T. Rebello, Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha, Kasun Hewage, R. Sadiq
The increasing number of studies covering different life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) tools and urban water systems (UWSs) emphasize the need to synthesize current research. While LCSA studies focus on an integrated approach considering the life cycle assessment (LCA), Life Cycle Costing (LCC), and social life cycle assessment (S-LCA) methodologies, these tools are typically applied separately, disregarding the trade-offs amongst economic, social, and environmental impacts. In this context, this review aims to critically analyze the literature on LCSA tools to enhance the integrated application in the future. Furthermore, we aim to identify technological trends, current challenges, and future research directions to improve sustainability. The ProKnow-C methodology was applied using a combination of four keyword sets and three databases. We selected 72 relevant papers that were analyzed in detail. Results demonstrate that authors apply different boundaries when using different LCSA tools, and lack of data was also a common issue. Furthermore, papers lack system description in the scope definition, leading to a biased interpretation of results. Another important issue was the functional unit selection, which did not represent the complexity of UWSs, lacking important details such as water loss, water quality, and population served. Water treatment is the most researched process in UWSs, and stormwater systems (collection or treatment) are rarely included, representing only 25% of the analyzed literature. In conclusion, the application of LCSA tools faces fundamental challenges, such as data quality and availability. Concerning the engineering improvements, future works should use LCSA data to support design and technology development, also focusing on human behaviour and frugal technology alternatives. Finally, new paradigms need to be developed and applied to enhance sustainability and integrate UWS.
{"title":"Environmental, economic, and social sustainability of urban water systems: a critical review using a life-cycle-based approach","authors":"T. Rebello, Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha, Kasun Hewage, R. Sadiq","doi":"10.1139/er-2021-0126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2021-0126","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing number of studies covering different life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) tools and urban water systems (UWSs) emphasize the need to synthesize current research. While LCSA studies focus on an integrated approach considering the life cycle assessment (LCA), Life Cycle Costing (LCC), and social life cycle assessment (S-LCA) methodologies, these tools are typically applied separately, disregarding the trade-offs amongst economic, social, and environmental impacts. In this context, this review aims to critically analyze the literature on LCSA tools to enhance the integrated application in the future. Furthermore, we aim to identify technological trends, current challenges, and future research directions to improve sustainability. The ProKnow-C methodology was applied using a combination of four keyword sets and three databases. We selected 72 relevant papers that were analyzed in detail. Results demonstrate that authors apply different boundaries when using different LCSA tools, and lack of data was also a common issue. Furthermore, papers lack system description in the scope definition, leading to a biased interpretation of results. Another important issue was the functional unit selection, which did not represent the complexity of UWSs, lacking important details such as water loss, water quality, and population served. Water treatment is the most researched process in UWSs, and stormwater systems (collection or treatment) are rarely included, representing only 25% of the analyzed literature. In conclusion, the application of LCSA tools faces fundamental challenges, such as data quality and availability. Concerning the engineering improvements, future works should use LCSA data to support design and technology development, also focusing on human behaviour and frugal technology alternatives. Finally, new paradigms need to be developed and applied to enhance sustainability and integrate UWS.","PeriodicalId":50514,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2022-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43757192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Kieta, P. Owens, E. Petticrew, T. French, Alexander J. Koiter, Michael Rutherford
Wildfires are a natural landscape disturbance in many climates and forest types, but the cumulative impact of human-caused climate change, historical fire management and suppression, and changing species diversity in forests has led to an increase in the size and/or severity of wildfires in certain regions across the globe. There are a significant number of research studies on the effects of wildfire on human health, forest ecology, hydrology, and the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soils. However, research on the impact of wildfire on watersheds including toxicity in aquatic organisms, water chemistry, and fluvial sediment quality is less extensive, focusing primarily on water quality indicators such as nutrients and sediment flux. Recent research has shown that wildfires contribute to the environment significant amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are compounds produced during the incomplete combustion of organic material, and are known to be toxic and mutagenic compounds. The primary objective of this paper is to review the recent literature that pertains to the contamination of surface waters and sediments, and source apportionment of wildfire-derived PAHs to determine where research gaps remain. Additional objectives are to assess the use of molecular ratios to apportion PAH sources, and finally, to create a roadmap for future studies in designing and conducting research that seeks to determine sources of wildfire-derived PAHs in water and sediment.
{"title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in terrestrial and aquatic environments following wildfire: a review","authors":"K. Kieta, P. Owens, E. Petticrew, T. French, Alexander J. Koiter, Michael Rutherford","doi":"10.1139/er-2022-0055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2022-0055","url":null,"abstract":"Wildfires are a natural landscape disturbance in many climates and forest types, but the cumulative impact of human-caused climate change, historical fire management and suppression, and changing species diversity in forests has led to an increase in the size and/or severity of wildfires in certain regions across the globe. There are a significant number of research studies on the effects of wildfire on human health, forest ecology, hydrology, and the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soils. However, research on the impact of wildfire on watersheds including toxicity in aquatic organisms, water chemistry, and fluvial sediment quality is less extensive, focusing primarily on water quality indicators such as nutrients and sediment flux. Recent research has shown that wildfires contribute to the environment significant amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are compounds produced during the incomplete combustion of organic material, and are known to be toxic and mutagenic compounds. The primary objective of this paper is to review the recent literature that pertains to the contamination of surface waters and sediments, and source apportionment of wildfire-derived PAHs to determine where research gaps remain. Additional objectives are to assess the use of molecular ratios to apportion PAH sources, and finally, to create a roadmap for future studies in designing and conducting research that seeks to determine sources of wildfire-derived PAHs in water and sediment.","PeriodicalId":50514,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46064542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Cooke, D. Galassi, B. Gillanders, S. J. Landsman, N. Hammerschlag, A. Gallagher, E. Eliason, C. Kraft, Mark K. Taylor, C. Crisafulli, D. Shugar, R. Lennox
“Natural” disasters (also known as geophysical disasters) involve physical processes that have a direct or indirect impact on humans. These events occur rapidly and may have severe consequences for resident flora and fauna as their habitat undergoes dramatic and sudden change. Although most studies have focused on the impact of natural disasters on humans and terrestrial systems, geophysical disasters can also impact aquatic ecosystems. Here we provide a synthesis on the effects of the most common and destructive geophysical disasters on aquatic systems (life and habitat). Our approach spanned realms (i.e., freshwater, estuarine, marine) and taxa (i.e., plants, vertebrates, invertebrates, microbes) and included floods, droughts, wildfires, hurricanes/cyclones/typhoons, tornadoes, dust storms, ice storms, avalanches (snow), landslides, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes (including limnic eruptions), tsunamis, and cosmic events. Many geophysical disasters have dramatic effects on aquatic systems. The evidence base is somewhat limited for some natural disasters because transient events (e.g., tornadoes, floods) are difficult to study. Most natural disaster studies focus on geology/geomorphology and hazard assessment for humans and infrastructure. However, the destruction of aquatic systems can impact humans indirectly through loss of food security, cultural services or livelihoods. Many geophysical disasters interact in complex ways (e.g., wildfires often lead to landslides and flooding) and can be magnified or otherwise mediated by human activities. Our synthesis reveals that geophysical events influence aquatic ecosystems, often in negative ways, yet systems can be resilient provided that effects are not compounded by anthropogenic stressors. It is difficult to predict or prevent geophysical disasters but understanding how aquatic ecosystems are influenced by geophysical events is important given the inherent connection between peoples and aquatic ecosystems.
{"title":"Consequences of “Natural” Disasters on Aquatic Life and Habitats","authors":"S. Cooke, D. Galassi, B. Gillanders, S. J. Landsman, N. Hammerschlag, A. Gallagher, E. Eliason, C. Kraft, Mark K. Taylor, C. Crisafulli, D. Shugar, R. Lennox","doi":"10.1139/er-2022-0050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2022-0050","url":null,"abstract":"“Natural” disasters (also known as geophysical disasters) involve physical processes that have a direct or indirect impact on humans. These events occur rapidly and may have severe consequences for resident flora and fauna as their habitat undergoes dramatic and sudden change. Although most studies have focused on the impact of natural disasters on humans and terrestrial systems, geophysical disasters can also impact aquatic ecosystems. Here we provide a synthesis on the effects of the most common and destructive geophysical disasters on aquatic systems (life and habitat). Our approach spanned realms (i.e., freshwater, estuarine, marine) and taxa (i.e., plants, vertebrates, invertebrates, microbes) and included floods, droughts, wildfires, hurricanes/cyclones/typhoons, tornadoes, dust storms, ice storms, avalanches (snow), landslides, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes (including limnic eruptions), tsunamis, and cosmic events. Many geophysical disasters have dramatic effects on aquatic systems. The evidence base is somewhat limited for some natural disasters because transient events (e.g., tornadoes, floods) are difficult to study. Most natural disaster studies focus on geology/geomorphology and hazard assessment for humans and infrastructure. However, the destruction of aquatic systems can impact humans indirectly through loss of food security, cultural services or livelihoods. Many geophysical disasters interact in complex ways (e.g., wildfires often lead to landslides and flooding) and can be magnified or otherwise mediated by human activities. Our synthesis reveals that geophysical events influence aquatic ecosystems, often in negative ways, yet systems can be resilient provided that effects are not compounded by anthropogenic stressors. It is difficult to predict or prevent geophysical disasters but understanding how aquatic ecosystems are influenced by geophysical events is important given the inherent connection between peoples and aquatic ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":50514,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48423179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Wang, Whijin Kim, Cholho Song, E. Park, H. Jo, Jiwon Kim, Wookyun Lee
The progress of the global effort to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is increasingly impeded by the degradation of critical and fundamental resources such as water, food, energy, and ecosystem services. The Mid Latitude Region (MLR) of the world is at the forefront of confronting these challenges due to rapid population growth, increasing poverty, and drought and climate change that are exacerbating the transition of semi-arid landscapes to deserts. While scientific studies are accumulating around the water-food-energy-ecosystem nexus, efforts to simulate how the linkages amongst the elements relate to SDGs are lacking in the MLR. We attempt to review and analyze existing literature about how water-food-energy-ecosystems operate, interact, and relate to SDGs. We identified 37 relationships and ascertained the nature of their interactions, of which 12 are significant and have direct bearings on the SDGs. The findings show that most studies and approaches that address the nexus challenges in the MLR exist in silos. In addition, there is a lack of a scientific approach to quantify how the nexus operates and relates to SDGs. For instance, past studies show that deforestation for agriculture could increase food security. However, there is a weak focus on tradeoffs (e.g., loss of ecosystem services due to deforestation). Deforestation is also shown to have a negative relationship with the quantity and quality of water (SDG6) as well as the functionality of an ecosystem (SDG15). Furthermore, the review has indicated a negative relationship between irrigated agriculture and water and a positive relationship with food. This directly implies that water and food issues must be addressed in tandem and not separately if we are to achieve SDG goals 2 and 6. The review supports the idea that water, food, energy, and ecosystem services cannot be managed separately, and that future approaches must focus on integrating and optimizing the connections between them to ensure sustainable development.
{"title":"Relationships among water, food, energy, and ecosystems in the Mid-Latitude Region in the context of sustainable development goals","authors":"S. Wang, Whijin Kim, Cholho Song, E. Park, H. Jo, Jiwon Kim, Wookyun Lee","doi":"10.1139/er-2022-0041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2022-0041","url":null,"abstract":"The progress of the global effort to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is increasingly impeded by the degradation of critical and fundamental resources such as water, food, energy, and ecosystem services. The Mid Latitude Region (MLR) of the world is at the forefront of confronting these challenges due to rapid population growth, increasing poverty, and drought and climate change that are exacerbating the transition of semi-arid landscapes to deserts. While scientific studies are accumulating around the water-food-energy-ecosystem nexus, efforts to simulate how the linkages amongst the elements relate to SDGs are lacking in the MLR. We attempt to review and analyze existing literature about how water-food-energy-ecosystems operate, interact, and relate to SDGs. We identified 37 relationships and ascertained the nature of their interactions, of which 12 are significant and have direct bearings on the SDGs. The findings show that most studies and approaches that address the nexus challenges in the MLR exist in silos. In addition, there is a lack of a scientific approach to quantify how the nexus operates and relates to SDGs. For instance, past studies show that deforestation for agriculture could increase food security. However, there is a weak focus on tradeoffs (e.g., loss of ecosystem services due to deforestation). Deforestation is also shown to have a negative relationship with the quantity and quality of water (SDG6) as well as the functionality of an ecosystem (SDG15). Furthermore, the review has indicated a negative relationship between irrigated agriculture and water and a positive relationship with food. This directly implies that water and food issues must be addressed in tandem and not separately if we are to achieve SDG goals 2 and 6. The review supports the idea that water, food, energy, and ecosystem services cannot be managed separately, and that future approaches must focus on integrating and optimizing the connections between them to ensure sustainable development.","PeriodicalId":50514,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44122777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Jota Baptista, F. Seixas, J. M. Gonzalo-Orden, P. Oliveira
Trace elements (including heavy metals) can negatively affect the environment and the health of living beings. Biomonitoring is a transdisciplinary tool to evaluate this pollution type and its respective consequences in ecosystems, food chains and webs. This review uses systematic methods to identify published literature on biomonitoring of heavy metal(loid)s using wild mammals on the Iberian Peninsula. A total of 30 different mammalian species (30/141) were included in 62 Iberian biomonitoring studies; 22 species from terrestrial habitats and 8 from aquatic habitats. Carnivores (including piscivores) are the most represented in both habitat types (7/22 in terrestrial; 8/8 in aquatic). Most studies used more than one tissue (2.8±1.3), with a preference for the liver and kidney. Cd was the most determined metal, measured in 45% of the biomonitoring studies analysed, highlighting its potential health impact on mammals. Further research is crucial to provide more information on mammalian species' susceptibility to this One Health problem; and to cover more habitats, trophic chains, and/or geographical areas.
{"title":"Biomonitoring of heavy metals and metalloids with wild mammals in the Iberian Peninsula: a systematic review","authors":"C. Jota Baptista, F. Seixas, J. M. Gonzalo-Orden, P. Oliveira","doi":"10.1139/er-2022-0071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2022-0071","url":null,"abstract":"Trace elements (including heavy metals) can negatively affect the environment and the health of living beings. Biomonitoring is a transdisciplinary tool to evaluate this pollution type and its respective consequences in ecosystems, food chains and webs. This review uses systematic methods to identify published literature on biomonitoring of heavy metal(loid)s using wild mammals on the Iberian Peninsula. A total of 30 different mammalian species (30/141) were included in 62 Iberian biomonitoring studies; 22 species from terrestrial habitats and 8 from aquatic habitats. Carnivores (including piscivores) are the most represented in both habitat types (7/22 in terrestrial; 8/8 in aquatic). Most studies used more than one tissue (2.8±1.3), with a preference for the liver and kidney. Cd was the most determined metal, measured in 45% of the biomonitoring studies analysed, highlighting its potential health impact on mammals. Further research is crucial to provide more information on mammalian species' susceptibility to this One Health problem; and to cover more habitats, trophic chains, and/or geographical areas.","PeriodicalId":50514,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2022-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48804349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Levi T. Helm, E. Murphy, Alexis McGivern, Stephanie B. Borrelle
The ecological and societal impacts of plastics production, use, and waste are a complex global challenge. Management strategies to mitigate the impacts of plastics, such as recycling, waste-to-energy, and replacement with alternative materials have impacts of their own. Achieving long-term sustainability of plastics use therefore requires considering the externalized impacts of such management strategies. Here, we assessed the literature on the most common plastic waste management strategies to identify their impacts in relation to the Sustainable Development Goals. We reviewed impacts of bans, levies, and taxes; alternative products; recycling; waste-to-energy; plastic recovery; and extended producer responsibility. Our analysis identified a total of 259 measured impacts of plastic waste mitigation strategies, from 113 papers. Ninety-three impacts were negative, 104 were positive, 11 were neutral, and 51 depended on the context of implementation. Consideration of the impacts of both plastic materials and management strategies is necessary to avoid perverse outcomes of plastic pollution mitigation efforts.
{"title":"Impacts of Plastic Waste Management Strategies","authors":"Levi T. Helm, E. Murphy, Alexis McGivern, Stephanie B. Borrelle","doi":"10.1139/er-2021-0117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2021-0117","url":null,"abstract":"The ecological and societal impacts of plastics production, use, and waste are a complex global challenge. Management strategies to mitigate the impacts of plastics, such as recycling, waste-to-energy, and replacement with alternative materials have impacts of their own. Achieving long-term sustainability of plastics use therefore requires considering the externalized impacts of such management strategies. Here, we assessed the literature on the most common plastic waste management strategies to identify their impacts in relation to the Sustainable Development Goals. We reviewed impacts of bans, levies, and taxes; alternative products; recycling; waste-to-energy; plastic recovery; and extended producer responsibility. Our analysis identified a total of 259 measured impacts of plastic waste mitigation strategies, from 113 papers. Ninety-three impacts were negative, 104 were positive, 11 were neutral, and 51 depended on the context of implementation. Consideration of the impacts of both plastic materials and management strategies is necessary to avoid perverse outcomes of plastic pollution mitigation efforts.","PeriodicalId":50514,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2022-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44945669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Marteinson, Michael J. Lawrence, Z. Taranu, Kerri Kosziwka, Jessica J. Taylor, Alexandria Green, Amanda K. Winegardner, T. Rytwinski, Jessica L. Reid, C. Dubetz, Judith Leblanc, Michal Galus, S. Cooke
In response to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic there has been an increased need for personal and environmental decontamination to aid in curbing transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Products used for this purpose include sanitizers for hands and disinfectants for surfaces. The active chemical ingredients used in these products, termed antimicrobials, can enter waste streams after application and may be emerging as more prominent environmental contaminants. Even prior to COVID-19, there was recognized need to examine their implications for aquatic biota, which is now made more pressing due to their exaggerated use in response to the pandemic. Our objectives were to identify current antimicrobial active ingredients, quantify their increased use, and determine which may be candidates for further consideration as possible aquatic contaminants. By consulting multiple sources of publicly available information in Canada, we identified current-use antimicrobials from the lists of sanitizers and surface disinfectants approved for use against SARS-CoV-2 by Health Canada and the drug registration database. To estimate the use of sanitizers and disinfectants, we evaluated import quantities and grocery store retail sales of related compounds and products (Statistics Canada) and both lines of evidence supported increased use trends. The list of identified antimicrobials was refined to include only candidates with potential to reach aquatic ecosystems, and information on their environmental concentrations and toxicity to aquatic biota were reviewed. Candidate antimicrobials (n=32) fell into four main categories: quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), phenols, acids and salts. Benzalkonium chloride, a QAC, was the most prominent active ingredient used in both non-alcohol-based hand sanitizers and surface disinfectants. Four QACs followed in prevalence and the next most used antimicrobial was triclosan (hand sanitizers only), an established and regulated environmental contaminant. Little information was found on environmental concentrations of other candidates, suggesting that the majority would fall into the category of emerging contaminants if they enter aquatic systems. Several were classified as acutely or chronically toxic to aquatic biota (Globally Harmonised System) and thus we recommend empirical research begin focusing on environmental monitoring of all candidate antimicrobials as a critical next step, with detection method development first where needed.
{"title":"Increased use of sanitizers and disinfectants during the COVID-19 pandemic: identification of antimicrobial chemicals and considerations for aquatic environmental contamination","authors":"S. Marteinson, Michael J. Lawrence, Z. Taranu, Kerri Kosziwka, Jessica J. Taylor, Alexandria Green, Amanda K. Winegardner, T. Rytwinski, Jessica L. Reid, C. Dubetz, Judith Leblanc, Michal Galus, S. Cooke","doi":"10.1139/er-2022-0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2022-0035","url":null,"abstract":"In response to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic there has been an increased need for personal and environmental decontamination to aid in curbing transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Products used for this purpose include sanitizers for hands and disinfectants for surfaces. The active chemical ingredients used in these products, termed antimicrobials, can enter waste streams after application and may be emerging as more prominent environmental contaminants. Even prior to COVID-19, there was recognized need to examine their implications for aquatic biota, which is now made more pressing due to their exaggerated use in response to the pandemic. Our objectives were to identify current antimicrobial active ingredients, quantify their increased use, and determine which may be candidates for further consideration as possible aquatic contaminants. By consulting multiple sources of publicly available information in Canada, we identified current-use antimicrobials from the lists of sanitizers and surface disinfectants approved for use against SARS-CoV-2 by Health Canada and the drug registration database. To estimate the use of sanitizers and disinfectants, we evaluated import quantities and grocery store retail sales of related compounds and products (Statistics Canada) and both lines of evidence supported increased use trends. The list of identified antimicrobials was refined to include only candidates with potential to reach aquatic ecosystems, and information on their environmental concentrations and toxicity to aquatic biota were reviewed. Candidate antimicrobials (n=32) fell into four main categories: quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), phenols, acids and salts. Benzalkonium chloride, a QAC, was the most prominent active ingredient used in both non-alcohol-based hand sanitizers and surface disinfectants. Four QACs followed in prevalence and the next most used antimicrobial was triclosan (hand sanitizers only), an established and regulated environmental contaminant. Little information was found on environmental concentrations of other candidates, suggesting that the majority would fall into the category of emerging contaminants if they enter aquatic systems. Several were classified as acutely or chronically toxic to aquatic biota (Globally Harmonised System) and thus we recommend empirical research begin focusing on environmental monitoring of all candidate antimicrobials as a critical next step, with detection method development first where needed.","PeriodicalId":50514,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2022-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44026468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Whijin Kim, E. Park, H. Jo, M. Roh, Joon-Soon Kim, Cholho Song, Wookyun Lee
Abnormalities in climate in recent years have been attributed to climate change. In particular, an increase in the frequency of droughts has started to influence the way we live. There is an urgent need to study and monitor droughts to prevent severe damage. Drought monitoring research is conducted using the meteorological drought index, a compilation of weather data. Although weather data are highly dependent on climatic zones, existing studies have not considered the drought index by climatic zones. This study aims to identify the spatial and climatic distribution of meteorological drought index studies and provide a well-matched combination of the drought index and climatic classification through a meta-analytic review. Data were used in the form of research papers covering the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) published from 2011 to 2021. The trends showed that SPEI has become a leading index for the study of drought monitoring among the three drought indices since 2015. Additionally, Asia was the focus of much of this drought research due to climate events in China. Each continent and climate classification was assigned to a different dominant drought index. For example, PDSI was commonly used in North America and continental climates, SPI in Africa, Europe, South America, and tropical and dry climates, and SPEI in Asia and temperate climates. This evaluates countries, in which drought monitoring studies are rare, using a meteorological index based on the same climatic zones. Monitoring and predicting drought patterns would improve the basic needs of humankind.
{"title":"A Meta-analytic Review on the Spatial and Climatic Distribution of Meteorological Drought Indices","authors":"Whijin Kim, E. Park, H. Jo, M. Roh, Joon-Soon Kim, Cholho Song, Wookyun Lee","doi":"10.1139/er-2021-0098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2021-0098","url":null,"abstract":"Abnormalities in climate in recent years have been attributed to climate change. In particular, an increase in the frequency of droughts has started to influence the way we live. There is an urgent need to study and monitor droughts to prevent severe damage. Drought monitoring research is conducted using the meteorological drought index, a compilation of weather data. Although weather data are highly dependent on climatic zones, existing studies have not considered the drought index by climatic zones. This study aims to identify the spatial and climatic distribution of meteorological drought index studies and provide a well-matched combination of the drought index and climatic classification through a meta-analytic review. Data were used in the form of research papers covering the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) published from 2011 to 2021. The trends showed that SPEI has become a leading index for the study of drought monitoring among the three drought indices since 2015. Additionally, Asia was the focus of much of this drought research due to climate events in China. Each continent and climate classification was assigned to a different dominant drought index. For example, PDSI was commonly used in North America and continental climates, SPI in Africa, Europe, South America, and tropical and dry climates, and SPEI in Asia and temperate climates. This evaluates countries, in which drought monitoring studies are rare, using a meteorological index based on the same climatic zones. Monitoring and predicting drought patterns would improve the basic needs of humankind.","PeriodicalId":50514,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2022-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44109918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Yukon, Canada, average air temperature has increased by 2 °C over the past 50 years and, by the end of the century up to 6.9 °C of further warming is predicted, along with increased climate variability. As a result of these and other changes, vegetation communities are predicted to shift in space and composition. Changes to the vegetation assemblages across multiple ecological units or bioclimate zones will impact carbon and nutrient cycling, animal habitat, biodiversity levels, and other ecosystem processes. Yukon has a wide variety of vegetation communities, and paleoecological evidence indicates that significant vegetation changes have occurred throughout the territory in the past. No documented synthesis of changes to vegetation assemblages exists, restricting predictions of their future likelihood, abundance, and influence. Here, we review the literature of documented examples of vegetation change throughout Yukon that have occurred ( i) in different vegetation communities due to the persistent press of climate change and ( ii) after natural disturbances. Future research into all vegetation responses under ongoing climate change is warranted. We identify critical research gaps for each vegetation community and disturbance type that should be addressed to produce a more encompassing understanding of the response of Yukon bioclimate zones and vegetation communities to future warming and disturbances.
{"title":"Patterns of vegetation change in Yukon: recent findings and future research in dynamic subarctic ecosystems","authors":"K. Reid, D. Reid, Carissa D. Brown","doi":"10.1139/er-2021-0110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2021-0110","url":null,"abstract":"In Yukon, Canada, average air temperature has increased by 2 °C over the past 50 years and, by the end of the century up to 6.9 °C of further warming is predicted, along with increased climate variability. As a result of these and other changes, vegetation communities are predicted to shift in space and composition. Changes to the vegetation assemblages across multiple ecological units or bioclimate zones will impact carbon and nutrient cycling, animal habitat, biodiversity levels, and other ecosystem processes. Yukon has a wide variety of vegetation communities, and paleoecological evidence indicates that significant vegetation changes have occurred throughout the territory in the past. No documented synthesis of changes to vegetation assemblages exists, restricting predictions of their future likelihood, abundance, and influence. Here, we review the literature of documented examples of vegetation change throughout Yukon that have occurred ( i) in different vegetation communities due to the persistent press of climate change and ( ii) after natural disturbances. Future research into all vegetation responses under ongoing climate change is warranted. We identify critical research gaps for each vegetation community and disturbance type that should be addressed to produce a more encompassing understanding of the response of Yukon bioclimate zones and vegetation communities to future warming and disturbances.","PeriodicalId":50514,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45636051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Costa, Caleb Sutter, A. Shepherd, H. Jarvie, H. Wilson, J. Elliott, Jian Liu, M. Macrae
This study is a meta-analysis of global articles on hydrological nutrient dynamics to determine trends and consensus on (1) the effects of climate change-induced hydrological and temperature drivers on nutrient dynamics and how these effects vary along the catchment continuum from land to river to lake; (2) the convergence of climate change impacts with other anthropogenic pressures (agriculture, urbanization) in nutrient dynamics; and (3) regional variability in the effects of climate change on nutrient dynamics and water-quality impairment across different climate zones. An innovative web crawler tool was employed to help critically synthesize the information in the literature. The literature suggests that climate change will impact nutrient dynamics around the globe and exacerbate contemporary water quality challenges. Nutrient leaching and overland flow transport are projected to increase globally, promoted by extreme precipitation. Seasonal variations in streamflow are expected to emulate changing precipitation patterns, but the specific local impacts of climate change on hydrology and nutrient dynamics will vary both seasonally and regionally. Plant activity may reduce some of this load in non-agricultural soils if the expected increase in plant uptake of nutrients prompted by increased temperatures can compensate for greater N and P mineralization, N deposition, and leaching rates. High-temperature forest and grass fires may help reduce mineralization and microbial turnover by altering N speciation via the pyrolysis of organic matter. In agricultural areas that are at higher risk of erosion, extreme precipitation will exacerbate existing water quality issues, and greater plant nutrient uptake may lead to an increase in fertilizer use. Future urban expansion will amplify these effects. Higher ambient temperatures will promote harmful cyanobacterial blooms by enhancing thermal stratification, increasing nutrient load into streams and lakes from extreme precipitation events, decreasing summer flow and thus baseflow dilution capacity, and increasing water and nutrient residence times during increasingly frequent droughts. Land management decisions must consider the nuanced regional and seasonal changes identified in this review (realized and predicted). Such knowledge is critical to increasing international cooperation and accelerating action toward the United Nations's global sustainability goals and the specific objectives of the COP26.
{"title":"Impact of climate change on catchment nutrient dynamics: insights from around the world","authors":"D. Costa, Caleb Sutter, A. Shepherd, H. Jarvie, H. Wilson, J. Elliott, Jian Liu, M. Macrae","doi":"10.1139/er-2021-0109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2021-0109","url":null,"abstract":"This study is a meta-analysis of global articles on hydrological nutrient dynamics to determine trends and consensus on (1) the effects of climate change-induced hydrological and temperature drivers on nutrient dynamics and how these effects vary along the catchment continuum from land to river to lake; (2) the convergence of climate change impacts with other anthropogenic pressures (agriculture, urbanization) in nutrient dynamics; and (3) regional variability in the effects of climate change on nutrient dynamics and water-quality impairment across different climate zones. An innovative web crawler tool was employed to help critically synthesize the information in the literature. The literature suggests that climate change will impact nutrient dynamics around the globe and exacerbate contemporary water quality challenges. Nutrient leaching and overland flow transport are projected to increase globally, promoted by extreme precipitation. Seasonal variations in streamflow are expected to emulate changing precipitation patterns, but the specific local impacts of climate change on hydrology and nutrient dynamics will vary both seasonally and regionally. Plant activity may reduce some of this load in non-agricultural soils if the expected increase in plant uptake of nutrients prompted by increased temperatures can compensate for greater N and P mineralization, N deposition, and leaching rates. High-temperature forest and grass fires may help reduce mineralization and microbial turnover by altering N speciation via the pyrolysis of organic matter. In agricultural areas that are at higher risk of erosion, extreme precipitation will exacerbate existing water quality issues, and greater plant nutrient uptake may lead to an increase in fertilizer use. Future urban expansion will amplify these effects. Higher ambient temperatures will promote harmful cyanobacterial blooms by enhancing thermal stratification, increasing nutrient load into streams and lakes from extreme precipitation events, decreasing summer flow and thus baseflow dilution capacity, and increasing water and nutrient residence times during increasingly frequent droughts. Land management decisions must consider the nuanced regional and seasonal changes identified in this review (realized and predicted). Such knowledge is critical to increasing international cooperation and accelerating action toward the United Nations's global sustainability goals and the specific objectives of the COP26.","PeriodicalId":50514,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2022-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44835762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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