The purpose of this study was twofold: a) to analyze if the set speed can predict the attack efficacy of the outside hitter; and b) if the team level is a predictor of set speed and attack efficacy. A total of 32 games of elite competitions were observed, and 260 attack actions performed by the outside hitters from six national teams were analyzed throughout the Kinovea Software. Independent-sample t-tests were conducted and, when differences between groups were significant (i.e., p < .050), those variables were included in the model as covariates. Additionally, to analyze the predictor variables of efficacy, logistic binary regression and linear regression were used. Results showed that the better the reception, the higher the set speed; however, neither the set speed nor the team level predict the attack efficacy. Thus, it can be concluded that the individual performance of the outside hitter should be developed instead the set speed. Notwithstanding, to increase the speed of the game, teams should improve the receptor efficacy. It is important for teams to find a set speed that balances the benefit of a faster set with the need for control and accuracy from the outside hitter. Keywords: Volleyball; sports performance; kinovea software; side-out phase; game model.
本研究有两个目的：a) 分析定点速度是否能预测外线击球手的攻击效率；b) 团队水平是否能预测定点速度和攻击效率。本研究共观察了 32 场精英赛，并通过 Kinovea 软件分析了六支国家队外线击球手的 260 个攻击动作。进行了独立样本 t 检验，如果组间差异显著（即 p <.050），则将这些变量作为协变量纳入模型。此外，为了分析疗效的预测变量，还使用了逻辑二元回归和线性回归。结果表明，接球越好，定点速度越高；但是，定点速度和团队水平都不能预测进攻效果。因此，可以得出这样的结论：外线击球手的个人表现应得到发展，而不是定点速度。尽管如此，要提高比赛速度，各队应提高受体效率。对于球队来说，重要的是要找到一种定点速度，在更快的定点速度与外线击球手对控制和准确性的需求之间取得平衡：排球；运动表现；Kinovea 软件；侧出局阶段；比赛模型。
{"title":"The influence of set speed on the attack efficacy of the outside hitter in elite male volleyball","authors":"Ricardo Franco Lima, Catarina Morais, Gonçalo Arezes, Rui Resende","doi":"10.47197/retos.v58.106939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v58.106939","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was twofold: a) to analyze if the set speed can predict the attack efficacy of the outside hitter; and b) if the team level is a predictor of set speed and attack efficacy. A total of 32 games of elite competitions were observed, and 260 attack actions performed by the outside hitters from six national teams were analyzed throughout the Kinovea Software. Independent-sample t-tests were conducted and, when differences between groups were significant (i.e., p < .050), those variables were included in the model as covariates. Additionally, to analyze the predictor variables of efficacy, logistic binary regression and linear regression were used. Results showed that the better the reception, the higher the set speed; however, neither the set speed nor the team level predict the attack efficacy. Thus, it can be concluded that the individual performance of the outside hitter should be developed instead the set speed. Notwithstanding, to increase the speed of the game, teams should improve the receptor efficacy. It is important for teams to find a set speed that balances the benefit of a faster set with the need for control and accuracy from the outside hitter.\u0000Keywords: Volleyball; sports performance; kinovea software; side-out phase; game model.","PeriodicalId":503742,"journal":{"name":"Retos","volume":" 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141828939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-17DOI: 10.47197/retos.v58.107084
O. Yüksel, Sief Addeen Ra’ed Alkafaween, Orhan Demir, Aygül Oruç, Nergiz Erdem, Kakha Shamatava, Piyami Çakto, Ayla Karakullukçu
The aim of this study is to examine the spiritual intelligence levels of active soccer players according to various variables. A survey model was used in this quantitative study. The study group consisted of 517 football players actively playing football in the 1st Amateur League, Super Amateur League and Regional Amateur League. Snowball sampling, a non-probability sampling method, was used to collect the data. The first part of the measurement tool, which consists of two parts, includes questions prepared for the demographic information of the participants. The second part includes the "Spiritual Intelligence Scale" adapted into Turkish by Erduran-Tekin & Ekşi (2019). Independent sample test (T-test) and one-way analysis of variance (One-Way ANOVA) were applied to the data obtained. According to the results of the data analysis, Welch values were taken into consideration depending on the homogeneity assumption of the data and Tukey test, one of the Post Hoc tests, was applied as a second level test. The total score and sub-dimensions of spiritual intelligence differ statistically according to marital status, age, occupation, economic income and practicing sports. The fact that football players tell the problems they experience to the people around them (family members), the maturity that occurs in individuals with the advancement of age, the assurance and personal rights they have in the profession, having an economic income that they can feel comfortable and doing sports increase the level of spiritual intelligence. Keywords: Active sports participation, football, spiritual intelligence, 1st amateur league, 2nd amateur league, regional amateur league.
{"title":"Investigation of spiritual ıntelligence levels of active football players","authors":"O. Yüksel, Sief Addeen Ra’ed Alkafaween, Orhan Demir, Aygül Oruç, Nergiz Erdem, Kakha Shamatava, Piyami Çakto, Ayla Karakullukçu","doi":"10.47197/retos.v58.107084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v58.107084","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to examine the spiritual intelligence levels of active soccer players according to various variables. A survey model was used in this quantitative study. The study group consisted of 517 football players actively playing football in the 1st Amateur League, Super Amateur League and Regional Amateur League. Snowball sampling, a non-probability sampling method, was used to collect the data. The first part of the measurement tool, which consists of two parts, includes questions prepared for the demographic information of the participants. The second part includes the \"Spiritual Intelligence Scale\" adapted into Turkish by Erduran-Tekin & Ekşi (2019). Independent sample test (T-test) and one-way analysis of variance (One-Way ANOVA) were applied to the data obtained. According to the results of the data analysis, Welch values were taken into consideration depending on the homogeneity assumption of the data and Tukey test, one of the Post Hoc tests, was applied as a second level test. The total score and sub-dimensions of spiritual intelligence differ statistically according to marital status, age, occupation, economic income and practicing sports. The fact that football players tell the problems they experience to the people around them (family members), the maturity that occurs in individuals with the advancement of age, the assurance and personal rights they have in the profession, having an economic income that they can feel comfortable and doing sports increase the level of spiritual intelligence.\u0000Keywords: Active sports participation, football, spiritual intelligence, 1st amateur league, 2nd amateur league, regional amateur league.","PeriodicalId":503742,"journal":{"name":"Retos","volume":" 27","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141830142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-17DOI: 10.47197/retos.v58.107636
Francesca Latino, Rosabel Martinez-Roig, Nugroho Susanto, Hendra Setyawan, Khoiril Anam, Emma Saraiello, Domenico Tafuri, Francesco Tafuri
Volleyball is perceived as a physically demanding sport that involves rapid changes in speed, deceleration, and abrupt alterations in movement direction. It has been emphasized that physiological attributes such as VO2max, PIF, PEF, and FVC play a crucial role in the athletic performance of individuals participating in dynamic sports, aiding them in effectively managing critical situations. Hence, the aim of this research was to evaluate the impact of endurance training on physiological parameters among volleyball athletes. A randomized controlled trial was carried out with 24 male players (mean age 21,58; SD±2,46 years). The assessment of physiological characteristics involved the utilization of a dry spirometer for VO2max measurement and the Multistage Fitness Test for assessing PIF, PEF, and FVC. A two-way Anova analysis was executed to ascertain any disparities in physiological parameters from pre-test to post-test. The results indicated notable variances in physiological traits (VO2max, PIF, PEF, and FVC) among volleyball participants following the implementation of the Tabata intervention regimen. These metrics are instrumental in enhancing physiological capabilities to attain superior athletic performances. When designing training regimens, it is imperative to consider physiological functional elements aligned with the specific demands of the sport. Key words. VO2max; physiology; sport; exercise; Tabata training.
{"title":"Endurance training and physiological variables: effects on sub-elite volleyball players","authors":"Francesca Latino, Rosabel Martinez-Roig, Nugroho Susanto, Hendra Setyawan, Khoiril Anam, Emma Saraiello, Domenico Tafuri, Francesco Tafuri","doi":"10.47197/retos.v58.107636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v58.107636","url":null,"abstract":"Volleyball is perceived as a physically demanding sport that involves rapid changes in speed, deceleration, and abrupt alterations in movement direction. It has been emphasized that physiological attributes such as VO2max, PIF, PEF, and FVC play a crucial role in the athletic performance of individuals participating in dynamic sports, aiding them in effectively managing critical situations. Hence, the aim of this research was to evaluate the impact of endurance training on physiological parameters among volleyball athletes. A randomized controlled trial was carried out with 24 male players (mean age 21,58; SD±2,46 years). The assessment of physiological characteristics involved the utilization of a dry spirometer for VO2max measurement and the Multistage Fitness Test for assessing PIF, PEF, and FVC. A two-way Anova analysis was executed to ascertain any disparities in physiological parameters from pre-test to post-test. The results indicated notable variances in physiological traits (VO2max, PIF, PEF, and FVC) among volleyball participants following the implementation of the Tabata intervention regimen. These metrics are instrumental in enhancing physiological capabilities to attain superior athletic performances. When designing training regimens, it is imperative to consider physiological functional elements aligned with the specific demands of the sport.\u0000Key words. VO2max; physiology; sport; exercise; Tabata training.","PeriodicalId":503742,"journal":{"name":"Retos","volume":" 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141830627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-17DOI: 10.47197/retos.v58.107042
Alberto Sanmiguel-Rodríguez, José Luís García-Soidán, Rubén Navarro-Patón
Introduction. The covid-19 pandemic affected the world of sports very directly. This forced the coaching staffs of the different clubs to reinvent themselves in their training processes in order to avoid the loss of sports performance of their squads, adapting their training methodologies to the conditions that prevailed at all times. Therefore, the objective of this research has been to find out if there are changes in the training and planning modes of soccer coaches during and after the pandemic. Methods: For this work, a cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in a sample made up of 517 coaches from different divisions and nationalities. To characterize the sample, descriptive measures were used and Pearson's chi-square was used to study whether there is a relationship between the variables studied. All statistical analyses were performed with Stata version 12 (StataCorp., United States) and statistical significance was always established at a p value < 0.05. Results: The results of this study indicated that, regardless of the division in which they developed their profession, the coaches were forced to make methodological changes and substantial modifications in the planning of the sessions. They avoided contact exercises and focused on tactical and psychological aspects during and since the pandemic. Conclusion: The results of this study can be very useful for future technical bodies when it comes to distributing training and workload. Keywords: soccer; methodology; training; coaches; pandemic; COVID-19
导 言科维德-19 大流行病对体育界产生了非常直接的影响。这迫使不同俱乐部的教练员在训练过程中进行自我革新，以避免球队的运动成绩受到影响，并根据当时的情况调整训练方法。因此，本研究的目的是了解足球大流行期间和之后，足球教练的训练和计划模式是否发生了变化。研究方法在这项工作中，对来自不同地区和国家的 517 名教练员进行了横向描述性研究。为了描述样本的特征，我们使用了描述性方法，并使用皮尔逊卡方检验所研究变量之间是否存在关系。所有统计分析均使用 Stata 第 12 版（StataCorp.结果研究结果表明，无论教练员在哪个分部发展其职业，他们都不得不在方法上做出改变，并在课程计划上做出重大调整。在大流行期间和之后，他们避免了接触练习，并将重点放在战术和心理方面。结论这项研究的结果对未来技术机构分配训练和工作量非常有用。 关键词：足球；方法；训练；教练员；大流行病；COVID-19
{"title":"Has the pandemic changed soccer training methodologies?","authors":"Alberto Sanmiguel-Rodríguez, José Luís García-Soidán, Rubén Navarro-Patón","doi":"10.47197/retos.v58.107042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v58.107042","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The covid-19 pandemic affected the world of sports very directly. This forced the coaching staffs of the different clubs to reinvent themselves in their training processes in order to avoid the loss of sports performance of their squads, adapting their training methodologies to the conditions that prevailed at all times. Therefore, the objective of this research has been to find out if there are changes in the training and planning modes of soccer coaches during and after the pandemic. Methods: For this work, a cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in a sample made up of 517 coaches from different divisions and nationalities. To characterize the sample, descriptive measures were used and Pearson's chi-square was used to study whether there is a relationship between the variables studied. All statistical analyses were performed with Stata version 12 (StataCorp., United States) and statistical significance was always established at a p value < 0.05. Results: The results of this study indicated that, regardless of the division in which they developed their profession, the coaches were forced to make methodological changes and substantial modifications in the planning of the sessions. They avoided contact exercises and focused on tactical and psychological aspects during and since the pandemic. Conclusion: The results of this study can be very useful for future technical bodies when it comes to distributing training and workload.\u0000Keywords: soccer; methodology; training; coaches; pandemic; COVID-19","PeriodicalId":503742,"journal":{"name":"Retos","volume":" 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141831107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-17DOI: 10.47197/retos.v58.105457
A. Méndez-Giménez, Iván García-Rodríguez
La investigación sobre los procesos motivacionales y el bienestar de los escolares en el juego de recreo es escasa. Este estudio se propuso: a) examinar las diferencias relativas al curso y género en las necesidades psicológicas básicas (NPB), las regulaciones motivacionales, el índice de autodeterminación (IAD) y la autoestima global de los escolares en el juego de recreo, y b) estudiar las relaciones entre las variables a estudio y el valor predictivo de las NPB y el IAD en la autoestima según género. Participaron 446 escolares (M = 10.02; DE = 1.41) de 3º a 6º de primaria. Se realizaron un MANOVA, análisis univariados, correlaciones bivariadas y análisis de regresión jerárquico. Los resultados mostraron un descenso significativo en motivación intrínseca, regulación introyectada, regulación externa y desmotivación, así como un aumento del IAD en función del curso. Autonomía, relación y novedad fueron los principales predictores de la autoestima para los niños (26.8% de varianza), mientras que relación, competencia e IAD lo fueron para las niñas (34.6%). Los resultados apoyan el potencial del juego de recreo para proporcionar bienestar psicológico desde la teoría de la autodeterminación. Se discuten implicaciones para el diseño de intervenciones atendiendo a las diferencias de curso y género. Palabras clave: motivación autodeterminada, emoción, bienestar, juego, recreo. Abstract. Research on schoolchildren's motivational processes and well-being in recess play is scarce. This study aimed to: a) examine grade- and gender-related differences in the basic psychological needs (BPN), motivational regulations, self-determination index (SDI), and self-esteem among schoolchildren involved in recess play, b) to study the relationships between the variables under study, as well as the predictive value of BPN and SDI in self-esteem by gender. A total of 446 schoolchildren (M = 10.02; SD = 1.41) from 3rd to 6th grade of primary education participated. A MANOVA, univariate analyses, bivariate correlations and hierarchical regression analy-ses were performed. Grade-specific results showed a significant decrease in intrinsic motivation, introjected regulation, external regulation and amotivation, and an increase in SDI. Autonomy, relatedness and novelty were the main predictors of self-esteem for boys (explaining 26.8% of variance) while relatedness, competence and SDI were the main predictors of self-esteem for girls (34.6% of variance). Results support the potential of recess to provide psychological well-being to schoolchildren from self-determination theory. Implications for the design of grade- and gender-sensitive interventions are discussed. Keywords: self-determined motivation, emotion, well-being, play, recess.
{"title":"Predictores motivacionales de autoestima en el juego del recreo: análisis en función de curso y género (Motivational predictors of self-esteem in recess play: grade and gender analysis)","authors":"A. Méndez-Giménez, Iván García-Rodríguez","doi":"10.47197/retos.v58.105457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v58.105457","url":null,"abstract":"La investigación sobre los procesos motivacionales y el bienestar de los escolares en el juego de recreo es escasa. Este estudio se propuso: a) examinar las diferencias relativas al curso y género en las necesidades psicológicas básicas (NPB), las regulaciones motivacionales, el índice de autodeterminación (IAD) y la autoestima global de los escolares en el juego de recreo, y b) estudiar las relaciones entre las variables a estudio y el valor predictivo de las NPB y el IAD en la autoestima según género. Participaron 446 escolares (M = 10.02; DE = 1.41) de 3º a 6º de primaria. Se realizaron un MANOVA, análisis univariados, correlaciones bivariadas y análisis de regresión jerárquico. Los resultados mostraron un descenso significativo en motivación intrínseca, regulación introyectada, regulación externa y desmotivación, así como un aumento del IAD en función del curso. Autonomía, relación y novedad fueron los principales predictores de la autoestima para los niños (26.8% de varianza), mientras que relación, competencia e IAD lo fueron para las niñas (34.6%). Los resultados apoyan el potencial del juego de recreo para proporcionar bienestar psicológico desde la teoría de la autodeterminación. Se discuten implicaciones para el diseño de intervenciones atendiendo a las diferencias de curso y género.\u0000Palabras clave: motivación autodeterminada, emoción, bienestar, juego, recreo.\u0000Abstract. Research on schoolchildren's motivational processes and well-being in recess play is scarce. This study aimed to: a) examine grade- and gender-related differences in the basic psychological needs (BPN), motivational regulations, self-determination index (SDI), and self-esteem among schoolchildren involved in recess play, b) to study the relationships between the variables under study, as well as the predictive value of BPN and SDI in self-esteem by gender. A total of 446 schoolchildren (M = 10.02; SD = 1.41) from 3rd to 6th grade of primary education participated. A MANOVA, univariate analyses, bivariate correlations and hierarchical regression analy-ses were performed. Grade-specific results showed a significant decrease in intrinsic motivation, introjected regulation, external regulation and amotivation, and an increase in SDI. Autonomy, relatedness and novelty were the main predictors of self-esteem for boys (explaining 26.8% of variance) while relatedness, competence and SDI were the main predictors of self-esteem for girls (34.6% of variance). Results support the potential of recess to provide psychological well-being to schoolchildren from self-determination theory. Implications for the design of grade- and gender-sensitive interventions are discussed.\u0000Keywords: self-determined motivation, emotion, well-being, play, recess.","PeriodicalId":503742,"journal":{"name":"Retos","volume":"129 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141828619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-17DOI: 10.47197/retos.v58.106632
S. Urrutia, Álvaro Cappuccio, A. González-Ramírez
Introducción: el control de la carga durante la competición y el entrenamiento se hace imprescindible para alcanzar el máximo rendimiento en futbolistas, ayudando a disminuir el riesgo de lesión. La carga externa está determinada por la relación entre volumen e intensidad. El volumen es el total de esfuerzos realizados en una actividad y la intensidad es el nivel de esfuerzos por unidad de tiempo. Objetivo: analizar las variables propuestas en una ecuación para el control de la carga externa y las variaciones que se producen en función de la selección de sus valores de referencia. Sujetos: diecinueve jugadores sub23 de alto nivel (22,5 ± 1,8 años). Método: Se analizaron un total 77 registros de 11 partidos oficiales del circuito olímpico. La carga externa fue calculada con valores de volumen e intensidad en base a los parámetros distancia total (TD), distancia a altas intensidades (HID), número de aceleraciones y deceleraciones (AcDc) y número de esprints (Nsp). Los factores de la ecuación con referencias generales e individuales fueron comparados. Resultados: El cálculo de la carga externa total a partir de valores generales fue significativamente menor que con valores individuales (73,7±16,5 vs. 82,4±13,5), al igual que el volumen (71,5±15,6 vs. 81,6±13,4) y la intensidad (74,8±17,2 vs. 81,8±13,5). Conclusiones: se observaron importantes diferencias en función de los valores de referencia considerados. Los valores generales pueden ser óptimos a la hora de querer subir el nivel grupal y comparar jugadores, pero la individualización es imprescindible para el correcto control y ajuste de las cargas. Palabras claves: Entrenamiento de fútbol, sprint, carga externa, monitorización de la carga. Abstract. Background: load management during competition and training is essential to achieve maximum performance in soccer players while also helping to reduce the risk of injury. External load is determined by the relationship between volume and intensity. Volume is the overall amount of effort exerted in an activity, whereas intensity describes the level of effort per unit of action or time. Objective: to analyse the variables proposed in an equation for controlling the external load and the variations that occur depending on the selection of their reference values. Subjects: nineteen high-level U23 soccer players (22.5 ± 1.8 years). Method: A total of 77 records from 11 official matches on the Olympic circuit were analysed. The external load was calculated from volume and intensity values based on the parameters total distance (TD), distance at high intensities (HID), number of accelerations and decelerations (AcDc) and number of sprints (Nsp). Factors of equation estimated from general and individual references were compared. Results: The calculation of the total external load using general values was significantly lower than with individual values (73.7±16.5 vs. 82.4±13.5), as was the volume (71.5±15 .6 vs. 81.6±13.4) and intensity (74.8±17.2 vs. 8
导言：比赛和训练期间的负荷控制对足球运动员实现最佳表现至关重要，有助于降低受伤风险。外部负荷由运动量和强度之间的关系决定。运动量是指在一项活动中所做的总努力，强度是指单位时间内的努力程度。目的：分析外部负荷控制方程中提出的变量，以及根据参考值的选择而产生的变化。研究对象：19 名高水平 U23 球员（22.5 ± 1.8 岁）。方法：分析了 11 场正式奥运巡回赛的 77 项记录。外部负荷是根据总距离（TD）、高强度距离（HID）、加速和减速次数（ACDc）以及短跑次数（Nsp）等参数计算出的运动量和强度值。将方程系数与一般参考值和个别参考值进行了比较。结果：根据一般参考值计算的总外部负荷明显低于个体参考值（73.7±16.5 vs. 82.4±13.5），运动量（71.5±15.6 vs. 81.6±13.4）和运动强度（74.8±17.2 vs. 81.8±13.5）也是如此。结论：不同的参考值存在显著差异。在提高群体水平和比较球员方面，一般参考值可能是最佳值，但个性化对于正确控制和调整负荷至关重要。关键词：足球训练、短跑、外部负荷、负荷监测。背景：比赛和训练期间的负荷管理对足球运动员取得最佳表现至关重要，同时也有助于降低受伤风险。外部负荷由运动量和强度之间的关系决定。运动量是指在某项活动中所付出的努力总量，而强度则是指单位动作或时间内所付出的努力程度。目的：分析用于控制外部负荷的方程式中提出的变量，以及根据其参考值的选择而出现的变化。研究对象：19 名高水平 U23 足球运动员（22.5 ± 1.8 岁）。方法：分析了 11 场奥运会正式比赛的 77 项记录。根据总距离（TD）、高强度距离（HID）、加速和减速次数（ACDc）以及短跑次数（Nsp）等参数，从运动量和强度值计算外部负荷。比较了从一般参考资料和个别参考资料中估算出的等式系数。结果：使用一般参考值计算的外部总负荷明显低于使用个别参考值计算的外部总负荷（73.7±16.5 vs. 82.4±13.5），运动量（71.5±15.6 vs. 81.6±13.4）和运动强度（74.8±17.2 vs. 81.8±13.5）也是如此。结论：根据参考值的不同，观察到了重要的差异。在提高群体水平和对球员进行比较时，通用值可能是最佳值，但参考值的个性化对于正确控制和调整训练负荷至关重要。
{"title":"Ecuación para el control de la carga de entrenamiento con datos de GPS en fútbol de alto rendimiento (Equation for player load control of training with GPS in a high-performance soccer)","authors":"S. Urrutia, Álvaro Cappuccio, A. González-Ramírez","doi":"10.47197/retos.v58.106632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v58.106632","url":null,"abstract":"Introducción: el control de la carga durante la competición y el entrenamiento se hace imprescindible para alcanzar el máximo rendimiento en futbolistas, ayudando a disminuir el riesgo de lesión. La carga externa está determinada por la relación entre volumen e intensidad. El volumen es el total de esfuerzos realizados en una actividad y la intensidad es el nivel de esfuerzos por unidad de tiempo. Objetivo: analizar las variables propuestas en una ecuación para el control de la carga externa y las variaciones que se producen en función de la selección de sus valores de referencia. Sujetos: diecinueve jugadores sub23 de alto nivel (22,5 ± 1,8 años). Método: Se analizaron un total 77 registros de 11 partidos oficiales del circuito olímpico. La carga externa fue calculada con valores de volumen e intensidad en base a los parámetros distancia total (TD), distancia a altas intensidades (HID), número de aceleraciones y deceleraciones (AcDc) y número de esprints (Nsp). Los factores de la ecuación con referencias generales e individuales fueron comparados. Resultados: El cálculo de la carga externa total a partir de valores generales fue significativamente menor que con valores individuales (73,7±16,5 vs. 82,4±13,5), al igual que el volumen (71,5±15,6 vs. 81,6±13,4) y la intensidad (74,8±17,2 vs. 81,8±13,5). Conclusiones: se observaron importantes diferencias en función de los valores de referencia considerados. Los valores generales pueden ser óptimos a la hora de querer subir el nivel grupal y comparar jugadores, pero la individualización es imprescindible para el correcto control y ajuste de las cargas.\u0000 Palabras claves: Entrenamiento de fútbol, sprint, carga externa, monitorización de la carga.\u0000Abstract. Background: load management during competition and training is essential to achieve maximum performance in soccer players while also helping to reduce the risk of injury. External load is determined by the relationship between volume and intensity. Volume is the overall amount of effort exerted in an activity, whereas intensity describes the level of effort per unit of action or time. Objective: to analyse the variables proposed in an equation for controlling the external load and the variations that occur depending on the selection of their reference values. Subjects: nineteen high-level U23 soccer players (22.5 ± 1.8 years). Method: A total of 77 records from 11 official matches on the Olympic circuit were analysed. The external load was calculated from volume and intensity values based on the parameters total distance (TD), distance at high intensities (HID), number of accelerations and decelerations (AcDc) and number of sprints (Nsp). Factors of equation estimated from general and individual references were compared. Results: The calculation of the total external load using general values was significantly lower than with individual values (73.7±16.5 vs. 82.4±13.5), as was the volume (71.5±15 .6 vs. 81.6±13.4) and intensity (74.8±17.2 vs. 8","PeriodicalId":503742,"journal":{"name":"Retos","volume":" 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141828739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-17DOI: 10.47197/retos.v58.103908
Widiastuti Widiastuti, Muhamad Syamsul Taufik, Yasep Setiakarnawijaya, Kuswahyudi Kuswahyudi, Muhammad Zulqarnain Mohd Nasir, Hendro Wardoyo, Karisdha Karisdha, Adi Wijayanto, Sunanto Sunanto, Nur Ahmad Muharram, H. Handayani, Abdul Hafidz, Rivan Saghita Pratama, S. P. Purwoto
The nature of the endurance component, particularly coordination, is the aspect of physical condition most supportive in essential circumstances. Developing a technology-based test instrument is necessary to support the aspect of physical condition, including good endurance. This is carried out to support and improve the performance of coordination capability requirements. This research aims to develop a prototype product for a modified coordination test tool based on an ultrasonic sensor. The development of this device was implemented as a modification coordination test instrument. A set of devices consists of four circuit parts. This circuit involves a sensor, a Wi-Fi module, an RGB LED, and a doorbell. The placement of each LED depends on the user's needs. The function of the sensor is to detect objects around the sensor. The RGB LED functions as a sign when a sensor receives stimulation. The research method used is the Research and Development (R&D) method, which involves developing a prototype or modified coordination test. In this research, the tool development process was carried out in collaboration with a team of experts to develop measuring tool products. The sampling technique for this research is purposive sampling because the samples taken must meet certain requirements and considerations. In this study, researchers selected 33 futsal players from Universitas Suryakancana students. Based on the analysis results, it is concluded that the prototype for maximum device test modification coordination with motion sensors and hardware has very high validity and reliability values. Therefore, by using this system, an athlete can obtain more accurate test results, preventing an athlete's mistakes during the test process. In addition, the testing process can be carried out more efficiently. Keywords: Device Development, Modification Coordination, Test Device
耐力部分的性质，尤其是协调性，是在必要情况下对身体状况最有帮助的方面。开发以技术为基础的测试工具对于支持包括良好耐力在内的身体条件方面是必要的。开展这项工作是为了支持和提高协调能力要求。本研究旨在开发一种基于超声波传感器的改良协调测试工具原型产品。该设备的开发是作为改装协调测试仪器实施的。一套设备由四个电路部分组成。该电路包括一个传感器、一个 Wi-Fi 模块、一个 RGB LED 和一个门铃。每个 LED 的位置取决于用户的需求。传感器的功能是检测传感器周围的物体。RGB LED 的功能是在传感器收到刺激时发出信号。采用的研究方法是研究与开发（R&D）方法，包括开发原型或修改协调测试。在本研究中，工具开发过程是与专家团队合作进行的，以开发测量工具产品。本研究的抽样技术是目的性抽样，因为所抽取的样本必须符合某些要求和考虑因素。在本研究中，研究人员从苏亚坎卡纳大学（Universitas Suryakancana）的学生中选取了 33 名五人制足球运动员。根据分析结果得出结论，与运动传感器和硬件相协调的最大设备测试修改原型具有非常高的有效性和可靠性。因此，通过使用该系统，运动员可以获得更准确的测试结果，防止运动员在测试过程中出错。此外，测试过程也可以更高效地进行：设备开发 改装协调 测试设备
{"title":"Development of the ultrasonic sensor based modification coordination test device.","authors":"Widiastuti Widiastuti, Muhamad Syamsul Taufik, Yasep Setiakarnawijaya, Kuswahyudi Kuswahyudi, Muhammad Zulqarnain Mohd Nasir, Hendro Wardoyo, Karisdha Karisdha, Adi Wijayanto, Sunanto Sunanto, Nur Ahmad Muharram, H. Handayani, Abdul Hafidz, Rivan Saghita Pratama, S. P. Purwoto","doi":"10.47197/retos.v58.103908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v58.103908","url":null,"abstract":"The nature of the endurance component, particularly coordination, is the aspect of physical condition most supportive in essential circumstances. Developing a technology-based test instrument is necessary to support the aspect of physical condition, including good endurance. This is carried out to support and improve the performance of coordination capability requirements. This research aims to develop a prototype product for a modified coordination test tool based on an ultrasonic sensor. The development of this device was implemented as a modification coordination test instrument. A set of devices consists of four circuit parts. This circuit involves a sensor, a Wi-Fi module, an RGB LED, and a doorbell. The placement of each LED depends on the user's needs. The function of the sensor is to detect objects around the sensor. The RGB LED functions as a sign when a sensor receives stimulation. The research method used is the Research and Development (R&D) method, which involves developing a prototype or modified coordination test. In this research, the tool development process was carried out in collaboration with a team of experts to develop measuring tool products. The sampling technique for this research is purposive sampling because the samples taken must meet certain requirements and considerations. In this study, researchers selected 33 futsal players from Universitas Suryakancana students. Based on the analysis results, it is concluded that the prototype for maximum device test modification coordination with motion sensors and hardware has very high validity and reliability values. Therefore, by using this system, an athlete can obtain more accurate test results, preventing an athlete's mistakes during the test process. In addition, the testing process can be carried out more efficiently.\u0000Keywords: Device Development, Modification Coordination, Test Device","PeriodicalId":503742,"journal":{"name":"Retos","volume":" 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141828948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-17DOI: 10.47197/retos.v58.107128
Y. Phanpheng, Preeyawan Pongkan, I. D. M. Kusuma, Nur Azis Rohmansyah, Chawis Wongkiew, Warayot Laha
Age-related declines in health-related physical fitness and cognitive function can be mitigated by a multi-movement exercise program. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the efficiency of Ram Thai with nine square dances on physical performance and cognitive functions in the elderly. Participants were randomly assigned into an experimental or control group. The Montreal cognitive assessment-basic (MoCA-B, Thai version) were chosen from screened volunteers and randomly assigned into 2 groups; Ram Thai with nine square dances (RTND:33) and brisk walking exercise (BWE:34) aged 65.3±2.4 years old, body mass index (BMI) 25.5±11.9 kg/m2. The physical performance parameters assessed were as follows: Back-scratch test (BST), Chair sit and reach test (CSRT), Chair stand test (CST), 30-second arm curl test (ACT), 6-minute walk test (6-WT) and timed up and go test (TUG) were conducted respectively. Our results showed the physiological revealed a reduction in body fat percentage, while significant increase in VO2max test scores observed in both groups (p≤.05). Additionally, there was an improved lower limb strength, as evidenced by statistically significant increases in scores for the CST, 6-WT, and TUG compared to pretest values (p≤.05). In terms of BST performance, the RTND group showed significantly better results compared to the BWE group (p≤.001). Moreover, we discovered that significantly superior results indicate increased variability in MoCA-B scores (24.11≈26.37) among elderly participants in the RTND group (p≤.001). The data indicates that RTND effectively enhances physiological aspects, physical performance control, and overall cognitive function in elderly individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Keywords: physical performance, cognitive function, mild cognitive impairment, elderly
{"title":"The efficiency of Ram Thai with Nine Square dance on physical performance and cognitive functions: a model for elderly school","authors":"Y. Phanpheng, Preeyawan Pongkan, I. D. M. Kusuma, Nur Azis Rohmansyah, Chawis Wongkiew, Warayot Laha","doi":"10.47197/retos.v58.107128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v58.107128","url":null,"abstract":"Age-related declines in health-related physical fitness and cognitive function can be mitigated by a multi-movement exercise program. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the efficiency of Ram Thai with nine square dances on physical performance and cognitive functions in the elderly. Participants were randomly assigned\u0000into an experimental or control group. The Montreal cognitive assessment-basic (MoCA-B, Thai version) were chosen from screened volunteers and randomly assigned into 2 groups; Ram Thai with nine square dances (RTND:33) and brisk walking exercise (BWE:34) aged 65.3±2.4 years old, body mass index (BMI) 25.5±11.9 kg/m2. The physical performance parameters assessed were as follows: Back-scratch test (BST), Chair sit and reach test (CSRT), Chair stand test (CST), 30-second arm curl test (ACT), 6-minute walk test (6-WT) and timed up and go test (TUG) were conducted respectively. Our results showed the physiological revealed a reduction in body fat percentage, while significant increase in VO2max test scores observed in both groups (p≤.05). Additionally, there was an improved lower limb strength, as evidenced by statistically significant increases in scores for the CST, 6-WT, and TUG compared to pretest values (p≤.05). In terms of BST performance, the RTND group showed significantly better results compared to the BWE group (p≤.001). Moreover, we discovered that significantly superior results indicate increased variability in MoCA-B scores (24.11≈26.37) among elderly participants in the RTND group (p≤.001). The data indicates that RTND effectively enhances physiological aspects, physical performance control, and overall cognitive function in elderly individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).\u0000Keywords: physical performance, cognitive function, mild cognitive impairment, elderly","PeriodicalId":503742,"journal":{"name":"Retos","volume":" 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141830848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-17DOI: 10.47197/retos.v58.107680
Prima Aulia, Dwi Puspasari, Tania Fajrika, Yoli Firda Salfina
This research aims (1) to see the effectiveness of mental training in increasing self-efficacy, and (2) reducing competition anxiety among taekwondo athletes in West Sumatera Province. This research used quasi-experimental method with one group pretest-posttest research design which involved 20 subjects, 10 subjects conducted in Dojang HTC Fighter to measure self-efficacy and another 10 subjects to measure competition anxiety from Dojang Kodim Bukittinggi. The data were collected using a self-efficacy scale and a competition anxiety scale, to test the quality of the instrument a content validity test was used with professional judgement, while to see the reliability of the instrument using SPSS 19.0 for Windows with the Alpha Cronbach technique. The self-efficacy scale consists of 27 items with an alpha coefficient of (α) 0.925 and the competing anxiety scale consists of 12 items with a reliability coefficient value on the aspect of cognitive anxiety of 0.81, and somatic anxiety of 0.82. The research results show that the use of mental training is effective in increasing self-efficacy and reducing competition anxiety in taekwondo athletes. Keywords: Mental training, Self-efficacy, Competition anxiety
{"title":"Effectiveness of mental training to increase self-efficacy and reduce competition anxiety in athletes","authors":"Prima Aulia, Dwi Puspasari, Tania Fajrika, Yoli Firda Salfina","doi":"10.47197/retos.v58.107680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v58.107680","url":null,"abstract":"This research aims (1) to see the effectiveness of mental training in increasing self-efficacy, and (2) reducing competition anxiety among taekwondo athletes in West Sumatera Province. This research used quasi-experimental method with one group pretest-posttest research design which involved 20 subjects, 10 subjects conducted in Dojang HTC Fighter to measure self-efficacy and another 10 subjects to measure competition anxiety from Dojang Kodim Bukittinggi. The data were collected using a self-efficacy scale and a competition anxiety scale, to test the quality of the instrument a content validity test was used with professional judgement, while to see the reliability of the instrument using SPSS 19.0 for Windows with the Alpha Cronbach technique. The self-efficacy scale consists of 27 items with an alpha coefficient of (α) 0.925 and the competing anxiety scale consists of 12 items with a reliability coefficient value on the aspect of cognitive anxiety of 0.81, and somatic anxiety of 0.82. The research results show that the use of mental training is effective in increasing self-efficacy and reducing competition anxiety in taekwondo athletes.\u0000Keywords: Mental training, Self-efficacy, Competition anxiety","PeriodicalId":503742,"journal":{"name":"Retos","volume":" 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141828971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-17DOI: 10.47197/retos.v58.103521
Novi Yanti, Iit Selviani, Eka Supriatna, Dedi Nofrizal, P. Purba, Hafiz Yazid Lubis, Syifa Nurbait, Danang Endarto Putro, Anung Probo Ismoko, Dewi Wahyuni, Didi Suryadi, M. Suganda
Handball calls for a variety of athletic skills, but throwing force is crucial for passing, scoring, and gaining momentum. Plyometric training uses explosive exercises that increase muscular contraction speed and force to improve power and speed. The purpose of the study is to ascertain whether adding plyometric workouts to handball players' training regimens can enhance their throwing ability to a noticeable degree. The research utilized an experimental design with a pretest-posttest methodology for a single group. The Sambas district handball team, which consisted of 15 athletes, picked the participants, who were between the ages of 17 and 22. Plyometric training was the intervention, and it was done in three sessions a week for four weeks. The Medicine Ball Javelin Quadrathlo strength test was used to gather data, and SPSS version 26 was used for analysis. The research showed that the mean throwing power and speed had significantly increased, with improvements of 2.07 between the pretest and posttest values of 19.93 and 22.00, respectively. The significance value obtained was 0.000, indicating a statistically significant enhancement. The plyometric training was found to be highly effective in enhancing the explosive strength and neuromuscular coordination required for powerful and fast throws in handball. In conclusion, the findings suggest that incorporating plyometric training into the training programs of handball players can substantially improve their throwing performance. Coaches and trainers are recommended to integrate plyometric exercises to maximize the athletic potential of their players. Keywords: plyometric training, handball, throwing power, throwing speed, explosive strength, athletic performance
{"title":"Effectiveness of plyometric training in handball: impact on throwing power and speed","authors":"Novi Yanti, Iit Selviani, Eka Supriatna, Dedi Nofrizal, P. Purba, Hafiz Yazid Lubis, Syifa Nurbait, Danang Endarto Putro, Anung Probo Ismoko, Dewi Wahyuni, Didi Suryadi, M. Suganda","doi":"10.47197/retos.v58.103521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v58.103521","url":null,"abstract":"Handball calls for a variety of athletic skills, but throwing force is crucial for passing, scoring, and gaining momentum. Plyometric training uses explosive exercises that increase muscular contraction speed and force to improve power and speed. The purpose of the study is to ascertain whether adding plyometric workouts to handball players' training regimens can enhance their throwing ability to a noticeable degree. The research utilized an experimental design with a pretest-posttest methodology for a single group. The Sambas district handball team, which consisted of 15 athletes, picked the participants, who were between the ages of 17 and 22. Plyometric training was the intervention, and it was done in three sessions a week for four weeks. The Medicine Ball Javelin Quadrathlo strength test was used to gather data, and SPSS version 26 was used for analysis. The research showed that the mean throwing power and speed had significantly increased, with improvements of 2.07 between the pretest and posttest values of 19.93 and 22.00, respectively. The significance value obtained was 0.000, indicating a statistically significant enhancement. The plyometric training was found to be highly effective in enhancing the explosive strength and neuromuscular coordination required for powerful and fast throws in handball. In conclusion, the findings suggest that incorporating plyometric training into the training programs of handball players can substantially improve their throwing performance. Coaches and trainers are recommended to integrate plyometric exercises to maximize the athletic potential of their players.\u0000Keywords: plyometric training, handball, throwing power, throwing speed, explosive strength, athletic performance","PeriodicalId":503742,"journal":{"name":"Retos","volume":" 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141830794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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