Cédric Albert, A. Taylor, Travis Logan, L. D’Orangeville
Climate change is altering the dynamics of New Brunswick's forests. To mitigate the effects of climate change, it is crucial to account for future uncertainties in climate projections and natural disturbance trajectories when designing forestry practices. This paper presents the projected changes in key climatic drivers for New Brunswick's forests, examines the impacts of climate change on forest stand dynamics, and reviews adaptive silviculture tools for climate change adaptation. By 2071-2100, a projected 4-6°C increase in mean annual temperature will lead to a 39-77% rise in growing degree days and a reduction in summer atmospheric water balance by 48-79mm across New Brunswick. Foresters should anticipate a doubling of annual area burned, the northward migration of spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens)), and the introduction of novel insects and diseases. Forest simulation models project a severe decline in boreal tree species abundance, including a 50% decline in balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill) and black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill) B.S.P.), offset by an increase in temperate species, notably red maple (Acer rubrum L.; +200%) and American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh; +135%). Forests in the highlands and lowlands ecoregions, with 40-50% and 15-30% spruce and balsam fir composition respectively, are particularly vulnerable. To limit climate change effects on forest values, foresters must prioritize climate resiliency in their management plans. Strategies should ensure the steady provision of forest goods and services under changing climatic conditions. Forest thinning enhances stand productivity and resilience, while shelterwood and two-age harvest balances timber production with diversity. Clearcutting, despite drawbacks, establishes younger, more vigorous forests with higher carbon sequestration potential. Assisted migration offers promise in helping threatened tree species adapt. Climate change will have a significant impact on New Brunswick's forests, leading to changes in key climatic drivers, increased risks of disturbances, and a shift towards more temperate tree species. However, there are existing adaptation strategies available. It is crucial to consider future uncertainties when designing and evaluating forestry practices, as this is essential for mitigating the effects of climate change on forest values and ensuring the continued provision of forest goods and services over time.
{"title":"The Acadian Forest of New Brunswick in the 21st century: what shifting heat and water balance implies for future stand dynamics and management","authors":"Cédric Albert, A. Taylor, Travis Logan, L. D’Orangeville","doi":"10.1139/er-2022-0122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2022-0122","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is altering the dynamics of New Brunswick's forests. To mitigate the effects of climate change, it is crucial to account for future uncertainties in climate projections and natural disturbance trajectories when designing forestry practices. This paper presents the projected changes in key climatic drivers for New Brunswick's forests, examines the impacts of climate change on forest stand dynamics, and reviews adaptive silviculture tools for climate change adaptation. By 2071-2100, a projected 4-6°C increase in mean annual temperature will lead to a 39-77% rise in growing degree days and a reduction in summer atmospheric water balance by 48-79mm across New Brunswick. Foresters should anticipate a doubling of annual area burned, the northward migration of spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens)), and the introduction of novel insects and diseases. Forest simulation models project a severe decline in boreal tree species abundance, including a 50% decline in balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill) and black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill) B.S.P.), offset by an increase in temperate species, notably red maple (Acer rubrum L.; +200%) and American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh; +135%). Forests in the highlands and lowlands ecoregions, with 40-50% and 15-30% spruce and balsam fir composition respectively, are particularly vulnerable. To limit climate change effects on forest values, foresters must prioritize climate resiliency in their management plans. Strategies should ensure the steady provision of forest goods and services under changing climatic conditions. Forest thinning enhances stand productivity and resilience, while shelterwood and two-age harvest balances timber production with diversity. Clearcutting, despite drawbacks, establishes younger, more vigorous forests with higher carbon sequestration potential. Assisted migration offers promise in helping threatened tree species adapt. Climate change will have a significant impact on New Brunswick's forests, leading to changes in key climatic drivers, increased risks of disturbances, and a shift towards more temperate tree species. However, there are existing adaptation strategies available. It is crucial to consider future uncertainties when designing and evaluating forestry practices, as this is essential for mitigating the effects of climate change on forest values and ensuring the continued provision of forest goods and services over time.","PeriodicalId":50514,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43036464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Cooke, M. Piczak, E. Nyboer, F. Michalski, Abigal Bennett, A. A. Koning, Kathy A. Hughes, Yushun Chen, Jinming Wu, I. Cowx, L. Koehnken, R. Raghavan, P. Pompeu, S. Phang, J. Valbo‐Jørgensen, M. Bendixen, Aurora Torres, A. Getahun, G. Kondolf, M. Acreman, Andrew M. Song, W. Taylor
For millennia humans have extracted biological and physical resources from the planet to sustain societies and enable the development of technology and infrastructure. Growth in the human population and changing consumption patterns have increased the human footprint on ecosystems and their biodiversity, including in fresh waters. Freshwater ecosystems and biodiversity face many threats and it is now widely accepted that we are in a biodiversity crisis. One means of protecting and restoring freshwater biodiversity is to better manage the exploitation of freshwater biota and aggregate resources (e.g., sand, gravel, boulders). Here we outline the threats arising from such exploitation and identify response options to ensure that methods and levels of extraction are sustainable and allow recovery of over-exploited freshwater biodiversity and ecosystems. The guidance we provide will enable practitioners, policy makers, and resource stewards to embrace effective, sustainable, and evidence-based approaches to resource extraction. Response options for managing species exploitation include strengthening assessment and reporting, using science-based approaches to reduce overexploitation and support recovery, embracing community engagement, and building or tightening legislation. Response options for managing exploitation of freshwater aggregate resources include reducing demand for harvest, strengthening governance, reporting, and monitoring of environmental impacts, and promoting the restoration of degraded ecosystems or compensating for losses. Diverse case studies highlight examples of where various management actions have been implemented in an effort to consider how they can be scaled up and adapted to other contexts. Managing exploitation will be a key aspect of broader initiatives needed to protect and restore freshwater biodiversity around the globe.
{"title":"Managing exploitation of freshwater species and aggregates to protect and restore freshwater biodiversity","authors":"S. Cooke, M. Piczak, E. Nyboer, F. Michalski, Abigal Bennett, A. A. Koning, Kathy A. Hughes, Yushun Chen, Jinming Wu, I. Cowx, L. Koehnken, R. Raghavan, P. Pompeu, S. Phang, J. Valbo‐Jørgensen, M. Bendixen, Aurora Torres, A. Getahun, G. Kondolf, M. Acreman, Andrew M. Song, W. Taylor","doi":"10.1139/er-2022-0118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2022-0118","url":null,"abstract":"For millennia humans have extracted biological and physical resources from the planet to sustain societies and enable the development of technology and infrastructure. Growth in the human population and changing consumption patterns have increased the human footprint on ecosystems and their biodiversity, including in fresh waters. Freshwater ecosystems and biodiversity face many threats and it is now widely accepted that we are in a biodiversity crisis. One means of protecting and restoring freshwater biodiversity is to better manage the exploitation of freshwater biota and aggregate resources (e.g., sand, gravel, boulders). Here we outline the threats arising from such exploitation and identify response options to ensure that methods and levels of extraction are sustainable and allow recovery of over-exploited freshwater biodiversity and ecosystems. The guidance we provide will enable practitioners, policy makers, and resource stewards to embrace effective, sustainable, and evidence-based approaches to resource extraction. Response options for managing species exploitation include strengthening assessment and reporting, using science-based approaches to reduce overexploitation and support recovery, embracing community engagement, and building or tightening legislation. Response options for managing exploitation of freshwater aggregate resources include reducing demand for harvest, strengthening governance, reporting, and monitoring of environmental impacts, and promoting the restoration of degraded ecosystems or compensating for losses. Diverse case studies highlight examples of where various management actions have been implemented in an effort to consider how they can be scaled up and adapted to other contexts. Managing exploitation will be a key aspect of broader initiatives needed to protect and restore freshwater biodiversity around the globe.","PeriodicalId":50514,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45217719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Decision making tools have become a prominent methodology in watershed management for many years due to the complexity of environmental systems and requirement for multi-disciplinary expertise. Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) is a systematic methodology, which combines hierarchical structures of a problem and priorities for the alternatives in many fields. This study reviews MCDA applications in pollution risk assessment in the abiotic environments of watersheds for multi-pollutants. Over 80 papers published between 2000 and 2021 are identified in three categories of the Web of Science Core Collection database: ‘Environmental Sciences’, ‘Environmental Studies’ and ‘Water Resources’. The publications are further classified according to different environmental compartments; surface water, groundwater, and soil to investigate MCDA applications in these matrices. Finally, the distribution of the publications according to contaminants and MCDA methods used are also examined. The results reveal that the number of the studies focusing on pollution risk assessment within watersheds have been significantly increasing, especially over the last decade. However, there are still limited MCDA applications linking environmental compartments. Despite several MCDA studies focusing on the vulnerability of watersheds to multiple pollutants, studies related with emerging pollutants are scarce. Moreover, compared to non-point source pollution, studies adopting MCDA to investigate pollutant concentrations coming from point sources are relatively few. According to the overall distributions of MCDA methods, Analytic Hierarchy Process, a commonly found method in the literature that adopts a technique of pairwise comparison to prioritize criteria of prominence, dominates 34% of the publications.
由于环境系统的复杂性和对多学科专业知识的需求，决策工具多年来已成为流域管理的重要方法。多准则决策分析(MCDA)是一种系统的方法，它结合了问题的层次结构和许多领域的备选方案的优先级。本文综述了MCDA在流域非生物环境多污染物污染风险评价中的应用。2000年至2021年间发表的80多篇论文被确定在Web of Science核心收集数据库的三个类别中:“环境科学”、“环境研究”和“水资源”。根据不同的环境分类，出版物进一步分类;地表水，地下水和土壤研究MCDA在这些基质中的应用。最后，根据污染物和使用的MCDA方法对出版物的分布进行了检查。结果表明，流域污染风险评价的研究数量显著增加，特别是近十年来。然而，连接环境隔间的MCDA应用仍然有限。尽管一些MCDA研究侧重于流域对多种污染物的脆弱性，但与新兴污染物相关的研究很少。此外，与非点源污染相比，采用MCDA来研究点源污染物浓度的研究相对较少。根据MCDA方法的总体分布，层次分析法是文献中常用的一种方法，它采用两两比较的技术来优先考虑显著性标准，占出版物的34%。
{"title":"Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis in Assessing Watershed Scale Pollution Risk: A Review of Combined Approaches and Applications","authors":"Zeynep Akdogan, B. Güven","doi":"10.1139/er-2023-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2023-0017","url":null,"abstract":"Decision making tools have become a prominent methodology in watershed management for many years due to the complexity of environmental systems and requirement for multi-disciplinary expertise. Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) is a systematic methodology, which combines hierarchical structures of a problem and priorities for the alternatives in many fields. This study reviews MCDA applications in pollution risk assessment in the abiotic environments of watersheds for multi-pollutants. Over 80 papers published between 2000 and 2021 are identified in three categories of the Web of Science Core Collection database: ‘Environmental Sciences’, ‘Environmental Studies’ and ‘Water Resources’. The publications are further classified according to different environmental compartments; surface water, groundwater, and soil to investigate MCDA applications in these matrices. Finally, the distribution of the publications according to contaminants and MCDA methods used are also examined. The results reveal that the number of the studies focusing on pollution risk assessment within watersheds have been significantly increasing, especially over the last decade. However, there are still limited MCDA applications linking environmental compartments. Despite several MCDA studies focusing on the vulnerability of watersheds to multiple pollutants, studies related with emerging pollutants are scarce. Moreover, compared to non-point source pollution, studies adopting MCDA to investigate pollutant concentrations coming from point sources are relatively few. According to the overall distributions of MCDA methods, Analytic Hierarchy Process, a commonly found method in the literature that adopts a technique of pairwise comparison to prioritize criteria of prominence, dominates 34% of the publications.","PeriodicalId":50514,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45130624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Ashton, Hannah Lieberman, Callum Morrison, Marie-Élise Samson
One widely recognized climate change mitigation strategy in agriculture is enhancing soil carbon (C) sequestration – the process of capturing atmospheric carbon dioxide and storing it in the soil. By adopting natural climate solutions (NCS) such as cover crops, reduced tillage, and diverse crop rotations, farmers can increase soil C sequestration and co-benefits such as biodiversity. Canada is increasingly interested in better positioning farmers to adopt NCS via government cost-share programs, ecosystem marketplaces, and outreach and education initiatives. Given the policy and market driven interest in soil C sequestration in agriculture, there is a need to advance the science policy interface, ensuring foundational science, NCS implementation, and approaches to promote NCS are aligned. Herein, the objective is to present insights from multiple disciplines that can help build connections between soil carbon sequestration science and policy relevant to Canada's croplands. The method is a review of literature on soil and pedoclimate science, agricultural NCS adoption, agricultural NCS governance, and science policy interfaces to achieve this objective. From this review, key insights underline that Canadian cropland soils do not have a homogenous history in NCS adoption and production type, nor are all regions influenced by the same contextual factors, have the same potential in C storage or exist within the same agri-environmental conditions. Therefore, it is emphasized herein that policies that aim to enhance soil organic carbon in croplands should consider local context and C sequestration potential. Policies and programs implemented locally to enhance C sequestration across Canada should be complemented by nationally scalable measuring and monitoring to ensure outcomes are accounted for against climate goals. This review aims to contribute to building a common understanding of soil C sequestration in Canada’s croplands and its science policy interface. Efforts to further strengthen the science policy interface for soil C sequestration in Canada’s croplands might include greater integration and utilization of science and data from multiple disciplines, co-design and collaborative opportunities, and establishing on-the-ground test projects to explore innovation in policy and market design.
{"title":"Carbon sequestration in Canada’s croplands: A review of multiple disciplines influencing the science policy interface","authors":"L. Ashton, Hannah Lieberman, Callum Morrison, Marie-Élise Samson","doi":"10.1139/er-2022-0129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2022-0129","url":null,"abstract":"One widely recognized climate change mitigation strategy in agriculture is enhancing soil carbon (C) sequestration – the process of capturing atmospheric carbon dioxide and storing it in the soil. By adopting natural climate solutions (NCS) such as cover crops, reduced tillage, and diverse crop rotations, farmers can increase soil C sequestration and co-benefits such as biodiversity. Canada is increasingly interested in better positioning farmers to adopt NCS via government cost-share programs, ecosystem marketplaces, and outreach and education initiatives. Given the policy and market driven interest in soil C sequestration in agriculture, there is a need to advance the science policy interface, ensuring foundational science, NCS implementation, and approaches to promote NCS are aligned. Herein, the objective is to present insights from multiple disciplines that can help build connections between soil carbon sequestration science and policy relevant to Canada's croplands. The method is a review of literature on soil and pedoclimate science, agricultural NCS adoption, agricultural NCS governance, and science policy interfaces to achieve this objective. From this review, key insights underline that Canadian cropland soils do not have a homogenous history in NCS adoption and production type, nor are all regions influenced by the same contextual factors, have the same potential in C storage or exist within the same agri-environmental conditions. Therefore, it is emphasized herein that policies that aim to enhance soil organic carbon in croplands should consider local context and C sequestration potential. Policies and programs implemented locally to enhance C sequestration across Canada should be complemented by nationally scalable measuring and monitoring to ensure outcomes are accounted for against climate goals. This review aims to contribute to building a common understanding of soil C sequestration in Canada’s croplands and its science policy interface. Efforts to further strengthen the science policy interface for soil C sequestration in Canada’s croplands might include greater integration and utilization of science and data from multiple disciplines, co-design and collaborative opportunities, and establishing on-the-ground test projects to explore innovation in policy and market design.","PeriodicalId":50514,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42522392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Veronika Prepilková, Juraj Poništ, Marián Schwarz, D. Samešová
Kitchen waste presents a significant problem in waste management because of its large volume and other properties. Technologies for the treatment of kitchen waste are more or less tested in laboratory, semi-operational, or operational conditions. The main current technologies for the treatment of kitchen waste are anaerobic digestion, composting, incineration, and landfilling. However, new methods for kitchen waste treatment are currently being developed that combine the advantages and eliminate the disadvantages of current technologies. This review provides an overview, critically comparing the current methods of kitchen waste treatment. The comparison has been made primarily from the point of view of environmental advantages and disadvantages. This review does not take into account economic factors, which are difficult to evaluate as their value has to be related to a specific process and unit of capacity. In addition, we summarize some innovative methods for kitchen waste treatment that have already been tested under laboratory conditions.
{"title":"Challenges and opportunities for kitchen waste treatment—a review","authors":"Veronika Prepilková, Juraj Poništ, Marián Schwarz, D. Samešová","doi":"10.1139/er-2023-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2023-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Kitchen waste presents a significant problem in waste management because of its large volume and other properties. Technologies for the treatment of kitchen waste are more or less tested in laboratory, semi-operational, or operational conditions. The main current technologies for the treatment of kitchen waste are anaerobic digestion, composting, incineration, and landfilling. However, new methods for kitchen waste treatment are currently being developed that combine the advantages and eliminate the disadvantages of current technologies. This review provides an overview, critically comparing the current methods of kitchen waste treatment. The comparison has been made primarily from the point of view of environmental advantages and disadvantages. This review does not take into account economic factors, which are difficult to evaluate as their value has to be related to a specific process and unit of capacity. In addition, we summarize some innovative methods for kitchen waste treatment that have already been tested under laboratory conditions.","PeriodicalId":50514,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49588449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Arthington, D. Tickner, M. McClain, M. Acreman, E. Anderson, S. Babu, C. Dickens, A. Horne, Nitin Kaushal, W. Monk, G. O’Brien, J. Olden, J. Opperman, Afua Owusu, N. LeRoy Poff, B. Richter, S. Salinas-Rodríguez, Beauty Shamboko‐Mbale, R. Tharme, S. Yarnell
Environmental flows (e-flows) aim to mitigate the threat of altered hydrological regimes in river systems and connected waterbodies and are an important component of integrated strategies to address multiple threats to freshwater biodiversity. Expanding and accelerating implementation of e-flows can support river conservation and help to restore the biodiversity and resilience of hydrologically altered and water-stressed rivers and connected freshwater ecosystems. While there have been significant developments in e-flows science, assessment and societal acceptance, implementation of e-flows within water resources management has been slower than required and geographically uneven. This review explores critical factors that enable successful e-flows implementation and biodiversity outcomes in particular, drawing on 13 case studies and the literature. It presents e-flows implementation as an adaptive management cycle enabled by 10 factors: legislation and governance, financial and human resourcing, stakeholder engagement and co-production of knowledge, collaborative monitoring of ecological and social-economic outcomes, capacity training and research, exploration of trade-offs among water users, removing or retrofitting water infrastructure to facilitate e-flows and connectivity, and adaptation to climate change. Recognising that there may be barriers and limitations to the full and effective enablement of each factor, the authors have identified corresponding options and generalizable recommendations for actions to overcome prominent constraints, drawing on the case studies and wider literature. The urgency of addressing flow-related freshwater biodiversity loss demands collaborative networks to train and empower a new generation of e-flows practitioners equipped with the latest tools and insights to lead adaptive environmental water management globally. Mainstreaming e-flows within conservation planning, integrated water resource management (IWRM), river restoration strategies and adaptations to climate change, is imperative. The policy drivers and associated funding commitments of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework offer crucial opportunities to achieve the human benefits contributed by e-flows as nature-based solutions (NBS), such as flood risk management, floodplain fisheries restoration and increased river resilience to climate change.
{"title":"Accelerating environmental flows implementation to bend the curve of global freshwater biodiversity loss","authors":"A. Arthington, D. Tickner, M. McClain, M. Acreman, E. Anderson, S. Babu, C. Dickens, A. Horne, Nitin Kaushal, W. Monk, G. O’Brien, J. Olden, J. Opperman, Afua Owusu, N. LeRoy Poff, B. Richter, S. Salinas-Rodríguez, Beauty Shamboko‐Mbale, R. Tharme, S. Yarnell","doi":"10.1139/er-2022-0126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2022-0126","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental flows (e-flows) aim to mitigate the threat of altered hydrological regimes in river systems and connected waterbodies and are an important component of integrated strategies to address multiple threats to freshwater biodiversity. Expanding and accelerating implementation of e-flows can support river conservation and help to restore the biodiversity and resilience of hydrologically altered and water-stressed rivers and connected freshwater ecosystems. While there have been significant developments in e-flows science, assessment and societal acceptance, implementation of e-flows within water resources management has been slower than required and geographically uneven. This review explores critical factors that enable successful e-flows implementation and biodiversity outcomes in particular, drawing on 13 case studies and the literature. It presents e-flows implementation as an adaptive management cycle enabled by 10 factors: legislation and governance, financial and human resourcing, stakeholder engagement and co-production of knowledge, collaborative monitoring of ecological and social-economic outcomes, capacity training and research, exploration of trade-offs among water users, removing or retrofitting water infrastructure to facilitate e-flows and connectivity, and adaptation to climate change. Recognising that there may be barriers and limitations to the full and effective enablement of each factor, the authors have identified corresponding options and generalizable recommendations for actions to overcome prominent constraints, drawing on the case studies and wider literature. The urgency of addressing flow-related freshwater biodiversity loss demands collaborative networks to train and empower a new generation of e-flows practitioners equipped with the latest tools and insights to lead adaptive environmental water management globally. Mainstreaming e-flows within conservation planning, integrated water resource management (IWRM), river restoration strategies and adaptations to climate change, is imperative. The policy drivers and associated funding commitments of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework offer crucial opportunities to achieve the human benefits contributed by e-flows as nature-based solutions (NBS), such as flood risk management, floodplain fisheries restoration and increased river resilience to climate change.","PeriodicalId":50514,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41294629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Thieme, K. Birnie‐Gauvin, J. Opperman, P. Franklin, H. Richter, L. Baumgartner, N. Ning, An V. Vu, K. Brink, Michael Sakala, G. O’Brien, R. Petersen, Pakkasem Tongchai, S. Cooke
Freshwater connectivity and the associated flow regime are critical components of the health of freshwater ecosystems. When freshwater ecosystems are fragmented, movements and flows of species, nutrients, sediments, and water are altered, changing the natural dynamics of freshwater ecosystems. The consequences of these changes include declines and loss of freshwater species populations and freshwater ecosystems, and alterations in the delivery of certain ecosystem services, such as fisheries, buffering of flood events, healthy deltas, recreational and cultural values, and others. Measures exist that can maintain and restore connectivity or mitigate against its loss in the face of constructed barriers or other habitat alterations. These measures include system-scale planning for energy and water resources that includes options for limiting loss of freshwater connectivity; putting in place protections for keeping critically important freshwater habitats connected; mitigating impacts on freshwater ecosystems via barrier design, fish passage or implementation of environmental flows; restoring freshwaters via barrier removal and reconnection of rivers, wetlands and floodplains and via active management of groundwater recharge. We present case studies of measures applied in Europe, Asia, Africa and the Americas and reflect on the next generation of innovation needed to further enhance and advance the implementation of restoration and protection and the mitigation of freshwater connectivity impacts.
{"title":"Measures to Safeguard and Restore River Connectivity","authors":"M. Thieme, K. Birnie‐Gauvin, J. Opperman, P. Franklin, H. Richter, L. Baumgartner, N. Ning, An V. Vu, K. Brink, Michael Sakala, G. O’Brien, R. Petersen, Pakkasem Tongchai, S. Cooke","doi":"10.1139/er-2023-0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2023-0019","url":null,"abstract":"Freshwater connectivity and the associated flow regime are critical components of the health of freshwater ecosystems. When freshwater ecosystems are fragmented, movements and flows of species, nutrients, sediments, and water are altered, changing the natural dynamics of freshwater ecosystems. The consequences of these changes include declines and loss of freshwater species populations and freshwater ecosystems, and alterations in the delivery of certain ecosystem services, such as fisheries, buffering of flood events, healthy deltas, recreational and cultural values, and others. Measures exist that can maintain and restore connectivity or mitigate against its loss in the face of constructed barriers or other habitat alterations. These measures include system-scale planning for energy and water resources that includes options for limiting loss of freshwater connectivity; putting in place protections for keeping critically important freshwater habitats connected; mitigating impacts on freshwater ecosystems via barrier design, fish passage or implementation of environmental flows; restoring freshwaters via barrier removal and reconnection of rivers, wetlands and floodplains and via active management of groundwater recharge. We present case studies of measures applied in Europe, Asia, Africa and the Americas and reflect on the next generation of innovation needed to further enhance and advance the implementation of restoration and protection and the mitigation of freshwater connectivity impacts.","PeriodicalId":50514,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45726776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Piczak, Denielle M. Perry, S. Cooke, I. Harrison, Silvia Benítez, A. A. Koning, Li Peng, P. Limbu, K. Smokorowski, S. Salinas-Rodríguez, J. Koehn, I. Creed
Freshwater biodiversity is under great threat across the globe as evidenced by more severe declines relative to other types of ecosystems. One of the main stressors responsible for these concerning trends is habitat fragmentation, degradation, and loss stemming from anthropogenic activities including energy production, urbanization, agriculture, and resource extraction. Habitat protection and restoration both play an integral role in efforts to save freshwater biodiversity and associated ecosystem services from further decline. In this paper, we summarize the sources of threats associated with habitat fragmentation, degradation, and loss, and then outline response options to protect and restore freshwater habitats. Specific response options are to: legislate the protection of healthy and productive freshwater ecosystems; prioritize habitats for protection and restoration; enact durable protections; conserve habitat in a coordinated and integrated manner; engage in evidence-based restoration using an adaptive management approach; ensure that potential freshwater habitat alterations are mitigated or off-set; and future-proof protection and restoration actions. Such work should be done through a lens that engages and involves local community members. We identify three broad categories of obstacles that arise during the implementation of the response options outlined: a) scientific (e.g., inaccessible data or uncertainties), b) institutional and management (e.g., capacity issues or differing goals across agencies), and c) social and political (e.g., prioritizing economic development over conservation initiatives). The protection and restoration of habitats is key to bending the curve for freshwater biodiversity, with a comprehensive, connected, and coordinated effort of response options needed to protect intact habitats and restore fragmented, degraded, and lost habitats and the biodiversity and ecosystem services that they support.
{"title":"Protecting and restoring habitats to benefit freshwater biodiversity","authors":"M. Piczak, Denielle M. Perry, S. Cooke, I. Harrison, Silvia Benítez, A. A. Koning, Li Peng, P. Limbu, K. Smokorowski, S. Salinas-Rodríguez, J. Koehn, I. Creed","doi":"10.1139/er-2023-0034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2023-0034","url":null,"abstract":"Freshwater biodiversity is under great threat across the globe as evidenced by more severe declines relative to other types of ecosystems. One of the main stressors responsible for these concerning trends is habitat fragmentation, degradation, and loss stemming from anthropogenic activities including energy production, urbanization, agriculture, and resource extraction. Habitat protection and restoration both play an integral role in efforts to save freshwater biodiversity and associated ecosystem services from further decline. In this paper, we summarize the sources of threats associated with habitat fragmentation, degradation, and loss, and then outline response options to protect and restore freshwater habitats. Specific response options are to: legislate the protection of healthy and productive freshwater ecosystems; prioritize habitats for protection and restoration; enact durable protections; conserve habitat in a coordinated and integrated manner; engage in evidence-based restoration using an adaptive management approach; ensure that potential freshwater habitat alterations are mitigated or off-set; and future-proof protection and restoration actions. Such work should be done through a lens that engages and involves local community members. We identify three broad categories of obstacles that arise during the implementation of the response options outlined: a) scientific (e.g., inaccessible data or uncertainties), b) institutional and management (e.g., capacity issues or differing goals across agencies), and c) social and political (e.g., prioritizing economic development over conservation initiatives). The protection and restoration of habitats is key to bending the curve for freshwater biodiversity, with a comprehensive, connected, and coordinated effort of response options needed to protect intact habitats and restore fragmented, degraded, and lost habitats and the biodiversity and ecosystem services that they support.","PeriodicalId":50514,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46606911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Lynch, Amanda A. Hyman, S. J. Cooke, S. Capon, P. Franklin, S. Jähnig, M. McCartney, Nguyễn Phú Hòa, Margaret Awuor Owuor, J. Pittock, M. Samways, Luiz G. M. Silva, E. Steel, D. Tickner
Freshwater biodiversity loss is accelerating globally, but humanity can change this trajectory through actions that enable recovery. To be successful, these actions require coordination and planning at a global scale. The Emergency Recovery Plan for global freshwater biodiversity aims to reduce the risk for freshwater biodiversity loss through six priority actions: 1) accelerate implementation of environmental flows; 2) improve water quality to sustain aquatic life; 3) protect and restore critical habitats; 4) manage exploitation of freshwater species and riverine aggregates; 5) prevent and control nonnative species invasions in freshwater habitats; and 6) safeguard and restore freshwater connectivity. These actions can be implemented using future-proofing approaches that anticipate future risks (e.g., emerging pollutants, new invaders, synergistic effects) and minimize likely stressors to make conservation of freshwater biodiversity more resilient to climate change and other global environmental challenges. While uncertainty with respect to past observations is not a new concern for freshwater biodiversity, future-proofing has the distinction of accounting for the uncertainty of future conditions that have no historical baseline. The level of uncertainty with respect to future conditions is unprecedented. Future-proofing of the Emergency Recovery Plan for freshwater biodiversity will require anticipating future changes and developing and implementing actions to address those future changes. Here, we showcase future-proofing approaches likely to be successful using local case studies and examples. Ensuring that response options within the Emergency Recovery Plan are future-proofed will provide decision-makers with science-informed choices, even in the face of uncertain and potentially new future conditions. We are at an inflection point for global freshwater biodiversity loss; learning from defeats and successes can support improved actions towards a sustainable future.
{"title":"Future-proofing the Emergency Recovery Plan for freshwater biodiversity","authors":"A. Lynch, Amanda A. Hyman, S. J. Cooke, S. Capon, P. Franklin, S. Jähnig, M. McCartney, Nguyễn Phú Hòa, Margaret Awuor Owuor, J. Pittock, M. Samways, Luiz G. M. Silva, E. Steel, D. Tickner","doi":"10.1139/er-2022-0116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2022-0116","url":null,"abstract":"Freshwater biodiversity loss is accelerating globally, but humanity can change this trajectory through actions that enable recovery. To be successful, these actions require coordination and planning at a global scale. The Emergency Recovery Plan for global freshwater biodiversity aims to reduce the risk for freshwater biodiversity loss through six priority actions: 1) accelerate implementation of environmental flows; 2) improve water quality to sustain aquatic life; 3) protect and restore critical habitats; 4) manage exploitation of freshwater species and riverine aggregates; 5) prevent and control nonnative species invasions in freshwater habitats; and 6) safeguard and restore freshwater connectivity. These actions can be implemented using future-proofing approaches that anticipate future risks (e.g., emerging pollutants, new invaders, synergistic effects) and minimize likely stressors to make conservation of freshwater biodiversity more resilient to climate change and other global environmental challenges. While uncertainty with respect to past observations is not a new concern for freshwater biodiversity, future-proofing has the distinction of accounting for the uncertainty of future conditions that have no historical baseline. The level of uncertainty with respect to future conditions is unprecedented. Future-proofing of the Emergency Recovery Plan for freshwater biodiversity will require anticipating future changes and developing and implementing actions to address those future changes. Here, we showcase future-proofing approaches likely to be successful using local case studies and examples. Ensuring that response options within the Emergency Recovery Plan are future-proofed will provide decision-makers with science-informed choices, even in the face of uncertain and potentially new future conditions. We are at an inflection point for global freshwater biodiversity loss; learning from defeats and successes can support improved actions towards a sustainable future.","PeriodicalId":50514,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48895727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alana A. E. Wilcox, M. Jurasek, Conor D. Mallory, T. Shury, P. Thomas, C. Soos, J. Provencher
Oil production activities have remained contentious in Canada due to the risk of contaminant exposure and environmental impacts. However, despite recent advances in monitoring, there is a lack of information on contaminant exposure and its associated impacts for many species at risk. The threat from contaminants to wood bison ( Bison bison athabascae) in the Peace-Athabasca region, located principally in northeastern Alberta, is of particular concern, given the small size of the at-risk herds and the potential combined impacts of various stressors, including contaminants, disease, and climate change. Here, we review the available literature on contaminants in wood bison in the Peace-Athabasca region, extracting information on objectives, study design, location, contaminants, and analytic methods. We found six articles that assessed contaminants in wood bison and showed that, in the oil sands region, the species is exposed to a multitude of chemical contaminants. In particular, heavy metals, including arsenic, cadmium, lead, and inorganic mercury, were analyzed most often in bison kidney, liver, and muscle tissue. We also provide a comparison of the type and levels of heavy metals in wood bison and moose ( Alces alces). We found that articles on wood bison were dated relative to moose (i.e., mostly pre-1990s) and that fewer heavy metals and tissue types were assessed. Lastly, we discuss the gaps in knowledge on select heavy metals in these species and the known effects on human health. Overall, our results suggest that more research and monitoring are needed to understand the threats to wood bison, interacting and cumulative effects, and potential concerns related to human health and well-being for communities that rely on wood bison as a traditional food source.
{"title":"An assessment of contaminants in bison (Bison bison athabascae) in the Peace-Athabasca region","authors":"Alana A. E. Wilcox, M. Jurasek, Conor D. Mallory, T. Shury, P. Thomas, C. Soos, J. Provencher","doi":"10.1139/er-2022-0094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2022-0094","url":null,"abstract":"Oil production activities have remained contentious in Canada due to the risk of contaminant exposure and environmental impacts. However, despite recent advances in monitoring, there is a lack of information on contaminant exposure and its associated impacts for many species at risk. The threat from contaminants to wood bison ( Bison bison athabascae) in the Peace-Athabasca region, located principally in northeastern Alberta, is of particular concern, given the small size of the at-risk herds and the potential combined impacts of various stressors, including contaminants, disease, and climate change. Here, we review the available literature on contaminants in wood bison in the Peace-Athabasca region, extracting information on objectives, study design, location, contaminants, and analytic methods. We found six articles that assessed contaminants in wood bison and showed that, in the oil sands region, the species is exposed to a multitude of chemical contaminants. In particular, heavy metals, including arsenic, cadmium, lead, and inorganic mercury, were analyzed most often in bison kidney, liver, and muscle tissue. We also provide a comparison of the type and levels of heavy metals in wood bison and moose ( Alces alces). We found that articles on wood bison were dated relative to moose (i.e., mostly pre-1990s) and that fewer heavy metals and tissue types were assessed. Lastly, we discuss the gaps in knowledge on select heavy metals in these species and the known effects on human health. Overall, our results suggest that more research and monitoring are needed to understand the threats to wood bison, interacting and cumulative effects, and potential concerns related to human health and well-being for communities that rely on wood bison as a traditional food source.","PeriodicalId":50514,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47102753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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