Pub Date : 2024-07-21DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.110
Baozhen Yang, En Zhu, Wei Zhang, Zhendong Zhong, Xiang Xiong, Rutie Liu
In this study, a set of CrFeNi -based medium-entropy alloys (MEAs) with varying carbon contents were prepared by spark plasm sintering (SPS) using atomized alloy powders as raw material. The microstructures of powders and as-sintered alloys were characterized using ECCI and EBSD. The mechanical properties of as-sintered alloys were tested and the strengthening mechanical were discussed. The results showed that the microstructures of the CrFeNi gas atomized powder and sintered alloy were both single FCC phase in an equiaxed state. However, the matrix grains of powder with carbon addition were mostly dendritic, and few eutectic carbides could be observed between matrix grains. Compared with the CrFeNi MEA, the addition of 8 at. % C led to an increase in the yield strength and tensile strength from 395 MPa to 630 MPa–590 MPa and 990 MPa, respectively. Orowan strengthening and grain refinement resulting micro/nano carbides are responsible for the improvement in mechanical properties.
{"title":"Enhanced mechanical properties of dispersed carbide-strengthened CrFeNi-based medium entropy alloys prepared via powder metallurgy","authors":"Baozhen Yang, En Zhu, Wei Zhang, Zhendong Zhong, Xiang Xiong, Rutie Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.110","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, a set of CrFeNi -based medium-entropy alloys (MEAs) with varying carbon contents were prepared by spark plasm sintering (SPS) using atomized alloy powders as raw material. The microstructures of powders and as-sintered alloys were characterized using ECCI and EBSD. The mechanical properties of as-sintered alloys were tested and the strengthening mechanical were discussed. The results showed that the microstructures of the CrFeNi gas atomized powder and sintered alloy were both single FCC phase in an equiaxed state. However, the matrix grains of powder with carbon addition were mostly dendritic, and few eutectic carbides could be observed between matrix grains. Compared with the CrFeNi MEA, the addition of 8 at. % C led to an increase in the yield strength and tensile strength from 395 MPa to 630 MPa–590 MPa and 990 MPa, respectively. Orowan strengthening and grain refinement resulting micro/nano carbides are responsible for the improvement in mechanical properties.","PeriodicalId":501120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141783699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-20DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.120
Dae Cheol Yang, Ki Jeong Kim, Gunjick Lee, Sang Yoon Song, Ju-Hyun Baek, Jin-Yoo Suh, Seong-Moon Seo, Young Kyun Kim, Young Sang Na, Seok Su Sohn
In this study, single-crystalline and poly-crystalline CrCoNi alloys are utilized as model systems to analyze the distinct roles of each GB and interstitial lattice sites. To effectively reveal hydrogen behavior, both electrochemical and gaseous hydrogen pre-charging methods are applied. Hydrogen content, diffusivity, and trap behaviors are quantified using thermal desorption analysis and hydrogen permeation tests, which determines (1) changes in hydrogen behavior depending on the presence of GB and (2) alterations in hydrogen behavior depending on lattice crystallographic orientation. The results indicate that GB and interstitial lattice sites exhibit comparable binding energies for hydrogen trapping. However, the introduction of GB alters the primary trapping sites from interstitial lattice sites to GB. In this case, the hydrogen content in the poly-crystalline alloy is determined by the trap site density of the primary trapping site. On the other hand, in the single-crystalline alloy, where only interstitial lattice sites exist, the crystallographic orientation of the hydrogen-charged plane is an important variable that determines hydrogen content and hydrogen diffusivity. Such insights contribute to a deeper understanding of hydrogen behavior within a more intricate microstructure, suggesting the alloy design approach to enhance resistance to HE.
{"title":"Roles of lattice and grain boundary on hydrogen diffusion and trap behaviors in single-and poly-crystalline CrCoNi medium-entropy alloy","authors":"Dae Cheol Yang, Ki Jeong Kim, Gunjick Lee, Sang Yoon Song, Ju-Hyun Baek, Jin-Yoo Suh, Seong-Moon Seo, Young Kyun Kim, Young Sang Na, Seok Su Sohn","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.120","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, single-crystalline and poly-crystalline CrCoNi alloys are utilized as model systems to analyze the distinct roles of each GB and interstitial lattice sites. To effectively reveal hydrogen behavior, both electrochemical and gaseous hydrogen pre-charging methods are applied. Hydrogen content, diffusivity, and trap behaviors are quantified using thermal desorption analysis and hydrogen permeation tests, which determines (1) changes in hydrogen behavior depending on the presence of GB and (2) alterations in hydrogen behavior depending on lattice crystallographic orientation. The results indicate that GB and interstitial lattice sites exhibit comparable binding energies for hydrogen trapping. However, the introduction of GB alters the primary trapping sites from interstitial lattice sites to GB. In this case, the hydrogen content in the poly-crystalline alloy is determined by the trap site density of the primary trapping site. On the other hand, in the single-crystalline alloy, where only interstitial lattice sites exist, the crystallographic orientation of the hydrogen-charged plane is an important variable that determines hydrogen content and hydrogen diffusivity. Such insights contribute to a deeper understanding of hydrogen behavior within a more intricate microstructure, suggesting the alloy design approach to enhance resistance to HE.","PeriodicalId":501120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141783704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-20DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.100
Y. Najafi, Y. Mazaheri, Z. Delbari Ragheb, H. Daiy
Regardless of the abundant studies that have been published on various characteristics of dual-phase (DP) steels, a comprehensive review paper on the strain-hardening behavior of such materials is still lacking. Therefore, the present study endeavors to summarize the existing results and findings regarding the strain-hardening phenomena during deformation in DP steels. The focus of this review article is on common methods used to investigate the strain-hardening characteristics of DP steels. Moreover, it encompasses a discussion on the microstructural characteristics and their correlation with strain-hardening behavior within these materials. Furthermore, this review aims to elucidate the limitations, bottlenecks, and scientific challenges to guide researchers to gain a deeper knowledge of the strain-hardening behavior of DP steels.
{"title":"Multi-stage strain-hardening behavior of dual-phase steels: A review","authors":"Y. Najafi, Y. Mazaheri, Z. Delbari Ragheb, H. Daiy","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.100","url":null,"abstract":"Regardless of the abundant studies that have been published on various characteristics of dual-phase (DP) steels, a comprehensive review paper on the strain-hardening behavior of such materials is still lacking. Therefore, the present study endeavors to summarize the existing results and findings regarding the strain-hardening phenomena during deformation in DP steels. The focus of this review article is on common methods used to investigate the strain-hardening characteristics of DP steels. Moreover, it encompasses a discussion on the microstructural characteristics and their correlation with strain-hardening behavior within these materials. Furthermore, this review aims to elucidate the limitations, bottlenecks, and scientific challenges to guide researchers to gain a deeper knowledge of the strain-hardening behavior of DP steels.","PeriodicalId":501120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141783708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-20DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.121
Liu Shu, Chongyang Li, Yunwen Wu, Tao Hang, Lei Liu, Ming Li
In the semiconductor industry, where miniaturization is a key driver, mechanical properties of ultra-thin dies are increasingly important research topics. Sub-surface damage (SSD) is a common issue in wafer thinning processes, but there is a lack of research on the relationship between SSD microstructure and ultra-thin die strength. In this study, the influence of SSD microstructure on flexural strength was investigated through three-point bending tests of ultra-thin dies prepared by distinct wafer-thinning methods, coupled with SSD microstructure characterization. Flexural strength was highest for dies dry polished with N pad, intermediate for dies dry polished with M pad, and lowest for dies with fine grinding. We researched SSD microstructure by high-resolution transmitted electron microscope (HRTEM), revealing that it comprises amorphous regions, micro-cracks, and high-density distortion areas. The SSD of the fine grinding samples was thick and intermittent, with observable micro-cracks. Comparatively, the SSD structure from M pad polishing was uniform but thicker, whereas SSD from N pad polishing was thinner but exhibited greater variability. SSD thickness not only influences the average value but also dictates the distribution of flexural strength. This research enhances the understanding of SSD microstructure's impact on ultra-thin die flexural strength, providing valuable insights for optimizing wafer thinning processes to enhance die reliability.
在以微型化为主要驱动力的半导体行业，超薄芯片的机械性能日益成为重要的研究课题。表面下损伤（SSD）是晶圆减薄过程中的常见问题，但目前还缺乏关于 SSD 微观结构与超薄模具强度之间关系的研究。在本研究中，通过对采用不同晶片减薄方法制备的超薄模具进行三点弯曲测试，并结合 SSD 微观结构表征，研究了 SSD 微观结构对抗弯强度的影响。使用 N 垫干磨的模具抗弯强度最高，使用 M 垫干磨的模具抗弯强度居中，而使用精磨的模具抗弯强度最低。我们用高分辨率透射电子显微镜（HRTEM）研究了 SSD 的微观结构，发现它包括非晶区、微裂纹和高密度变形区。精磨样品的 SSD 较厚且断断续续，可观察到微裂纹。相比之下，M 研磨垫抛光的 SSD 结构均匀但较厚，而 N 研磨垫抛光的 SSD 较薄但变化较大。SSD 厚度不仅影响平均值，还决定了抗弯强度的分布。这项研究加深了人们对固态硬碟微观结构对超薄芯片抗弯强度影响的理解，为优化晶片减薄工艺以提高芯片可靠性提供了宝贵的见解。
{"title":"The influence of sub-surface damage microstructure on ultra-thin die flexural strength","authors":"Liu Shu, Chongyang Li, Yunwen Wu, Tao Hang, Lei Liu, Ming Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.121","url":null,"abstract":"In the semiconductor industry, where miniaturization is a key driver, mechanical properties of ultra-thin dies are increasingly important research topics. Sub-surface damage (SSD) is a common issue in wafer thinning processes, but there is a lack of research on the relationship between SSD microstructure and ultra-thin die strength. In this study, the influence of SSD microstructure on flexural strength was investigated through three-point bending tests of ultra-thin dies prepared by distinct wafer-thinning methods, coupled with SSD microstructure characterization. Flexural strength was highest for dies dry polished with N pad, intermediate for dies dry polished with M pad, and lowest for dies with fine grinding. We researched SSD microstructure by high-resolution transmitted electron microscope (HRTEM), revealing that it comprises amorphous regions, micro-cracks, and high-density distortion areas. The SSD of the fine grinding samples was thick and intermittent, with observable micro-cracks. Comparatively, the SSD structure from M pad polishing was uniform but thicker, whereas SSD from N pad polishing was thinner but exhibited greater variability. SSD thickness not only influences the average value but also dictates the distribution of flexural strength. This research enhances the understanding of SSD microstructure's impact on ultra-thin die flexural strength, providing valuable insights for optimizing wafer thinning processes to enhance die reliability.","PeriodicalId":501120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141783705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-20DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.122
Shuo Zhao, Liang Wang
2205 duplex stainless steel (2205DSS) was nitrided at 420 °C by plasma nitriding in an ammonia atmosphere under anodic potential. The nitrided layer was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The impact of the nitrided layer on the corrosion and wear resistance of 2205DSS was evaluated through electrochemical polarization tests and pin-on-disc wear experiments. The results revealed that nitrogen-expanded austenite was formed on the substrate, and the nitrided layer developed on the samples nitrided for 4 and 10 h enhanced both the corrosion and wear resistance of 2205DSS.
2205 双相不锈钢（2205DSS）在阳极电位下于 420 °C 的氨气环境中进行等离子氮化。采用 X 射线衍射 (XRD) 和扫描电子显微镜 (SEM) 对氮化层进行了表征。通过电化学极化测试和针盘磨损实验评估了氮化层对 2205DSS 的耐腐蚀性和耐磨性的影响。结果表明，基体上形成了氮膨胀奥氏体，氮化 4 小时和 10 小时的样品上形成的氮化层增强了 2205DSS 的耐腐蚀性和耐磨性。
{"title":"Formation and properties of nitrided layer on 2205 duplex stainless steel by anodic plasma-nitriding assisted with hollow cathode discharge","authors":"Shuo Zhao, Liang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.122","url":null,"abstract":"2205 duplex stainless steel (2205DSS) was nitrided at 420 °C by plasma nitriding in an ammonia atmosphere under anodic potential. The nitrided layer was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The impact of the nitrided layer on the corrosion and wear resistance of 2205DSS was evaluated through electrochemical polarization tests and pin-on-disc wear experiments. The results revealed that nitrogen-expanded austenite was formed on the substrate, and the nitrided layer developed on the samples nitrided for 4 and 10 h enhanced both the corrosion and wear resistance of 2205DSS.","PeriodicalId":501120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141783706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-20DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.091
Lijie Zou, Jun-Chao Shao, Hai-Jun Jin
We report that the morphology of ligaments also governs the mechanical properties of dealloyed porous materials, in addition to the topology- and size-effects that have been extensively studied previously. Porous Fe–Cr with similar relative density but different Cr content were prepared by liquid metal dealloying. The mechanical efficiency of this material, which is quantified by relative elastic modulus, decreases dramatically with increasing Cr content, although the relative density and network connectivity do not vary significantly. This is linked to the more severe spheroidization of Fe–Cr ligaments at higher Cr, driven by the large excess energy of solid-liquid interfaces and interface energy anisotropy of Fe–Cr under dealloying environment. A shape parameter is introduced to quantitatively account for this ligament-morphology effect. Current study suggests that tailoring interfacial energy, which was largely overlooked in previous studies, is essential to improving the mechanical efficiency of porous or nanoporous materials self-organized in dealloying.
{"title":"Ligament morphology and elastic modulus of porous structure formed by liquid metal dealloying","authors":"Lijie Zou, Jun-Chao Shao, Hai-Jun Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.091","url":null,"abstract":"We report that the morphology of ligaments also governs the mechanical properties of dealloyed porous materials, in addition to the topology- and size-effects that have been extensively studied previously. Porous Fe–Cr with similar relative density but different Cr content were prepared by liquid metal dealloying. The mechanical efficiency of this material, which is quantified by relative elastic modulus, decreases dramatically with increasing Cr content, although the relative density and network connectivity do not vary significantly. This is linked to the more severe spheroidization of Fe–Cr ligaments at higher Cr, driven by the large excess energy of solid-liquid interfaces and interface energy anisotropy of Fe–Cr under dealloying environment. A shape parameter is introduced to quantitatively account for this ligament-morphology effect. Current study suggests that tailoring interfacial energy, which was largely overlooked in previous studies, is essential to improving the mechanical efficiency of porous or nanoporous materials self-organized in dealloying.","PeriodicalId":501120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141783617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Changes in structure and properties of resin matrix caused by water absorption is one of the key factors affecting the long-term durability of fiber reinforced polymer composites used in civil engineering. In the present study, the water diffusion and structural change in an epoxy resin were investigated experimentally through immersion in deionized water at 40, 60 and 80 °C for 135 days. Water absorption, thermal, mechanical and microstructure analysis tests were conducted to evaluate the long-term property evolution. It was found that the water absorption of epoxy resin followed a two-stage model, including an initial Fick's diffusion response and a subsequent relaxation response. Long-term hygrothermal exposure brought about the structural change of epoxy resin, which led to the significant degradation up to 8%–30% in the mechanical properties and 21% in glass transition temperature, respectively. The resin plasticization and hydrolysis was the key factors for the degradation of thermal and mechanical properties. It was proved that the plasticization effect was reversible with the remove of bonding water after the drying. Based on the Arrhenius equation, the long-term life of flexural strength in two service environments were predicted to provide the application guideline. The significant degradation of flexural strength was occurred at the initial exposure of 2000 days and then reached to the stable strength retention of 69.6%.
{"title":"Water absorption and property evolution of epoxy resin under hygrothermal environment","authors":"Guijun Xian, Yanzhao Niu, Xiao Qi, Jingwei Tian, Chenggao Li, Qingrui Yue, Rui Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.123","url":null,"abstract":"Changes in structure and properties of resin matrix caused by water absorption is one of the key factors affecting the long-term durability of fiber reinforced polymer composites used in civil engineering. In the present study, the water diffusion and structural change in an epoxy resin were investigated experimentally through immersion in deionized water at 40, 60 and 80 °C for 135 days. Water absorption, thermal, mechanical and microstructure analysis tests were conducted to evaluate the long-term property evolution. It was found that the water absorption of epoxy resin followed a two-stage model, including an initial Fick's diffusion response and a subsequent relaxation response. Long-term hygrothermal exposure brought about the structural change of epoxy resin, which led to the significant degradation up to 8%–30% in the mechanical properties and 21% in glass transition temperature, respectively. The resin plasticization and hydrolysis was the key factors for the degradation of thermal and mechanical properties. It was proved that the plasticization effect was reversible with the remove of bonding water after the drying. Based on the Arrhenius equation, the long-term life of flexural strength in two service environments were predicted to provide the application guideline. The significant degradation of flexural strength was occurred at the initial exposure of 2000 days and then reached to the stable strength retention of 69.6%.","PeriodicalId":501120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141783703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-19DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.126
Tianhong Zhou, Li Zhu, Xiaonan Luo, Jiancheng Yu, Chuchu Ye, Xin Zhou, Xian Tong, Zhaoping Chen, Yuncang Li, Jixing Lin, Cuie Wen, Jianfeng Ma
Three mole percent yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (3Y-TZP) ceramics are exemplary materials for dental restoration due to their high mechanical strength, fracture toughness, chemical endurance, and biocompatibility. Nevertheless, 3Y-TZP ceramics are opaque and their CAD/CAM manufacturing process may cause micro-cracks in conventional clinical practice. In this study, 3Y-TZP ceramic samples were prepared using vat photopolymerization, pre-sintering, external staining, and final high-temperature sintering. The microstructures, mechanical properties, optical properties, and cytotoxicity of the 3Y-TZP ceramic samples were investigated. The results indicate that with increasing Fe concentration of staining solution from 0.1 mol/L to 0.3 mol/L and increasing staining time from 5 s to 30 min, the 3Y-TZP ceramic samples showed a tetragonal crystal structure of zirconia with densely packed grains and a slight increase in grain size. The flexural strength, Vickers hardness, and fracture toughness of 3Y-TZP ceramic samples stained in 0.1–0.3 mol/L Fe solution for 5 s to 3 min were all greater than 665 MPa, 11.9 GPa, and 5 MPa m, respectively, meeting the mechanical requirements for clinical application. Colorimetric analysis revealed a decrease in L* (black-white index) from 90.4 to 81.3, an increase in a* (green-red index) from −1.5 to 3.2, and an increase in b* (blue-yellow index) from 11.6 to 20.3, approximating the commercial VITA 3D-Master Shade Guide chromaticity. Furthermore, the 3Y-TZP ceramic samples exhibited a cell viability of 90% or higher toward L929 cells.
{"title":"Effects of external staining on mechanical, optical, and biocompatibility properties of additively manufactured 3Y-TZP ceramic for dental applications","authors":"Tianhong Zhou, Li Zhu, Xiaonan Luo, Jiancheng Yu, Chuchu Ye, Xin Zhou, Xian Tong, Zhaoping Chen, Yuncang Li, Jixing Lin, Cuie Wen, Jianfeng Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.126","url":null,"abstract":"Three mole percent yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (3Y-TZP) ceramics are exemplary materials for dental restoration due to their high mechanical strength, fracture toughness, chemical endurance, and biocompatibility. Nevertheless, 3Y-TZP ceramics are opaque and their CAD/CAM manufacturing process may cause micro-cracks in conventional clinical practice. In this study, 3Y-TZP ceramic samples were prepared using vat photopolymerization, pre-sintering, external staining, and final high-temperature sintering. The microstructures, mechanical properties, optical properties, and cytotoxicity of the 3Y-TZP ceramic samples were investigated. The results indicate that with increasing Fe concentration of staining solution from 0.1 mol/L to 0.3 mol/L and increasing staining time from 5 s to 30 min, the 3Y-TZP ceramic samples showed a tetragonal crystal structure of zirconia with densely packed grains and a slight increase in grain size. The flexural strength, Vickers hardness, and fracture toughness of 3Y-TZP ceramic samples stained in 0.1–0.3 mol/L Fe solution for 5 s to 3 min were all greater than 665 MPa, 11.9 GPa, and 5 MPa m, respectively, meeting the mechanical requirements for clinical application. Colorimetric analysis revealed a decrease in L* (black-white index) from 90.4 to 81.3, an increase in a* (green-red index) from −1.5 to 3.2, and an increase in b* (blue-yellow index) from 11.6 to 20.3, approximating the commercial VITA 3D-Master Shade Guide chromaticity. Furthermore, the 3Y-TZP ceramic samples exhibited a cell viability of 90% or higher toward L929 cells.","PeriodicalId":501120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141783618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-19DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.116
Xiaoya Wang, Xuelin Wang, Zhenjia Xie, Chengjia Shang, Zhongzhu Liu
The effect of different welding heat inputs on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the simulated coarse grained heat affected zone (CGHAZ) of high-strength wind power steel with yield strength of 500 MPa has been investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Charpy impact tests have demonstrated that there exists an optimum heat input of ∼20 kJ/cm that allows optimum impact toughness to be obtained for the CGHAZ. It was shown that this is related to the refined bainitic structure and the highest density of high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) with misorientation angle of more than 45°. In crystallographic visualization studies, it was shown that the weakest variant selection occurs for the bainite transformation in the optimal heat input, leading to the highest density of HAGBs with each Closed-packet group containing two or three Bain groups and showing a staggered arrangement structure. The contribution that can effectively deflect and prevent crack propagation during impact experiments has to come from the block boundary. However, it was also found that the center segregation induced by C and Mn reduces the low-temperature impact toughness of the core sample before and after simulated welding, and affects the fluctuations of impact toughness and fatigue performance of simulated CGHAZ. Mn segregation can have a genetic effect on the welding heat affected zone, inducing a lower temperature martensitic transformation, which in turn leads to a decrease in low-temperature toughness and fatigue crack arrest performance.
{"title":"Crystallographic study on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of coarse grained heat affected zone of a 500 MPa grade wind power steel","authors":"Xiaoya Wang, Xuelin Wang, Zhenjia Xie, Chengjia Shang, Zhongzhu Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.116","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of different welding heat inputs on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the simulated coarse grained heat affected zone (CGHAZ) of high-strength wind power steel with yield strength of 500 MPa has been investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Charpy impact tests have demonstrated that there exists an optimum heat input of ∼20 kJ/cm that allows optimum impact toughness to be obtained for the CGHAZ. It was shown that this is related to the refined bainitic structure and the highest density of high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) with misorientation angle of more than 45°. In crystallographic visualization studies, it was shown that the weakest variant selection occurs for the bainite transformation in the optimal heat input, leading to the highest density of HAGBs with each Closed-packet group containing two or three Bain groups and showing a staggered arrangement structure. The contribution that can effectively deflect and prevent crack propagation during impact experiments has to come from the block boundary. However, it was also found that the center segregation induced by C and Mn reduces the low-temperature impact toughness of the core sample before and after simulated welding, and affects the fluctuations of impact toughness and fatigue performance of simulated CGHAZ. Mn segregation can have a genetic effect on the welding heat affected zone, inducing a lower temperature martensitic transformation, which in turn leads to a decrease in low-temperature toughness and fatigue crack arrest performance.","PeriodicalId":501120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141783619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-19DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.063
Junyi Gu, Xuan Su, Wenqin Li, Meiling Xin, Donghe Zhang, Yang Jin, Jie Xu, Bin Guo
Damage to the substrate hinders the application of laser paint stripping (LPS) on carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP), but the damage mechanism is currently unknown. In this paper, the LPS characteristics of CFRP, such as paint stripping depth, surface morphology and dynamic behavior, are firstly obtained. Subsequently, the surface damage mechanism of CFRP is discussed in detail by theoretical analysis and finite element method, and the effect of substrate damage on adhesive properties is investigated. The results show that it is difficult for LPS to obtain a complete surface free of paint residue. The strong laser plasma impact and resin pyrolysis pressure cause the resin to crack and flake before the paint is fully ablated. The carbon fiber then breaks and are thrown outward by heat and forces, and the surface with slightly fracture of the fiber will facilitate bonding with the paint.
{"title":"Investigation on laser paint stripping of CFRP: Morphological evolution, damage mechanism, and adhesive performance","authors":"Junyi Gu, Xuan Su, Wenqin Li, Meiling Xin, Donghe Zhang, Yang Jin, Jie Xu, Bin Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.063","url":null,"abstract":"Damage to the substrate hinders the application of laser paint stripping (LPS) on carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP), but the damage mechanism is currently unknown. In this paper, the LPS characteristics of CFRP, such as paint stripping depth, surface morphology and dynamic behavior, are firstly obtained. Subsequently, the surface damage mechanism of CFRP is discussed in detail by theoretical analysis and finite element method, and the effect of substrate damage on adhesive properties is investigated. The results show that it is difficult for LPS to obtain a complete surface free of paint residue. The strong laser plasma impact and resin pyrolysis pressure cause the resin to crack and flake before the paint is fully ablated. The carbon fiber then breaks and are thrown outward by heat and forces, and the surface with slightly fracture of the fiber will facilitate bonding with the paint.","PeriodicalId":501120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141783627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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