Agricultural and Forest Meteorology最新文献

{"title":"Carbon fluxes and partitioning in Eucalyptus and Pinus plantations across a climatic gradient in Brazil","authors":"Fernanda Leite Cunha ,&nbsp;Otávio Camargo Campoe ,&nbsp;Cléber Rodrigo de Souza ,&nbsp;Isaira Leite & Lopes ,&nbsp;Yann Nouvellon ,&nbsp;Timothy Albaugh ,&nbsp;David R. Carter ,&nbsp;Rafael Rubilar ,&nbsp;Isabel Deliberari ,&nbsp;Rachel Cook ,&nbsp;Joannès Guillemot ,&nbsp;Guerric Le Maire ,&nbsp;Jean-Paul Laclau ,&nbsp;Jose Luiz Stape ,&nbsp;Clayton Alcarde Alvares","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110977","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110977","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Brazilian <em>Eucalyptus</em> and <em>Pinus</em> forests are the most productive forests worldwide. The growth rates of these intensively managed plantations depend strongly on environmental conditions and matching genotypes to local environments. Changing climates underscore the value of understanding the intricacies of how these plantations can fix high amounts of carbon (C) and grow so much wood. We measured the full C budgets of <em>Eucalyptus</em> and <em>Pinus</em> forests across climate gradients in Brazil, focusing on the rates of C uptake, the allocation of C to belowground roots and mycorrhizae, and stem growth. We found that gross primary production (GPP) varied more than sixfold across the climate conditions in Brazil. Maximum temperature was the main climatic driver of productivity, where extreme temperatures reduced fluxes to stem production while increasing fluxes to root production. Net ecosystem production varied with management and age across the sites. The ecophysiological investigation presented in this work is fundamental for understanding C partitioning behavior under extreme temperature conditions. In this way, our results provide tools for forest managers to support their decision-making processes as well as starting points for strategies to be implemented in projects aimed at mitigating the effects of climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 110977"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145753299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating ecosystem water use efficiency and recovery dynamics during flash droughts: insights from observations and model simulations","authors":"Yuefeng Hao ,&nbsp;Jiafu Mao ,&nbsp;Yaoping Wang ,&nbsp;Lianhong Gu ,&nbsp;Jeffrey Wood ,&nbsp;Paul J. Hanson ,&nbsp;Melanie A. Mayes ,&nbsp;Mingzhou Jin ,&nbsp;Peter E. Thornton ,&nbsp;Xiaoying Shi ,&nbsp;Daniel M. Ricciuto","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110982","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110982","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flash droughts (FD), rapidly emerging in a warming future, disrupt ecosystems, agriculture, and water security. Ecosystem water use efficiency (WUE), the ratio of gross primary production (GPP) to actual evapotranspiration (AET), balances carbon assimilation and water loss. FD rapidly disrupts this balance, making WUE critical for assessing plant stress and recovery. This study investigates the dynamics of landscape-scale WUE, and the components of GPP and AET under FD utilizing both observed data from the Missouri Ozark AmeriFlux site (US-MOz) and version 2 of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Earth, Energy, Exascale System Model (E3SM) Land Model (ELMv2). Observations and simulations reveal GPP as dominant for WUE during earlier FD events (2005, 2007, 2012), shifting to AET in recent events (2014, 2018). This agreement indicates that the ELM can capture the shifting dynamics of GPP and AET in regulating WUE under FD conditions. However, the ELM systematically underestimates both GPP and AET and does so in a manner that does not preserve their ratio. As a result, WUE is also underestimated, suggesting that GPP is more strongly underestimated than AET. Furthermore, the ELM also underestimates the speed of GPP recovery, producing an artificially prolonged GPP recovery time following FD events. Observed environmental drivers such as vapor pressure deficit (VPD), soil moisture (SM), and predawn leaf water potential (PLWP) effectively predict WUE, but ELM primarily highlights SM, underestimating VPD’s role. This study demonstrates that relying solely on soil moisture fails to capture the rapid hydraulic recovery observed in PLWP, underscoring the necessity of integrating plant hydraulics into land surface models to improve flash drought predictability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 110982"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145731138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bedrock controls vegetation resilience: Dominant role of lithology in the 2022 southern China drought","authors":"Qian Li ,&nbsp;Yuemin Yue ,&nbsp;Lu Wang ,&nbsp;Xiangkun Qi ,&nbsp;Kelin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110991","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110991","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although previous studies have shown that bedrock composition regulates vegetation drought vulnerability, the variability in the response and recovery mechanisms of vegetation under different lithologic contexts remain unclear. Based on the record-breaking extreme drought that occurred in Southwest China in 2022, this study integrated multi-source remote sensing data to systematically assess productivity loss, vegetation recovery time, and their main controlling factors across karst regions (dolomite and limestone) and non-karst regions (clastic rocks). The results showed that vegetation in dolomite areas experienced the most severe productivity loss, maximum GPP (Gross Primary Productivity) loss of shrubland reached 494 kg C/m², 2.57 times higher than that in clastic rock regions, and the average recovery time after drought reached 5.08 months, 1.60 times longer than in clastic regions. Importance analysis indicated that WUE (Water Use Efficiency) was the key factor affecting vegetation recovery in dolomite and limestone regions, with importance values of 0.76 and 0.35, respectively; whereas, temperature was the dominant factor in clastic rocks region (importance value = 0.85). Although vegetation in limestone areas recovered slightly faster than in dolomite, it was still limited by weak WUE. Coupled analysis of WUE and SSM (Surface Soil Moisture) revealed that WUE decreases with greater water availability in limestone and dolomite areas but increases in clastic regions, reflecting a higher water-use responsiveness of vegetation on clastic bedrock. This indicates that the limited soil water-holding capacity in karst regions restricts the potential for efficient water use under high-moisture conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 110991"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145753300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"APAR is a better predictor than LUE of the stem growth differences found between Loblolly pine grown in the United State and Brazil","authors":"Lorena Oliveira Barbosa ,&nbsp;Otávio Camargo Campoe ,&nbsp;José Roberto Soares Scolforo ,&nbsp;Henrique Ferraço Scolforo ,&nbsp;Timothy J. Albaugh ,&nbsp;Rachel Cook ,&nbsp;Rafael Rubilar ,&nbsp;Juscelina Arcanjo Santos","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110964","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110964","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Pinus taeda</em> is a species native to southeastern regions of the United State (USA), but plantations with the highest productivity are found in the southern region of Brazil (BRA). The objective of our study was to determine the higher (Light Use Efficiency) LUE and absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR) of <em>P. taeda</em> genotypes with different spacings in order to evaluate potential strategies that could increase the productivity of intensively managed stands in Brazil and the United States. The experiment was designed as a split-split-plot, and evaluations included 81 trees in BRA and 63 trees in the USA, two genotypes (clone C3 vs. open pollination (OP)) and two spacings (BRA – 2.4 × 6.8 m, 613 trees/ha; USA – 3.66 × 4.42 m, 618 trees/ha) and narrow spacing (BRA – 2.4 × 2.2 m, 1894 trees/ha; USA – 3.66 × 1.47 m, 1853 trees/ha). Individual tree calculations of LUE were made at both locations for each tree by dividing its current annual stem increment (WNPPi) by APAR estimated from MAESTRA, a process-based model. The parameterization of this model included the use of forest inventory data, meteorological data, crown characteristics (average crown radius, height, diameter, and leaf area), leaf area density distribution, leaf transmittance, and leaf and soil reflectance. Results showed that trees growing in Brazil had greater leaf area (32%) and stem biomass growth (5%) and absorbed more light (49%) than trees in the USA. The genotype C3 was more efficient than OP in light use at both locations. Narrow spacing resulted in higher LUE values (0,8 g MJ^-1). APAR explain 80% and 65% of WNPP in BRA and USA, respective. Our results suggest that LUE explained the growth differences between sites, genotypes, and spacings, while APAR provided a better differentiation of WNPP between the sites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 110964"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145753301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Future viability of European vineyards using bioclimatic climate analogues","authors":"Héloïse Allaman ,&nbsp;Stéphane Goyette ,&nbsp;Pierre-Henri Dubuis ,&nbsp;Jérôme Kasparian","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110978","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110978","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change is reshaping the geography of viticulture, threatening traditional wine regions while opening opportunities for new ones. This study applies a climate analogues approach to assess how European vineyards may evolve and/or shift under future climate scenarios. We tailor the method to viticulture by integrating bioclimatic indices related to vine growth and disease risks, correcting for vineyard-scale topography, and accounting for redundancy between the indices.</div><div>Our analysis supports both adaptation, by identifying present-day locations resembling future vineyard climates, and prospective expansion, by revealing regions with emerging suitability. We find that temperature-related indices related to plant growth drive north–south and elevation shifts, while pathogen-related indices-linked to humidity and precipitation-cause notable east–west displacements. While northern Europe may become thermally suitable for vine-growing by the end of the 21th century, its projected high humidity could intensify disease pressure, potentially limiting its long-term sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 110978"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145753357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Spring phenology in subtropical trees: Developing process-based models on an experimental basis” [Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 314 (2022) 108802]","authors":"Rui Zhang ,&nbsp;Jianhong Lin ,&nbsp;Fucheng Wang ,&nbsp;Nicolas Delpierre ,&nbsp;Koen Kramer ,&nbsp;Heikki Hänninen ,&nbsp;Jiasheng Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110981","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110981","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 110981"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145732625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic importance of memory and spatial neighbourhood effects in modelling net ecosystem productivity","authors":"Jian Liu ,&nbsp;Tao Zhou ,&nbsp;Jingyu Zeng ,&nbsp;Jingzhou Zhang ,&nbsp;Xuemei Wu ,&nbsp;Yajie Zhang ,&nbsp;Qi Zhang ,&nbsp;Yancheng Qu ,&nbsp;Peixia Liu ,&nbsp;Wenjuan Zhang ,&nbsp;E Tan ,&nbsp;Ying Yu ,&nbsp;Li Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110985","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110985","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Net ecosystem productivity (NEP) is a key indicator of terrestrial carbon balance, and elucidating its spatiotemporal patterns is essential for understanding global carbon cycle processes and response mechanisms under climate change. However, substantial uncertainty persists owing to lag, legacy, and spatial neighbourhood effects, necessitating the joint consideration of memory and neighbourhood information for accurate NEP simulation. We developed a convolutional long short-term memory (ConvLSTM) deep-learning model using global flux observations, multisource remote sensing, and environmental driver data to capture spatiotemporal dependencies in simulating global terrestrial NEP and quantitatively compared it with models that consider only memory (LSTM), only neighbourhoods (CNN), or neither (ANN) to assess the synergistic importance of memory and neighbourhood effects in NEP simulations. The results demonstrated that (1) ConvLSTM performed best (mean site-level validation R² = 0.72; RMSE = 0.86 g C m^-2 d^-1), with closer agreement to observations in long-term trends and interannual variation. LSTM (R² = 0.66; RMSE = 0.94 g C m^-2 d^-1) and CNN (R² = 0.67; RMSE = 0.93 g C m^-2 d^-1) results were intermediate, and the ANN was the worst (R² = 0.56; RMSE = 1.06 g C m^-2 d^-1). (2) The results from ConvLSTM indicate that global terrestrial NEP increased from 2001 to 2023 (0.052 Pg C yr^-2), with marked regional differences: parts of the Amazon and Congo showed declining sink capacity, whereas eastern China and India strengthened. Ignoring both memory and neighbourhood effects overestimated sink strength and growth in highly productive regions, and memory effects dominated neighbourhood effects in shaping NEP spatial patterns. (3) Jointly modelling memory and neighbourhood information also improved the detection of drought legacy effects and NEP responses to ENSO events.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 110985"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145731181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Northeast Italian viticulture affected by heat and vegetation stress. A satellite-based study from 2000 to 2024","authors":"Vincenzo Baldan,&nbsp;Eugenio Straffelini,&nbsp;Vincenzo D’Agostino,&nbsp;Paolo Tarolli","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110962","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110962","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The impact of extreme temperatures on viticulture in northeastern Italy is emerging as a significant risk for farmers due to the changing climate. Rising temperatures and stronger heatwaves are exacerbating the frequency of heat and the vegetation stress on the phenology of the plants. However, the influence of climate change in extreme surface temperature and the frequency of the vegetation stress over the years in northeastern Italy’s vineyards is still less explored. This study aims to analyse daytime and nighttime Land Surface Temperature (LST) and the Vegetation Health Index (VHI) from 2000 to 2024. The frequency distribution of extreme temperatures and vegetation stress was analysed using satellite data from the MODIS dataset, also considering three main vineyard classes. The study was conducted using Google Earth Engine platform, followed by a non-parametric trend analysis assessment. Results shows that nighttime LST is increasing significantly across the study area, while the daytime LST shows a significant increasing trend in flat vineyards, which are also more exposed to heat and vegetation stress. In contrast, steep and heroic vineyards are more affected by higher night temperatures. The VHI is getting worse in most of the study area, while the occurrences of the stress level increased in the 2020–2024 period. The findings could be used for structure guidelines for policy makers to design strategies to mitigate the impacts on vineyards. This work aims to stimulate further research into the effects of climate change on land surface temperature and vegetation stress in the Italian viticulture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 110962"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145731693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Greenhouse gas fluxes in a managed floodplain forest in the Amazon estuary","authors":"Mario Flores Aroni ,&nbsp;José Henrique Cattanio ,&nbsp;Mário Augusto Gonçalves Jardim ,&nbsp;Steel Silva Vasconcelos ,&nbsp;Claudio José Reis de Carvalho ,&nbsp;Rafaela Sales de Morais ,&nbsp;Edite Torres Maia","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110979","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110979","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The exchange of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) between the soil and the atmosphere in the Amazonian estuarine forests remains poorly quantified, obscuring their role in the greenhouse effect. However, the spatial and temporal variability of these gases needs to be better understood, mainly because of the constant occurrence of floods in this ecosystem. This is the first annual study that uses the closed dynamic chamber method to quantify CO₂ and CH₄ fluxes in relation to floristic composition and environmental variables in a floodplain forest in the Amazon estuary. The average soil flux was 13.60 g CO₂ m^-2 d^-1 and 176.92 mg CH₄ m^-2 d^-1, both presenting spatial and temporal variations. Soil CO₂ flux was higher in the high topography areas and in the rainy season, and the CH₄ flux was higher in the low topography areas and also in the rainy season. Greenhouse gas fluxes from soil in the Amazon floodplain are controlled by topography, which influences key determinants such as moisture (as water table height) soil temperature, and the soil carbon content. In this sense, the balance between carbon production and consumption depends on the hydrological conditions and the duration of floods, which can change under conditions of climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 110979"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145731694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tracking canopy conductance and transpiration of CAM-plants Agave sisalana with carbonyl sulfide fluxes","authors":"Kukka-Maaria Kohonen ,&nbsp;Angelika Kübert ,&nbsp;Lutz Merbold ,&nbsp;Matti Räsänen ,&nbsp;Nina Buchmann ,&nbsp;Ivan Mammarella ,&nbsp;Petri Pellikka ,&nbsp;Timo Vesala","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110966","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110966","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) helps plants in arid regions to reduce water loss by opening their stomata and taking up carbon dioxide (CO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>) during nighttime. While gas exchange in CAM plants has been mainly studied under controlled laboratory conditions, only a few ecosystem scale studies exist. Moreover, carbonyl sulfide (COS) has been used as a tracer for stomatal conductance, transpiration and photosynthesis in C<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> and C<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> plants, but no studies on CAM ecosystems have yet been published. Here we present the first ecosystem scale measurements of COS fluxes over <em>Agave sisalana</em> (CAM plant), commercially cultivated for its fiber. The measurements were made during the wet season in Kenya. The ecosystem was a consistent sink of COS, with higher uptake observed during nighttime (−11.5 pmol m⁻² s⁻¹) than during daytime (-5.6 pmol m⁻² s⁻¹). The magnitude of COS fluxes was comparable to non-growing season daytime fluxes reported for C<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> and C<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> plant dominated ecosystems. The soil was a small COS source (0.3 pmol m⁻² s⁻¹), with highest emissions under high radiation and temperature conditions. Using random forest modeling, we found that vapor pressure deficit, air temperature and soil water content were the most important drivers of nighttime ecosystem COS exchange (variable importance 0.25, 0.23 and 0.20, respectively), indicating the importance of stomatal limitation for COS fluxes. During daytime, air temperature, photosynthetically active radiation and soil temperature were the most important drivers (variable importances 0.19, 0.18 and 0.18, respectively). COS fluxes were further used to track canopy stomatal conductance and transpiration and compared to another transpiration estimate from the conditional eddy covariance method, which is based on raw water vapor and vertical wind data from eddy covariance. Conductance values ranged from 0.03 ± 0.06 mol m⁻² s⁻¹ during daytime to 0.06 ± 0.02 mol m⁻² s⁻¹ during nighttime. Transpiration was thus higher during nighttime than during daytime, reflecting the CAM gas exchange strategy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 110966"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145731130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}