Pub Date : 2012-08-01DOI: 10.1109/MDT.2012.2202565
M. Srivastava
For measurement of energy consumption to be truly useful for sustainability measures, the measurement of energy consumption in a building must be real-time, frequent, holistic, and most importantly disaggregated. Holistic implies that measurements must encompass all forms of energy use, both direct (electricity and natural gas) and indirect (water embedded energy), and being disaggregated requires that energy use must be at the level of devices and appliances as opposed for the whole building. Conventional solutions to measuring disaggregated end use of electricity and water require deploying at each end-point precalibrated in-line mesh networked sensors for measuring voltage/current, water flow rate, etc. Besides being costly, such “direct sensors”are aesthetically intrusive, and often need costly professional installation and impose network management burden.
{"title":"From measurements to sustainable choices [Persepectives]","authors":"M. Srivastava","doi":"10.1109/MDT.2012.2202565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MDT.2012.2202565","url":null,"abstract":"For measurement of energy consumption to be truly useful for sustainability measures, the measurement of energy consumption in a building must be real-time, frequent, holistic, and most importantly disaggregated. Holistic implies that measurements must encompass all forms of energy use, both direct (electricity and natural gas) and indirect (water embedded energy), and being disaggregated requires that energy use must be at the level of devices and appliances as opposed for the whole building. Conventional solutions to measuring disaggregated end use of electricity and water require deploying at each end-point precalibrated in-line mesh networked sensors for measuring voltage/current, water flow rate, etc. Besides being costly, such “direct sensors”are aesthetically intrusive, and often need costly professional installation and impose network management burden.","PeriodicalId":50392,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Design & Test of Computers","volume":"29 1","pages":"58-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MDT.2012.2202565","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62469433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-01DOI: 10.1109/MDT.2012.2201130
Yang Yang, Qi Zhu, Mehdi Maasoumy, Alberto L. Sangiovanni-Vincentelli
In this paper, we proposed a design flow for BAC systems that enables integrating heterogeneous input models, conducts automatic design space exploration, and performs software synthesis on distributed platforms while guaranteeing correctness and reducing communication load. We believe these capabilities can enable the building designers to better adopt model-based design methodologies, and facilitate them to improve design productivity, optimize system performance, and reduce cost.
{"title":"Development of Building Automation and Control Systems","authors":"Yang Yang, Qi Zhu, Mehdi Maasoumy, Alberto L. Sangiovanni-Vincentelli","doi":"10.1109/MDT.2012.2201130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MDT.2012.2201130","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we proposed a design flow for BAC systems that enables integrating heterogeneous input models, conducts automatic design space exploration, and performs software synthesis on distributed platforms while guaranteeing correctness and reducing communication load. We believe these capabilities can enable the building designers to better adopt model-based design methodologies, and facilitate them to improve design productivity, optimize system performance, and reduce cost.","PeriodicalId":50392,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Design & Test of Computers","volume":"29 1","pages":"45-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MDT.2012.2201130","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62469768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-01DOI: 10.1109/MDT.2012.2202566
Stephen Dawson-Haggerty, Jorge Ortiz, Jason Trager, D. Culler, R. Katz
In the US buildings consume 70% of electricity, but the sector exhibits little innovation for reducing its consumption. Efficiency is not yet evaluated to the same standard as comfort and reliability, but with better user input, control policy, and awareness of the building's state, energy consumption can be intelligently reduced. It is argued that what is needed is a shift to Software-Defined Buildings: flexible, multi-service, and open Building Operating System (BOS) that allows third-party applications to run securely and reliably in a sandboxed environment. A BOS is not limited to a single building but distributed among multi-building campuses. It provides the core functionality of sensor and actuator access, access management, metadata, archiving, and discovery. The runtime environment enables multiple simultaneously running programs. As in a computer OS, these run with various privilege levels, with access to different resources, yet are multiplexed on the same physical resources. It can extend to the Cloud or to other buildings, outsourcing expensive or proprietary operations as well as load sharing, but does so safely with fail-over to local systems when connectivity is disrupted. Building operators have supervisory control over all programs, controlling the separation physically (access different controls), temporally (change controls at different times), informationally (what information leaves the building), and logically (what actions or sequences thereof are allowable).
{"title":"Energy Savings and the \"Software-Defined\" Building","authors":"Stephen Dawson-Haggerty, Jorge Ortiz, Jason Trager, D. Culler, R. Katz","doi":"10.1109/MDT.2012.2202566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MDT.2012.2202566","url":null,"abstract":"In the US buildings consume 70% of electricity, but the sector exhibits little innovation for reducing its consumption. Efficiency is not yet evaluated to the same standard as comfort and reliability, but with better user input, control policy, and awareness of the building's state, energy consumption can be intelligently reduced. It is argued that what is needed is a shift to Software-Defined Buildings: flexible, multi-service, and open Building Operating System (BOS) that allows third-party applications to run securely and reliably in a sandboxed environment. A BOS is not limited to a single building but distributed among multi-building campuses. It provides the core functionality of sensor and actuator access, access management, metadata, archiving, and discovery. The runtime environment enables multiple simultaneously running programs. As in a computer OS, these run with various privilege levels, with access to different resources, yet are multiplexed on the same physical resources. It can extend to the Cloud or to other buildings, outsourcing expensive or proprietary operations as well as load sharing, but does so safely with fail-over to local systems when connectivity is disrupted. Building operators have supervisory control over all programs, controlling the separation physically (access different controls), temporally (change controls at different times), informationally (what information leaves the building), and logically (what actions or sequences thereof are allowable).","PeriodicalId":50392,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Design & Test of Computers","volume":"73 1","pages":"56-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79143860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-01DOI: 10.1109/MDT.2012.2204720
M. Piette, J. Granderson, M. Wetter, S. Kiliccote
An energy information system that acquires and aggregates information from various sensors within buildings is presented. The role of a building information system in reducing building energy consumption as well as in providing demand response, is explored, and case studies of real use are presented.
{"title":"Intelligent Building Energy Information and Control Systems for Low-Energy Operations and Optimal Demand Response","authors":"M. Piette, J. Granderson, M. Wetter, S. Kiliccote","doi":"10.1109/MDT.2012.2204720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MDT.2012.2204720","url":null,"abstract":"An energy information system that acquires and aggregates information from various sensors within buildings is presented. The role of a building information system in reducing building energy consumption as well as in providing demand response, is explored, and case studies of real use are presented.","PeriodicalId":50392,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Design & Test of Computers","volume":"29 1","pages":"8-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MDT.2012.2204720","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62469508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-01DOI: 10.1109/MDT.2012.2205609
V. Champac, Julio Vazquez Hernandez, S. Barcelo, Roberto Gómez, C. Hawkins, J. Segura
Failure analysis and fault modeling of integrated circuits have always been fields that require continuous revision and update as manufacturing processes evolve. This paper discusses the new face of the well-known transistor stuck-open fault model in modern nanometer technologies and proposes new detection methods that improve the robustness of tests.
{"title":"Testing of Stuck-Open Faults in Nanometer Technologies","authors":"V. Champac, Julio Vazquez Hernandez, S. Barcelo, Roberto Gómez, C. Hawkins, J. Segura","doi":"10.1109/MDT.2012.2205609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MDT.2012.2205609","url":null,"abstract":"Failure analysis and fault modeling of integrated circuits have always been fields that require continuous revision and update as manufacturing processes evolve. This paper discusses the new face of the well-known transistor stuck-open fault model in modern nanometer technologies and proposes new detection methods that improve the robustness of tests.","PeriodicalId":50392,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Design & Test of Computers","volume":"29 1","pages":"80-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MDT.2012.2205609","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62469640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-01DOI: 10.1109/MDT.2012.2209542
K. Chakrabarty
h BUILDINGS, INCLUDING HOMES, offices, and retail spaces, are amajor source of energy consumption and resources. As our society grapples with the high cost of fossil fuels, global warming, and climate change, ‘‘green buildings’’ have caught our imagination. Today, green buildings are a reality and they are driving a lot of concerted research and innovations in diverse fields that encompass design, construction, renovation, operation, maintenance, and demolition. The design and test community has addressed energy and resource optimization problems for integrated circuits and electronic systems for many years. It is, therefore, only natural that many of the design and optimization problems for green buildings can leverage technologies that we are familiar with, such as embedded computing, sensor networks, low-power design, and cyberphysical systems. In fact, electronics and computing systems can be viewed as a part of the problem (energy consumer), but also as part of the solution. This timely issue introduces Design and Test of Computers readers to the role that electronic design methods and technologies can play in the design of green buildings of the future. Design and test techniques can, therefore, migrate ‘‘up’’ from the ‘‘nano’’ and ‘‘micro’’ worlds of integrated circuits to the much larger scale of green buildings. Guest Editors Yuvraj Agrawal and Anand Raghunathan have taken the initiative and worked diligently to put together this special issue with a set of selected articles, which include contributions by experts and active researchers who can relate to design and test technologies. These articles cover the landscape of research advances, practical experiences, and perspectives on future trends. The special issue covers control systems for energy management, occupancy driven HVAS systems for heating and cooling, energy minimization of HVAC systems using prediction, innovations in sensing and actuation for energyefficiency, and the use of a distributed network of embedded computers for building automation and control system design. Readers will also find two perspectives articles from visionaries in this field. The first article highlights the promise of software-defined buildings, where a building can incorporate operating systems on which applications can be built. The second perspectives column describes a sensors-based substrate that can provide measurements to guide sustainable choices by building users. I thank Yuvraj and Anand for serving as Guest Editors of the special issue, the authors for their contributions, and the reviewers for their adherence to an extremely tight review schedule. I also thank the column editors for their contributions. I hope you will enjoy reading this special issue, as well as the subsequent issues of Design and Test of Computers in 2012. We have lined up an exciting set of special issues for the remainder of 2012 and for the first half of 2013. We are now preparing the lineups for the remaining issues
{"title":"Electronic Design Methods and Technologies for Green Buildings","authors":"K. Chakrabarty","doi":"10.1109/MDT.2012.2209542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MDT.2012.2209542","url":null,"abstract":"h BUILDINGS, INCLUDING HOMES, offices, and retail spaces, are amajor source of energy consumption and resources. As our society grapples with the high cost of fossil fuels, global warming, and climate change, ‘‘green buildings’’ have caught our imagination. Today, green buildings are a reality and they are driving a lot of concerted research and innovations in diverse fields that encompass design, construction, renovation, operation, maintenance, and demolition. The design and test community has addressed energy and resource optimization problems for integrated circuits and electronic systems for many years. It is, therefore, only natural that many of the design and optimization problems for green buildings can leverage technologies that we are familiar with, such as embedded computing, sensor networks, low-power design, and cyberphysical systems. In fact, electronics and computing systems can be viewed as a part of the problem (energy consumer), but also as part of the solution. This timely issue introduces Design and Test of Computers readers to the role that electronic design methods and technologies can play in the design of green buildings of the future. Design and test techniques can, therefore, migrate ‘‘up’’ from the ‘‘nano’’ and ‘‘micro’’ worlds of integrated circuits to the much larger scale of green buildings. Guest Editors Yuvraj Agrawal and Anand Raghunathan have taken the initiative and worked diligently to put together this special issue with a set of selected articles, which include contributions by experts and active researchers who can relate to design and test technologies. These articles cover the landscape of research advances, practical experiences, and perspectives on future trends. The special issue covers control systems for energy management, occupancy driven HVAS systems for heating and cooling, energy minimization of HVAC systems using prediction, innovations in sensing and actuation for energyefficiency, and the use of a distributed network of embedded computers for building automation and control system design. Readers will also find two perspectives articles from visionaries in this field. The first article highlights the promise of software-defined buildings, where a building can incorporate operating systems on which applications can be built. The second perspectives column describes a sensors-based substrate that can provide measurements to guide sustainable choices by building users. I thank Yuvraj and Anand for serving as Guest Editors of the special issue, the authors for their contributions, and the reviewers for their adherence to an extremely tight review schedule. I also thank the column editors for their contributions. I hope you will enjoy reading this special issue, as well as the subsequent issues of Design and Test of Computers in 2012. We have lined up an exciting set of special issues for the remainder of 2012 and for the first half of 2013. We are now preparing the lineups for the remaining issues ","PeriodicalId":50392,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Design & Test of Computers","volume":"195 1","pages":"4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86829918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-01DOI: 10.1109/MDT.2012.2201439
K. Whitehouse, Juhi Ranjan, Jiakang Lu, Tamim I. Sookoor, M. Saadat, C. Burke, Galen Staengl, Anselmo Canfora, H. Haj-Hariri
HVAC systems are eventually needed to maintain comfort for occupants, and as a result sensing and leveraging user context information is critical for the energy-efficient operation of buildings. This article describes an occupancy-driven HVAC control framework for more effective heating and cooling management.
{"title":"Towards Occupancy-Driven Heating and Cooling","authors":"K. Whitehouse, Juhi Ranjan, Jiakang Lu, Tamim I. Sookoor, M. Saadat, C. Burke, Galen Staengl, Anselmo Canfora, H. Haj-Hariri","doi":"10.1109/MDT.2012.2201439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MDT.2012.2201439","url":null,"abstract":"HVAC systems are eventually needed to maintain comfort for occupants, and as a result sensing and leveraging user context information is critical for the energy-efficient operation of buildings. This article describes an occupancy-driven HVAC control framework for more effective heating and cooling management.","PeriodicalId":50392,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Design & Test of Computers","volume":"29 1","pages":"17-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MDT.2012.2201439","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62469810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-01DOI: 10.1109/MDT.2012.2200871
Mehdi Maasoumy, Alberto L. Sangiovanni-Vincentelli
This article addresses the challenge of realizing the building automation and control system using a distributed network of embedded computers. A specification methodology and design space exploration framework are proposed to raise the level of abstraction at which building control systems are designed, to reduce design effort, and to lower implementation cost.
{"title":"Total and Peak Energy Consumption Minimization of Building HVAC Systems Using Model Predictive Control","authors":"Mehdi Maasoumy, Alberto L. Sangiovanni-Vincentelli","doi":"10.1109/MDT.2012.2200871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MDT.2012.2200871","url":null,"abstract":"This article addresses the challenge of realizing the building automation and control system using a distributed network of embedded computers. A specification methodology and design space exploration framework are proposed to raise the level of abstraction at which building control systems are designed, to reduce design effort, and to lower implementation cost.","PeriodicalId":50392,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Design & Test of Computers","volume":"29 1","pages":"26-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MDT.2012.2200871","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62469725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-01DOI: 10.1109/MDT.2012.2211855
Thomas Weng, Yuvraj Agarwal
A holistic approach to reducing the energy footprint of large commercial buildings is proposed. A detailed energy use breakdown within a modern building is presented, leading to the key insight that, in addition to the HVAC system, the energy used by miscellaneous plug loads which include IT equipment must also be addressed. An actuation framework is proposed to control plug-loads and the HVAC system for energy savings.
{"title":"From Buildings to Smart Buildings—Sensing and Actuation to Improve Energy Efficiency","authors":"Thomas Weng, Yuvraj Agarwal","doi":"10.1109/MDT.2012.2211855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MDT.2012.2211855","url":null,"abstract":"A holistic approach to reducing the energy footprint of large commercial buildings is proposed. A detailed energy use breakdown within a modern building is presented, leading to the key insight that, in addition to the HVAC system, the energy used by miscellaneous plug loads which include IT equipment must also be addressed. An actuation framework is proposed to control plug-loads and the HVAC system for energy savings.","PeriodicalId":50392,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Design & Test of Computers","volume":"29 1","pages":"36-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MDT.2012.2211855","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62470159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-01DOI: 10.1109/MDT.2012.2205479
Stephan Eggersglüß, R. Drechsler
ATPG based on Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) could be a promising alternative to structural test generation algorithms. This article proposes a SAT-based ATPG flow for generating high quality test patterns while applicable to large industry designs.
{"title":"A Highly Fault-Efficient SAT-Based ATPG Flow","authors":"Stephan Eggersglüß, R. Drechsler","doi":"10.1109/MDT.2012.2205479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MDT.2012.2205479","url":null,"abstract":"ATPG based on Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) could be a promising alternative to structural test generation algorithms. This article proposes a SAT-based ATPG flow for generating high quality test patterns while applicable to large industry designs.","PeriodicalId":50392,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Design & Test of Computers","volume":"29 1","pages":"63-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MDT.2012.2205479","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62469587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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