The squeeze casting technique offers promising prospects for a wide range of applications, as it provides an effective solution to address the challenges associated with the poor casting performance of wrought aluminum alloys. In this paper, we implemented in-situ forging assisted squeeze casting (IFSC) to form an automobile control arm using a high-strength Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy modified with Zr and Er. The solidification defects, microstructures, and mechanical properties of the part were investigated under different pressures and in-situ forging using various analytical techniques. With the increase of squeezing pressure from 0 MPa to 120 MPa, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the sample increases from 500 MPa to 593.3 MPa, and the elongation is 4.35 %. After in-situ forging, the tensile strength of the sample is 600.9 MPa and the elongation is 5.59 %. UTS is comparable to squeeze casting, but the elongation is increased by 28.5 %. The results indicate that increasing the forming pressure enhances the surface quality of the parts and reduces the solidification defects. In addition, increasing the forming pressure not only refines the grain but also improves the grain morphology and enhances the uniformity of the structure. The squeezing pressure can enhance the contact between the alloy melt and the mold, increasing the metal's cooling rate and promoting nucleation for grain refinement. In-situ forging further facilitates liquid phase feeding, reduces alloy defects, and improves the overall mechanical properties.
{"title":"Effect of in-situ forging assisted squeeze casting on the forming quality and mechanical properties of automobile control arm","authors":"Wenbin Zhan, Tiantai Tian, Hongtu Xu, Bingli Hua, Liqun Niu, Bo Cui, Qi Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.09.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.09.009","url":null,"abstract":"The squeeze casting technique offers promising prospects for a wide range of applications, as it provides an effective solution to address the challenges associated with the poor casting performance of wrought aluminum alloys. In this paper, we implemented in-situ forging assisted squeeze casting (IFSC) to form an automobile control arm using a high-strength Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy modified with Zr and Er. The solidification defects, microstructures, and mechanical properties of the part were investigated under different pressures and in-situ forging using various analytical techniques. With the increase of squeezing pressure from 0 MPa to 120 MPa, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the sample increases from 500 MPa to 593.3 MPa, and the elongation is 4.35 %. After in-situ forging, the tensile strength of the sample is 600.9 MPa and the elongation is 5.59 %. UTS is comparable to squeeze casting, but the elongation is increased by 28.5 %. The results indicate that increasing the forming pressure enhances the surface quality of the parts and reduces the solidification defects. In addition, increasing the forming pressure not only refines the grain but also improves the grain morphology and enhances the uniformity of the structure. The squeezing pressure can enhance the contact between the alloy melt and the mold, increasing the metal's cooling rate and promoting nucleation for grain refinement. In-situ forging further facilitates liquid phase feeding, reduces alloy defects, and improves the overall mechanical properties.","PeriodicalId":501120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142179964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-03DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.08.182
Wang An, Zhihe Dou, Tingan Zhang, Jinru Han
In this study, CuCr50 alloys were prepared by aluminum thermal reduction-high frequency refining process, and the properties were improved through hot forging and heat treatment. With increasing deformation, large Cr particles were spheroidized and refined, significantly improving the performance of the alloy. When the deformation exceeds 27%, the conductivity reaches 17.73 MS/m, the hardness reaches 116.5 HB, and the density reaches 7.91 g/cm. After solution at 975 °C for 1h and aging at 550 °C for 4h, the conductivity of the CuCr50 alloy further increased to 19.63 MS/m, the hardness reaches 121.5 HB. Compared with the as-cast alloy, the conductivity, hardness and density are increased by 71.07%, 18.81% and 2.99%, respectively. In the 5% deformed CuCr50 alloy the precipitates of nanoscale Cr particles formed a co-lattice with the copper matrix. In the 14% deformed CuCr50 alloy, nanoscale Cr particles precipitated and dispersed in the Cu matrix, and the relationship between the precipitated Cr phase and the Cu matrix was incoherent. The amount of precipitated Cr phase in the 27% deformed CuCr50 alloy had a semi-coherent relationship with the Cu matrix, the orientations of Cu()//Cr(110). The hardness enhancement is mainly attributed to grain refinement and density increase, and the conductivity enhancement is mainly attributed to Cr particle precipitation after aging treatment.
{"title":"Microstructure evolution and property enhancement of CuCr50 alloys through the synergistic effects by hot-forging deformation and heat treatment","authors":"Wang An, Zhihe Dou, Tingan Zhang, Jinru Han","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.08.182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.08.182","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, CuCr50 alloys were prepared by aluminum thermal reduction-high frequency refining process, and the properties were improved through hot forging and heat treatment. With increasing deformation, large Cr particles were spheroidized and refined, significantly improving the performance of the alloy. When the deformation exceeds 27%, the conductivity reaches 17.73 MS/m, the hardness reaches 116.5 HB, and the density reaches 7.91 g/cm. After solution at 975 °C for 1h and aging at 550 °C for 4h, the conductivity of the CuCr50 alloy further increased to 19.63 MS/m, the hardness reaches 121.5 HB. Compared with the as-cast alloy, the conductivity, hardness and density are increased by 71.07%, 18.81% and 2.99%, respectively. In the 5% deformed CuCr50 alloy the precipitates of nanoscale Cr particles formed a co-lattice with the copper matrix. In the 14% deformed CuCr50 alloy, nanoscale Cr particles precipitated and dispersed in the Cu matrix, and the relationship between the precipitated Cr phase and the Cu matrix was incoherent. The amount of precipitated Cr phase in the 27% deformed CuCr50 alloy had a semi-coherent relationship with the Cu matrix, the orientations of Cu()//Cr(110). The hardness enhancement is mainly attributed to grain refinement and density increase, and the conductivity enhancement is mainly attributed to Cr particle precipitation after aging treatment.","PeriodicalId":501120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142179994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-03DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.09.011
Tingfeng Xia, Bojing Wu, Huanzhi Zhang, Fen Xu, Lixian Sun, Xiangcheng Lin, Caihang Liang, Lei Ma, Hongliang Peng, Bin Li, Erhu Yan
The development of advanced composite solid-solid phase change materials (SSPCMs) is urgent to explore for improving solar energy harvesting and storage. Herein, novel composite SSPCMs with synergetic cross-linking structure were fabricated through polymerization using GO and TiO constructed on the polyurethane framework skeleton. GO and TiO synergetic enhanced polymer framework played a role as skeletal structure to encapsulate PEG in the molecular chains, and provided as highly thermal conductive pathways for the composite SSPCMs. TiO nanoparticles performed as extended surface on the skeletal structure for further improvement in thermal conductivity. The composite SSPCMs exhibited a remarkably improved thermal conductivity as high as 0.7 W/(m‧K) and fast thermal response rate. The good light adsorption property of TiO enhanced the light absorbance efficiency of the composite SSPCMs by 94.4%. And the photo-thermal conversion efficiency of the composite SSPCMs highly reached 93.5%. Meanwhile, the composite SSPCMs exhibited excellent anti-leakage performance and shape stability under high temperature. Consequently, the as-prepared composite SSPCMs possessed a potential for applications in thermal energy storage and solar energy utilization systems.
{"title":"Titanium dioxide/graphene oxide synergetic reinforced composite phase change materials with excellent thermal energy storage and photo-thermal performances","authors":"Tingfeng Xia, Bojing Wu, Huanzhi Zhang, Fen Xu, Lixian Sun, Xiangcheng Lin, Caihang Liang, Lei Ma, Hongliang Peng, Bin Li, Erhu Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.09.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.09.011","url":null,"abstract":"The development of advanced composite solid-solid phase change materials (SSPCMs) is urgent to explore for improving solar energy harvesting and storage. Herein, novel composite SSPCMs with synergetic cross-linking structure were fabricated through polymerization using GO and TiO constructed on the polyurethane framework skeleton. GO and TiO synergetic enhanced polymer framework played a role as skeletal structure to encapsulate PEG in the molecular chains, and provided as highly thermal conductive pathways for the composite SSPCMs. TiO nanoparticles performed as extended surface on the skeletal structure for further improvement in thermal conductivity. The composite SSPCMs exhibited a remarkably improved thermal conductivity as high as 0.7 W/(m‧K) and fast thermal response rate. The good light adsorption property of TiO enhanced the light absorbance efficiency of the composite SSPCMs by 94.4%. And the photo-thermal conversion efficiency of the composite SSPCMs highly reached 93.5%. Meanwhile, the composite SSPCMs exhibited excellent anti-leakage performance and shape stability under high temperature. Consequently, the as-prepared composite SSPCMs possessed a potential for applications in thermal energy storage and solar energy utilization systems.","PeriodicalId":501120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142179963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study was undertaken to understand the effect of annealing on the microstructural features of the melt-pool structure and the associated multiscale mechanical properties of the Al–2.5%Fe–2%Cu alloy manufactured by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). Microstructural characterizations and tensile tests were conducted for the LPBF-built specimen and those subsequently annealed at various temperatures ranging from 200 to 500 °C. Nanoindentation hardness mapping was used to evaluate the mechanical inhomogeneity of the melt-pool structure and its changes by annealing at different temperatures. The LPBF-manufactured sample exhibited a melt-pool structure containing numerous particles of the AlCuFe phase (28, orthorhombic structure) formed because of local melting and rapid solidification during the LPBF process. The relatively coarsened cellular structure localized along the melt-pool boundary resulted in local soft regions. The local vulnerability contributed to the direction dependence of the tensile ductility. A slight variation was observed in the inhomogeneous microstructure of the samples annealed at 200 or 300 °C. The formation of numerous AlCuFe nanoprecipitates in the α-Al supersaturated solid solution prevented strength loss after post-heat treatments. In addition, considerable coarsening of the intermetallic phase after annealing at 500 °C eliminated the melt-pool structure. The tensile performance of the specimens demonstrated a ductile fracture mode, wherein ductile fracture occurred in the α-Al matrix with low hardness while the harder θ-AlFe stable phase was embedded within it. The anisotropy in the mechanical properties was less pronounced owing to the significant microstructural changes.
本研究旨在了解退火对熔池结构微观特征的影响，以及通过激光粉末床熔化（LPBF）制造的铝-2.5%铁-2%铜合金的相关多尺度机械性能。对 LPBF 制成的试样以及随后在 200 至 500 °C 不同温度下退火的试样进行了微结构表征和拉伸试验。纳米压痕硬度图用于评估熔池结构的机械不均匀性及其在不同温度下退火后的变化。LPBF 制成的样品呈现出一种熔池结构，其中包含大量的 AlCuFe 相颗粒（28，正方体结构），这是因为在 LPBF 过程中局部熔化和快速凝固形成的。沿熔池边界局部相对粗化的蜂窝状结构导致了局部软化区域。局部软化导致了拉伸延性的方向依赖性。在 200 或 300 °C 下退火的样品的不均匀微观结构略有不同。在 α-Al 过饱和固溶体中形成的大量 AlCuFe 纳米沉淀物防止了后热处理后的强度损失。此外，在 500 °C 退火后，金属间相的大量粗化消除了熔池结构。试样的拉伸性能显示出一种韧性断裂模式，韧性断裂发生在硬度较低的α-Al基体中，而硬度较高的θ-AlFe稳定相则嵌入其中。由于微观结构的显著变化，机械性能的各向异性并不明显。
{"title":"Variation in microstructural features of melt-pool structure in laser powder bed fused Al–Fe–Cu alloy at elevated temperatures","authors":"Yue Cheng, Takanobu Miyawaki, Wenyuan Wang, Naoki Takata, Asuka Suzuki, Makoto Kobashi, Masaki Kato","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.09.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.09.013","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was undertaken to understand the effect of annealing on the microstructural features of the melt-pool structure and the associated multiscale mechanical properties of the Al–2.5%Fe–2%Cu alloy manufactured by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). Microstructural characterizations and tensile tests were conducted for the LPBF-built specimen and those subsequently annealed at various temperatures ranging from 200 to 500 °C. Nanoindentation hardness mapping was used to evaluate the mechanical inhomogeneity of the melt-pool structure and its changes by annealing at different temperatures. The LPBF-manufactured sample exhibited a melt-pool structure containing numerous particles of the AlCuFe phase (28, orthorhombic structure) formed because of local melting and rapid solidification during the LPBF process. The relatively coarsened cellular structure localized along the melt-pool boundary resulted in local soft regions. The local vulnerability contributed to the direction dependence of the tensile ductility. A slight variation was observed in the inhomogeneous microstructure of the samples annealed at 200 or 300 °C. The formation of numerous AlCuFe nanoprecipitates in the α-Al supersaturated solid solution prevented strength loss after post-heat treatments. In addition, considerable coarsening of the intermetallic phase after annealing at 500 °C eliminated the melt-pool structure. The tensile performance of the specimens demonstrated a ductile fracture mode, wherein ductile fracture occurred in the α-Al matrix with low hardness while the harder θ-AlFe stable phase was embedded within it. The anisotropy in the mechanical properties was less pronounced owing to the significant microstructural changes.","PeriodicalId":501120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142179960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-03DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.09.012
Ding Zhao, Jiangkun Fan, Zesen Chen, Wenyuan Zhang, Zhixin Zhang, Bin Tang, Jian Wang, Hongchao Kou, Jinshan Li
In the continuous cooling process, the growth of the equiaxed α-phase grains in near-α high-temperature titanium alloys is controlled by the diffusion of alloying elements. Establishing a specific connection between the cooling rate and the diffusion behaviour of alloying elements aids in the precise prediction of the evolution of equiaxed α-phase grain size. This study meticulously controlled the cooling rate during the two-phase region annealing treatment of the Ti65 alloy. Using EPMA technology, the diffusion behaviour of solute elements during cooling was accurately characterized. The study found that slowing the cooling rate promotes the coarsening of the lamellar secondary α-phase grains and the growth of the primary equiaxed α-phase grains. At higher annealing temperatures, the growth of equiaxed α-phase grains can occur at faster cooling rates, while coarse lamellar secondary α-phase grains can be retained at slower cooling rates. The diffusion behaviour of solute elements Al, Ta, Mo, and W between the α-phase and transformed β-phase matrix is significantly influenced by the cooling rate, thus they are considered as the controlling elements for the growth of the equiaxed α-phase grains. Based on the diffusion behaviours of these controlling elements, their single-element diffusion models were categorized and integrated for predicting the grain size of the equiaxed α-phase. The predictions from the revised diffusion model show an excellent agreement with the actual results, with an error margin of about 5%.
{"title":"Cooling rate effects on microstructure and diffusion behaviour in Ti65 alloy: Insights from a modified diffusion model","authors":"Ding Zhao, Jiangkun Fan, Zesen Chen, Wenyuan Zhang, Zhixin Zhang, Bin Tang, Jian Wang, Hongchao Kou, Jinshan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.09.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.09.012","url":null,"abstract":"In the continuous cooling process, the growth of the equiaxed α-phase grains in near-α high-temperature titanium alloys is controlled by the diffusion of alloying elements. Establishing a specific connection between the cooling rate and the diffusion behaviour of alloying elements aids in the precise prediction of the evolution of equiaxed α-phase grain size. This study meticulously controlled the cooling rate during the two-phase region annealing treatment of the Ti65 alloy. Using EPMA technology, the diffusion behaviour of solute elements during cooling was accurately characterized. The study found that slowing the cooling rate promotes the coarsening of the lamellar secondary α-phase grains and the growth of the primary equiaxed α-phase grains. At higher annealing temperatures, the growth of equiaxed α-phase grains can occur at faster cooling rates, while coarse lamellar secondary α-phase grains can be retained at slower cooling rates. The diffusion behaviour of solute elements Al, Ta, Mo, and W between the α-phase and transformed β-phase matrix is significantly influenced by the cooling rate, thus they are considered as the controlling elements for the growth of the equiaxed α-phase grains. Based on the diffusion behaviours of these controlling elements, their single-element diffusion models were categorized and integrated for predicting the grain size of the equiaxed α-phase. The predictions from the revised diffusion model show an excellent agreement with the actual results, with an error margin of about 5%.","PeriodicalId":501120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology","volume":"110 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142179981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-03DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.09.007
Ch Sateesh Kumar, Gorka Urbikain, Pablo Fernández De Lucio, Cristian Pérez-Salinas, Luis Norberto López De Lacalle, Filipe Fernandes
The current study examines how the self-lubricating characteristics of the novel TiSiVN coating affect the chip formation process and chip sliding velocity during the dry turning of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy. The serration bands tend to straighten at a cutting speed of 125 m/min, which is the main cause of the chips being straightened without tangling for both coated tools. TiSiVN coated tool accounts for higher chip sliding velocity due to the generation of lubricious phases, whereas the higher V for uncoated tool indicates high tool wear at the highest cutting speed of 125 m/min. Further, r and tend to have an inverse relationship with V with 125 m/min cutting speed remaining an exception due to severe changes in tool wear dynamics. The reduction of friction helped to lower the localized strain along the shear bands and the effective stress at the beginning of the formation of the serrated tooth.
本研究探讨了新型 TiSiVN 涂层的自润滑特性如何影响 Ti6Al4V 钛合金干车削过程中的切屑形成过程和切屑滑动速度。在 125 米/分钟的切削速度下，锯齿带趋于拉直，这是两种涂层刀具切屑拉直而不缠结的主要原因。由于产生了润滑相，TiSiVN 涂层刀具的切屑滑动速度较高，而未涂层刀具的 V 值较高，表明在 125 米/分钟的最高切削速度下刀具磨损严重。此外，r 和 V 呈反比关系，125 米/分钟的切削速度是个例外，因为刀具磨损动态发生了严重变化。摩擦的减少有助于降低沿剪切带的局部应变和锯齿形成初期的有效应力。
{"title":"Effect of V concentration in TiSiN monolayer coating on chip formation mechanism and chip sliding velocity during dry turning of Ti–6Al–4V alloy","authors":"Ch Sateesh Kumar, Gorka Urbikain, Pablo Fernández De Lucio, Cristian Pérez-Salinas, Luis Norberto López De Lacalle, Filipe Fernandes","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.09.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.09.007","url":null,"abstract":"The current study examines how the self-lubricating characteristics of the novel TiSiVN coating affect the chip formation process and chip sliding velocity during the dry turning of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy. The serration bands tend to straighten at a cutting speed of 125 m/min, which is the main cause of the chips being straightened without tangling for both coated tools. TiSiVN coated tool accounts for higher chip sliding velocity due to the generation of lubricious phases, whereas the higher V for uncoated tool indicates high tool wear at the highest cutting speed of 125 m/min. Further, r and tend to have an inverse relationship with V with 125 m/min cutting speed remaining an exception due to severe changes in tool wear dynamics. The reduction of friction helped to lower the localized strain along the shear bands and the effective stress at the beginning of the formation of the serrated tooth.","PeriodicalId":501120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142179967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
FeCoNiCrCu high-entropy alloy (HEA) and Cu foils were utilized as the intermediate layer to conduct laser welding of TC4 titanium alloy and Q345 steel. Welding is performed by adding single HEA and Cu/HEA double foils as interlayer respectively. We conducted in-depth studies on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the joint by stereomicroscopy, metallographic microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), micro-area X-ray diffraction (XRD), nanoindentation, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and tensile testing. The results indicate that the position of the copper foil significantly affects the microstructure and performance of the joint. When the copper foil is on the TC4 side, its lower melting point causes a deeper keyhole, resulting in a narrower weld bead and then reduced content of Fe and Ti in the weld. Simultaneously, the increased proportion of Cu in the weld significantly enhances the content of Cu-rich phases. In the weld zone, we observed freely distributed Cu-rich phases and Ti-rich phases generated along the interface. Under tensile loads, cracks primarily initiate and propagate along the Cu-rich phases, leading to typical delamination on the fracture surface. With the copper foil on the TC4 side, due to the increased copper content in the microstructure, the hardness of the interface between the titanium alloy and the weld decreases, while the joint exhibits the highest tensile strength, reaching a maximum of 417 MPa.
利用铁钴镍铬铜高熵合金（HEA）和铜箔作为中间层，对 TC4 钛合金和 Q345 钢进行激光焊接。焊接分别以单层 HEA 和 Cu/HEA 双箔作为中间层进行。我们通过体视显微镜、金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、微区 X 射线衍射（XRD）、纳米压痕、电子背散射衍射（EBSD）和拉伸试验对接头的微观结构和机械性能进行了深入研究。结果表明，铜箔的位置对接头的微观结构和性能有很大影响。当铜箔位于 TC4 侧时，其较低的熔点会造成较深的锁孔，导致焊缝较窄，进而降低焊缝中铁和钛的含量。与此同时，焊缝中铜的比例增加会显著提高富铜相的含量。在焊接区，我们观察到自由分布的富 Cu 相和沿界面生成的富 Ti- 相。在拉伸载荷作用下，裂纹主要沿着富铜相生成和扩展，从而在断裂表面形成典型的分层。当铜箔位于 TC4 侧时，由于微观结构中的铜含量增加，钛合金与焊缝之间的界面硬度降低，而接头的抗拉强度最高，最大可达 417 兆帕。
{"title":"The influence of Cu on the microstructure and properties of TC4/Q345 high-entropy joints by laser welding","authors":"Ben Liu, Zongtao Zhu, Yunqi Liu, Hongming Liu, Yuanxing Li, Hui Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.09.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.09.008","url":null,"abstract":"FeCoNiCrCu high-entropy alloy (HEA) and Cu foils were utilized as the intermediate layer to conduct laser welding of TC4 titanium alloy and Q345 steel. Welding is performed by adding single HEA and Cu/HEA double foils as interlayer respectively. We conducted in-depth studies on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the joint by stereomicroscopy, metallographic microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), micro-area X-ray diffraction (XRD), nanoindentation, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and tensile testing. The results indicate that the position of the copper foil significantly affects the microstructure and performance of the joint. When the copper foil is on the TC4 side, its lower melting point causes a deeper keyhole, resulting in a narrower weld bead and then reduced content of Fe and Ti in the weld. Simultaneously, the increased proportion of Cu in the weld significantly enhances the content of Cu-rich phases. In the weld zone, we observed freely distributed Cu-rich phases and Ti-rich phases generated along the interface. Under tensile loads, cracks primarily initiate and propagate along the Cu-rich phases, leading to typical delamination on the fracture surface. With the copper foil on the TC4 side, due to the increased copper content in the microstructure, the hardness of the interface between the titanium alloy and the weld decreases, while the joint exhibits the highest tensile strength, reaching a maximum of 417 MPa.","PeriodicalId":501120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142179966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-03DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.08.213
Shadab Ahmad, Abdul Wahab Hashmi, Jashanpreet Singh, Kunal Arora, Yebing Tian, Faiz Iqbal, Mawaheb Al-Dossari, M. Ijaz Khan
Exploring shape memory alloys (SMAs) is like diving into a world of material magic, especially when combined with additive manufacturing techniques. This detailed assessment delves into the fascinating realm of additive manufactured SMAs, examining their complex fabrication processes, captivating internal structures, wide-ranging applications, and unique properties. It is remarkable to observe how the combination of metals, particularly nickel and titanium, creates the very essence of SMA's capabilities and various other material combination for novel SMAs. Additional insights are provided regarding how additive manufacturing parameters and appropriate post-treatments can enable these materials to accomplish extraordinary functionalities. These SMAs also possess the ability to recollect and move, demonstrating superelasticity and the capacity to regain their original shape in various capacities. However, there are promising prospects for the development of novel SMA mixtures, enhanced post-treatments methods, and even more intelligent and responsive products with dimensional accuracy and uniformity. This work presents insights on opportunities in industries for resilient materials, ranging from everyday devices to the immense expanse of space and the human body. Even with the advancements, there is still work to be done in continuously improving their design and pocket comfort. This review not only presents information but also envisions a future in which additive manufactured SMAs are central to advancements in engineering and other fields.
探索形状记忆合金（SMA）就像潜入一个神奇的材料世界，尤其是在与快速成型技术相结合的情况下。本详细评估深入探讨了增材制造 SMA 的迷人领域，研究了其复杂的制造工艺、迷人的内部结构、广泛的应用和独特的性能。观察金属（尤其是镍和钛）的组合如何创造出 SMA 功能的精髓，以及新型 SMA 的各种其他材料组合，令人叹为观止。此外，还深入探讨了增材制造参数和适当的后处理如何使这些材料实现非凡的功能。这些 SMA 还具有回弹和移动能力，表现出超弹性和以各种方式恢复原状的能力。然而，新型 SMA 混合物、增强型后处理方法以及具有尺寸精度和均匀性的更智能、更灵敏产品的开发前景广阔。从日常设备到广袤的太空和人体，这项研究深入探讨了弹性材料在各行各业的应用机会。即使取得了进步，在不断改进设计和提高口袋舒适度方面仍有许多工作要做。这篇综述不仅介绍了相关信息，还展望了增材制造 SMA 成为工程和其他领域进步核心的未来。
{"title":"Innovations in additive manufacturing of shape memory alloys: Alloys, microstructures, treatments, applications","authors":"Shadab Ahmad, Abdul Wahab Hashmi, Jashanpreet Singh, Kunal Arora, Yebing Tian, Faiz Iqbal, Mawaheb Al-Dossari, M. Ijaz Khan","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.08.213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.08.213","url":null,"abstract":"Exploring shape memory alloys (SMAs) is like diving into a world of material magic, especially when combined with additive manufacturing techniques. This detailed assessment delves into the fascinating realm of additive manufactured SMAs, examining their complex fabrication processes, captivating internal structures, wide-ranging applications, and unique properties. It is remarkable to observe how the combination of metals, particularly nickel and titanium, creates the very essence of SMA's capabilities and various other material combination for novel SMAs. Additional insights are provided regarding how additive manufacturing parameters and appropriate post-treatments can enable these materials to accomplish extraordinary functionalities. These SMAs also possess the ability to recollect and move, demonstrating superelasticity and the capacity to regain their original shape in various capacities. However, there are promising prospects for the development of novel SMA mixtures, enhanced post-treatments methods, and even more intelligent and responsive products with dimensional accuracy and uniformity. This work presents insights on opportunities in industries for resilient materials, ranging from everyday devices to the immense expanse of space and the human body. Even with the advancements, there is still work to be done in continuously improving their design and pocket comfort. This review not only presents information but also envisions a future in which additive manufactured SMAs are central to advancements in engineering and other fields.","PeriodicalId":501120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142179969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-03DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.08.183
Qingdong Zhang, Jinrong Zuo, Yingxiang Xia, Janusz Tomczak, Zbigniew Pater, Zheng Ma, Chen Yang, Xuedao Shu, Bizhou Mei, Guobiao Wang
The increasing demand for high-strength lightweight hollow shafts in transportation highlights the need for advanced fabrication techniques. Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloys, noted for their superior properties, are selected for three-roll skew rolling (TRSR). In TRSR, the material undergoes combined axial tensile and radial compressive stresses. This study evaluates the feasibility of TRSR for producing high-strength lightweight hollow stepped shafts from Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy. An integrated approach, including constitutive modeling, hot processing map development, and TRSR numerical simulations/experiments, is employed to optimize the TRSR forming process. The constitutive model was established based on 300°C–450 °C & 0.01–10 s hot compression and 350°C–430 °C & 0.1–5 s high-temperature tensile test data. The established Johnson-Cook optimization by genetic algorithms (GA-JC) model and unified viscoplastic constitutive model, accurately capture the alloy's hot deformation behavior, exhibiting minimal average absolute relative errors (AARE) of 5.431% and 5.808%, respectively. Microstructure evolution analyses shed light on the predominant softening mechanisms, emphasizing dynamic recovery (DRV) at elevated strain rates and diminishing texture intensity with escalating deformation temperatures. The composite hot processing map delineates optimal process parameters (400°C–450 °C & 0.1s-1s), facilitating informed decision-making in manufacturing practices. The validation of numerical simulations through TRSR forming experiments with initial temperature of 450 °C for the billet and axial moving speed of 10 mm/s for the chuck in affirms the feasibility of producing hollow stepped shafts from high-strength Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy. Close agreement was found between simulated and experimental wall thickness variations. This study enhances understanding and optimization of TRSR forming for high-strength lightweight alloys, advancing industrial manufacturing methodologies.
运输业对高强度轻质空心轴的需求日益增长，这凸显了对先进制造技术的需求。铝-锌-镁-铜合金以其优异的性能而著称，被选中用于三辊斜轧（TRSR）。在 TRSR 中，材料要承受轴向拉伸应力和径向压缩应力。本研究评估了用 Al-Zn-Mg-Cu 合金生产高强度轻质空心阶梯轴的 TRSR 可行性。研究采用了一种综合方法来优化 TRSR 成型工艺，其中包括力学模型、热加工图开发和 TRSR 数值模拟/实验。根据 300°C-450 °C & 0.01-10 s 热压缩和 350°C-430 °C & 0.1-5 s 高温拉伸测试数据建立了构成模型。所建立的遗传算法约翰逊-库克优化（GA-JC）模型和统一粘塑性构造模型准确地捕捉了合金的热变形行为，其平均绝对相对误差（AARE）分别为 5.431% 和 5.808%。显微组织演变分析揭示了主要的软化机制，强调了高应变速率下的动态恢复（DRV）以及随着变形温度升高而逐渐减弱的纹理强度。复合材料热加工图描述了最佳工艺参数（400°C-450°C 和 0.1s-1s），有助于在生产实践中做出明智的决策。在坯料初始温度为 450 ℃、卡盘轴向移动速度为 10 mm/s 的情况下，通过 TRSR 成型实验对数值模拟进行了验证，证实了用高强度铝锌镁铜合金生产空心阶梯轴的可行性。模拟壁厚变化与实验壁厚变化非常接近。这项研究加深了对高强度轻质合金 TRSR 成形的理解和优化，推动了工业制造方法的发展。
{"title":"Investigation of hot deformation behavior and three-roll skew rolling process for hollow stepped shaft of Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy","authors":"Qingdong Zhang, Jinrong Zuo, Yingxiang Xia, Janusz Tomczak, Zbigniew Pater, Zheng Ma, Chen Yang, Xuedao Shu, Bizhou Mei, Guobiao Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.08.183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.08.183","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing demand for high-strength lightweight hollow shafts in transportation highlights the need for advanced fabrication techniques. Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloys, noted for their superior properties, are selected for three-roll skew rolling (TRSR). In TRSR, the material undergoes combined axial tensile and radial compressive stresses. This study evaluates the feasibility of TRSR for producing high-strength lightweight hollow stepped shafts from Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy. An integrated approach, including constitutive modeling, hot processing map development, and TRSR numerical simulations/experiments, is employed to optimize the TRSR forming process. The constitutive model was established based on 300°C–450 °C & 0.01–10 s hot compression and 350°C–430 °C & 0.1–5 s high-temperature tensile test data. The established Johnson-Cook optimization by genetic algorithms (GA-JC) model and unified viscoplastic constitutive model, accurately capture the alloy's hot deformation behavior, exhibiting minimal average absolute relative errors (AARE) of 5.431% and 5.808%, respectively. Microstructure evolution analyses shed light on the predominant softening mechanisms, emphasizing dynamic recovery (DRV) at elevated strain rates and diminishing texture intensity with escalating deformation temperatures. The composite hot processing map delineates optimal process parameters (400°C–450 °C & 0.1s-1s), facilitating informed decision-making in manufacturing practices. The validation of numerical simulations through TRSR forming experiments with initial temperature of 450 °C for the billet and axial moving speed of 10 mm/s for the chuck in affirms the feasibility of producing hollow stepped shafts from high-strength Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy. Close agreement was found between simulated and experimental wall thickness variations. This study enhances understanding and optimization of TRSR forming for high-strength lightweight alloys, advancing industrial manufacturing methodologies.","PeriodicalId":501120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology","volume":"154 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142179970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study explores the use of silicon carbide to strengthen CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloys (HEAs) with face-centered cubic structure. CoCrFeNi(SiC) (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3) HEAs were prepared through laser metal deposition. The effects of different contents of SiC particles on the microstructure and mechanical properties of CoCrFeNi HEA were investigated. The results indicate that the addition of SiC particles led to the formation of the CrC phase, which refined the grain size and shifted the grain orientation from <001> to <101>. With the further addition of SiC, the amount of CrC phase increased, and β-SiC particles appeared. The CrC phase increased the average hardness of specimens from 191.71 HV to 403.86 HV. Tensile tests showed that the 10 at.% SiC specimens exhibited a yield strength of 534.00 MPa, an ultimate tensile strength of 799.67 MPa, and an elongation of 8.17%, hence optimizing the combination of ultimate tensile strength and elongation. The improvement in mechanical properties is mainly attributed to the refinement of grain boundaries and enhancement of dislocation density.
本研究探讨了如何利用碳化硅来强化具有面心立方结构的 CoCrFeNi 高熵合金（HEAs）。通过激光金属沉积制备了 CoCrFeNi（SiC）（x = 0、0.1、0.2 和 0.3）高熵合金。研究了不同含量的 SiC 粒子对 CoCrFeNi HEA 的微观结构和力学性能的影响。结果表明，SiC 颗粒的加入导致了 CrC 相的形成，CrC 相细化了晶粒尺寸，并使晶粒取向发生了转变。 随着 SiC 的进一步加入，CrC 相的数量增加，并出现了 β-SiC 颗粒。CrC 相使试样的平均硬度从 191.71 HV 提高到 403.86 HV。拉伸试验显示，10% SiC 试样的屈服强度为 534.00 兆帕，极限拉伸强度为 799.67 兆帕，伸长率为 8.17%，从而优化了极限拉伸强度和伸长率的组合。机械性能的改善主要归功于晶界的细化和位错密度的提高。
{"title":"Laser metal deposition of CoCrFeNi(SiC)x high-entropy alloys: Microstructure and mechanical properties","authors":"Junjie Tan, Kang Peng, Xizhang Chen, Zhijun Tong, Chao Chen, Haoquan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.09.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.09.006","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the use of silicon carbide to strengthen CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloys (HEAs) with face-centered cubic structure. CoCrFeNi(SiC) (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3) HEAs were prepared through laser metal deposition. The effects of different contents of SiC particles on the microstructure and mechanical properties of CoCrFeNi HEA were investigated. The results indicate that the addition of SiC particles led to the formation of the CrC phase, which refined the grain size and shifted the grain orientation from <001> to <101>. With the further addition of SiC, the amount of CrC phase increased, and β-SiC particles appeared. The CrC phase increased the average hardness of specimens from 191.71 HV to 403.86 HV. Tensile tests showed that the 10 at.% SiC specimens exhibited a yield strength of 534.00 MPa, an ultimate tensile strength of 799.67 MPa, and an elongation of 8.17%, hence optimizing the combination of ultimate tensile strength and elongation. The improvement in mechanical properties is mainly attributed to the refinement of grain boundaries and enhancement of dislocation density.","PeriodicalId":501120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142179968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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