fort, José L Rotundo, Denis Vile","doi":"10.1111/nph.20050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Relationships between crop genetic and functional diversity are key to addressing contemporary agricultural challenges. Yet, there are few approaches for quantifying the relationship between genetic diversity and crop functional trait expression. Here, we introduce 'functional space accumulation curves' to analyze how trait space increases with the number of crop genotypes within a species. We explore the potential for functional space accumulating curves to quantify genotype-trait space relationships in four common annual crop species: barley (Hordeum vulgare), rice (Oryza sativa), soybean (Glycine max), and durum wheat (Triticum durum). We also employ these curves to describe genotype-trait space relationships in the wild annual Arabidopsis thaliana, which has not been subjected to artificial selection. All five species exhibited asymptotic functional space accumulation curves, suggesting a limit to intraspecific functional crop diversity, likely due to: dominant phenotypes represented by several genotypes; or functional redundancy that might exist among genotypes. Our findings indicate that there is a diminishing return of functional diversity with increasing number of genotypes. Our analysis demonstrates the efficacy of functional space accumulation curves in quantifying trait space occupancy of crops, with implications for managing crop diversity in agroecosystems, and genetic diversity in crop breeding programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":48887,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142057014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ilaine Silveira Matos, Mickey Boakye, Izzi Niewiadomski, Monica Antonio, Sonoma Carlos, Breanna Carrillo Johnson, Ashley Chu, Andrea Echevarria, Adrian Fontao, Lisa Garcia, Diana Kalantar, Srinivasan Madhavan, Joseph Mann, Samantha McDonough, James Rohde, Meg Scudder, Satvik Sharma, Jason To, Connor Tomaka, Bradley Vu, Nicole Yokota, Holly Forbes, Mark Fricker, Benjamin Wong Blonder
Variation in leaf venation network architecture may reflect trade-offs among multiple functions including efficiency, resilience, support, cost, and resistance to drought and herbivory. However, our knowledge about architecture-function trade-offs is mostly based on studies examining a small number of functional axes, so we still lack a more integrative picture of multidimensional trade-offs. Here, we measured architecture and functional traits on 122 ferns and angiosperms species to describe how trade-offs vary across phylogenetic groups and vein spatial scales (small, medium, and large vein width) and determine whether architecture traits at each scale have independent or integrated effects on each function. We found that generalized architecture-function trade-offs are weak. Architecture strongly predicts leaf support and damage resistance axes but weakly predicts efficiency and resilience axes. Architecture traits at different spatial scales contribute to different functional axes, allowing plants to independently modulate different functions by varying network properties at each scale. This independence of vein architecture traits within and across spatial scales may enable evolution of multiple alternative leaf network designs with similar functioning.
{"title":"Leaf venation network architecture coordinates functional trade-offs across vein spatial scales: evidence for multiple alternative designs.","authors":"Ilaine Silveira Matos, Mickey Boakye, Izzi Niewiadomski, Monica Antonio, Sonoma Carlos, Breanna Carrillo Johnson, Ashley Chu, Andrea Echevarria, Adrian Fontao, Lisa Garcia, Diana Kalantar, Srinivasan Madhavan, Joseph Mann, Samantha McDonough, James Rohde, Meg Scudder, Satvik Sharma, Jason To, Connor Tomaka, Bradley Vu, Nicole Yokota, Holly Forbes, Mark Fricker, Benjamin Wong Blonder","doi":"10.1111/nph.20037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Variation in leaf venation network architecture may reflect trade-offs among multiple functions including efficiency, resilience, support, cost, and resistance to drought and herbivory. However, our knowledge about architecture-function trade-offs is mostly based on studies examining a small number of functional axes, so we still lack a more integrative picture of multidimensional trade-offs. Here, we measured architecture and functional traits on 122 ferns and angiosperms species to describe how trade-offs vary across phylogenetic groups and vein spatial scales (small, medium, and large vein width) and determine whether architecture traits at each scale have independent or integrated effects on each function. We found that generalized architecture-function trade-offs are weak. Architecture strongly predicts leaf support and damage resistance axes but weakly predicts efficiency and resilience axes. Architecture traits at different spatial scales contribute to different functional axes, allowing plants to independently modulate different functions by varying network properties at each scale. This independence of vein architecture traits within and across spatial scales may enable evolution of multiple alternative leaf network designs with similar functioning.</p>","PeriodicalId":48887,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142047362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xin Chen, Jiexiong Hu, Haoming Zhong, Qiuqiu Wu, Zhenyu Fang, Yan Cai, Panpan Huang, Yakubu Saddeeq Abubakar, Jie Zhou, Naweed I Naqvi, Zonghua Wang, Wenhui Zheng
The retromer complex is a conserved sorting machinery that maintains cellular protein homeostasis by transporting vesicles containing cargo proteins to defined destinations. It is known to sort proteins at the vacuole membranes for retrograde trafficking, preventing their degradation in the vacuole. However, the detailed mechanism of retromer recruitment to the vacuole membrane has not yet been elucidated. Here, we show that the vacuolar SNARE complex MoPep12-MoVti1-MoVam7-MoYkt6 regulates retromer-mediated vesicle trafficking by recruiting the retromer to the vacuole membrane, which promotes host invasion in Magnaporthe oryzae. Such recruitment is also essential for the retrieval of the autophagy regulator MoAtg8 and enables appressorium-mediated host penetration. Furthermore, the vacuolar SNARE subunits are involved in suppressing the host defense response by regulating the deployment of retromer-MoSnc1-mediated effector secretion. Altogether, our results provide insights into the mechanism of vacuolar SNAREs-dependent retromer recruitment which is necessary for pathogenicity-related membrane trafficking events in the rice blast fungus.
{"title":"Vacuolar recruitment of retromer by a SNARE complex enables infection-related trafficking in rice blast.","authors":"Xin Chen, Jiexiong Hu, Haoming Zhong, Qiuqiu Wu, Zhenyu Fang, Yan Cai, Panpan Huang, Yakubu Saddeeq Abubakar, Jie Zhou, Naweed I Naqvi, Zonghua Wang, Wenhui Zheng","doi":"10.1111/nph.20069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20069","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The retromer complex is a conserved sorting machinery that maintains cellular protein homeostasis by transporting vesicles containing cargo proteins to defined destinations. It is known to sort proteins at the vacuole membranes for retrograde trafficking, preventing their degradation in the vacuole. However, the detailed mechanism of retromer recruitment to the vacuole membrane has not yet been elucidated. Here, we show that the vacuolar SNARE complex MoPep12-MoVti1-MoVam7-MoYkt6 regulates retromer-mediated vesicle trafficking by recruiting the retromer to the vacuole membrane, which promotes host invasion in Magnaporthe oryzae. Such recruitment is also essential for the retrieval of the autophagy regulator MoAtg8 and enables appressorium-mediated host penetration. Furthermore, the vacuolar SNARE subunits are involved in suppressing the host defense response by regulating the deployment of retromer-MoSnc1-mediated effector secretion. Altogether, our results provide insights into the mechanism of vacuolar SNAREs-dependent retromer recruitment which is necessary for pathogenicity-related membrane trafficking events in the rice blast fungus.</p>","PeriodicalId":48887,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142047363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Philipp Schuler, Oliver Rehmann, Valentina Vitali, Matthias Saurer, Manuela Oettli, Lucas A Cernusak, Arthur Gessler, Nina Buchmann, Marco M Lehmann
Measurements of stable isotope ratios in organic compounds are widely used tools for plant ecophysiological studies. However, the complexity of the processes involved in shaping hydrogen isotope values (δ2H) in plant carbohydrates has limited its broader application. To investigate the underlying biochemical processes responsible for 2H fractionation among water, sugars, and cellulose in leaves, we studied the three main CO2 fixation pathways (C3, C4, and CAM) and their response to changes in temperature and vapor pressure deficit (VPD). We show significant differences in autotrophic 2H fractionation (εA) from water to sugar among the pathways and their response to changes in air temperature and VPD. The strong 2H depleting εA in C3 plants is likely driven by the photosynthetic H+ production within the thylakoids, a reaction that is spatially separated in C4 and strongly reduced in CAM plants, leading to the absence of 2H depletion in the latter two types. By contrast, we found that the heterotrophic 2H-fractionation (εH) from sugar to cellulose was very similar among the three pathways and is likely driven by the plant's metabolism, rather than by isotopic exchange with leaf water. Our study offers new insights into the biochemical drivers of 2H fractionation in plant carbohydrates.
{"title":"Hydrogen isotope fractionation in plants with C<sub>3</sub>, C<sub>4</sub>, and CAM CO<sub>2</sub> fixation.","authors":"Philipp Schuler, Oliver Rehmann, Valentina Vitali, Matthias Saurer, Manuela Oettli, Lucas A Cernusak, Arthur Gessler, Nina Buchmann, Marco M Lehmann","doi":"10.1111/nph.20057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20057","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Measurements of stable isotope ratios in organic compounds are widely used tools for plant ecophysiological studies. However, the complexity of the processes involved in shaping hydrogen isotope values (δ<sup>2</sup>H) in plant carbohydrates has limited its broader application. To investigate the underlying biochemical processes responsible for <sup>2</sup>H fractionation among water, sugars, and cellulose in leaves, we studied the three main CO<sub>2</sub> fixation pathways (C<sub>3</sub>, C<sub>4</sub>, and CAM) and their response to changes in temperature and vapor pressure deficit (VPD). We show significant differences in autotrophic <sup>2</sup>H fractionation (ε<sub>A</sub>) from water to sugar among the pathways and their response to changes in air temperature and VPD. The strong <sup>2</sup>H depleting ε<sub>A</sub> in C<sub>3</sub> plants is likely driven by the photosynthetic H<sup>+</sup> production within the thylakoids, a reaction that is spatially separated in C<sub>4</sub> and strongly reduced in CAM plants, leading to the absence of <sup>2</sup>H depletion in the latter two types. By contrast, we found that the heterotrophic <sup>2</sup>H-fractionation (ε<sub>H</sub>) from sugar to cellulose was very similar among the three pathways and is likely driven by the plant's metabolism, rather than by isotopic exchange with leaf water. Our study offers new insights into the biochemical drivers of <sup>2</sup>H fractionation in plant carbohydrates.</p>","PeriodicalId":48887,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142019278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}