Pub Date : 2025-03-01Epub Date: 2025-01-31DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102315
Rachid Selmi , Hanène Belkahia , Mariem Ben Abdallah , Aymen Mamlouk , Monia Daaloul-Jedidi , Mourad Ben Said , Lilia Messadi
Wild canids, in particular red foxes, serve as potential carriers of zoonotic pathogens. This study aimed to investigate the presence of somepathogenic bacteria relevant to veterinary public health concern. On November 15, 2023, we collected spleen and blood samples from a corpse of a red fox found randomly during a field trip in the El-Jouza district, Beja governorate, northern Tunisia. PCR amplification assays were conducted using specific primers to detect Brucella spp. and major vector-borne bacteria, including Rickettsia, Anaplasma, Borrelia, Bartonella, Coxiella, and hemotropic Mycoplasma. Species identification and genetic characterization were performed through BLAST analysis and phylogenetic studies following the sequencing of the obtained PCR products. DNA of both Brucella melitensis and Rickettsia monacensis was detected in the blood sample. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the identified B. melitensis isolate was clustered with two strains isolated from humans in Mediterranean countries. The R. monacensis isolate was found to be genetically close to a human strain from a South Korea and several isolates infectingIxodes ticks primarily in Europe. This study revealed for the first time the potential infection of red foxes by B. melitensis and R. monacensis. Further research with larger sample sizes is needed to comprehensively understand the range of zoonotic bacteria in wildlife and to develop effective monitoring and control strategies.
{"title":"First identification of Brucella melitensis and Rickettsia monacensis in a red fox, Vulpes vulpes","authors":"Rachid Selmi , Hanène Belkahia , Mariem Ben Abdallah , Aymen Mamlouk , Monia Daaloul-Jedidi , Mourad Ben Said , Lilia Messadi","doi":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102315","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102315","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wild canids, in particular red foxes, serve as potential carriers of zoonotic pathogens. This study aimed to investigate the presence of somepathogenic bacteria relevant to veterinary public health concern. On November 15, 2023, we collected spleen and blood samples from a corpse of a red fox found randomly during a field trip in the El-Jouza district, Beja governorate, northern Tunisia. PCR amplification assays were conducted using specific primers to detect <em>Brucella</em> spp. and major vector-borne bacteria, including <em>Rickettsia</em>, <em>Anaplasma</em>, <em>Borrelia</em>, <em>Bartonella</em>, <em>Coxiella</em>, and hemotropic <em>Mycoplasma</em>. Species identification and genetic characterization were performed through BLAST analysis and phylogenetic studies following the sequencing of the obtained PCR products. DNA of both <em>Brucella melitensis</em> and <em>Rickettsia monacensis</em> was detected in the blood sample. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the identified <em>B. melitensis</em> isolate was clustered with two strains isolated from humans in Mediterranean countries. The <em>R. monacensis</em> isolate was found to be genetically close to a human strain from a South Korea and several isolates infecting<em>Ixodes</em> ticks primarily in Europe. This study revealed for the first time the potential infection of red foxes by <em>B. melitensis</em> and <em>R. monacensis</em>. Further research with larger sample sizes is needed to comprehensively understand the range of zoonotic bacteria in wildlife and to develop effective monitoring and control strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50999,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 102315"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143144640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leptospirosis, a zoonosis with a wide worldwide distribution, causes significant reproductive losses in cattle. The genital presentation of the disease has been reported, and its understanding is crucial for the implementation of adequate sanitary measures. Although Leptospira spp. modulate innate immunity, the response in the genital mucosa of bulls is unknown. The objective of this work was to evaluate the expression of innate immune receptors and cytokines in smegma from bulls with genital infection by Leptospira spp. To do so, routine preputial scraping samples were selected from breeding bulls from four establishments in the Azul District, Buenos Aires, Argentina with no reproductive problems, which were previously evaluated for the presence of Leptospira spp. DNA by qPCR detection of the secY gene. The relative gene expression of TLR2, TLR4, IFN-β and IFN-λ in the smegma samples of animals infected with Leptospira spp. was determined by RT-qPCR, with subsequent analysis of the results using REST software. The expression of TLR2 was significantly increased in animals infected with Leptospira spp. compared to uninfected control animals (4-fold), while TLR4 did not show differences. Likewise, both IFN-β and IFN-λ were significantly increased in smegma of infected animals (3.5 and 3.1-fold, respectively). Therefore, this work shows that genital infection of Leptospira spp. in bulls generates and modulates a local innate immune response, with an association between the presence of Leptospira spp. DNA and the expression levels of TLR2, IFN-β and IFN-λ.
{"title":"Leptospira spp. is recognized by TLR2 and induces IFN-β and IFN-λ expression in smegma from naturally infected bulls","authors":"Natalia Plá , Yanina Paola Videla , Mercedes María Burucúa , Felipe Andrés Cheuquepán Valenzuela , Maia Solange Marin , Silvina Quintana","doi":"10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102291","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102291","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Leptospirosis, a zoonosis with a wide worldwide distribution, causes significant reproductive losses in cattle. The genital presentation of the disease has been reported, and its understanding is crucial for the implementation of adequate sanitary measures. Although <em>Leptospira</em> spp. modulate innate immunity, the response in the genital mucosa of bulls is unknown. The objective of this work was to evaluate the expression of innate immune receptors and cytokines in smegma from bulls with genital infection by <em>Leptospira</em> spp. To do so, routine preputial scraping samples were selected from breeding bulls from four establishments in the Azul District, Buenos Aires, Argentina with no reproductive problems, which were previously evaluated for the presence of <em>Leptospira</em> spp. DNA by qPCR detection of the secY gene. The relative gene expression of TLR2, TLR4, IFN-β and IFN-λ in the smegma samples of animals infected with <em>Leptospira</em> spp. was determined by RT-qPCR, with subsequent analysis of the results using REST software. The expression of TLR2 was significantly increased in animals infected with <em>Leptospira</em> spp. compared to uninfected control animals (4-fold), while TLR4 did not show differences. Likewise, both IFN-β and IFN-λ were significantly increased in smegma of infected animals (3.5 and 3.1-fold, respectively). Therefore, this work shows that genital infection of <em>Leptospira</em> spp. in bulls generates and modulates a local innate immune response, with an association between the presence of <em>Leptospira</em> spp. DNA and the expression levels of TLR2, IFN-β and IFN-λ.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50999,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 102291"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142967272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-12DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102326
Lucas Cecílio Vilar , Antônio Carlos Silva Rego , Marco Antônio Lemos Miguel , Rodolfo Pinheiro da Rocha Paranhos , Marinella Silva Laport , Ciro César Rossi , Marcia Giambiagi-deMarval
Environmental Staphylococci, particularly coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS), are known reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance genes and human-animal opportunistic pathogens, yet their role within the One Health framework remains underexplored. In this study, we isolated 12 species of CoNS from two sites 10 km apart in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, with the most frequent species being the opportunistic Staphylococcus saprophyticus (30.3 %), Staphylococcus warneri (25.7 %), and Staphylococcus epidermidis (16.7 %). GTG5-PCR fingerprinting revealed significant genetic diversity, yet identical profiles persisted across both sites throughout the year, indicating strain dispersion and persistence. Among the 66 strains analyzed, 42 exhibited resistance to clinically significant antimicrobials, including methicillin-resistant strains harboring the mecA gene. Remarkably, 22.7 % of the strains carried CRISPR-Cas systems, a frequency unusually high for Staphylococcus spp., suggesting that bacteriophage pressure in the seawater environment may drive this increase. The presence of antimicrobial-resistant CoNS in Guanabara Bay, a popular recreational area, represents a potential public health risk.
{"title":"Staphylococcus spp. and methicillin-resistance gene mecA dispersion in seawater: A case study of Guanabara Bay's recreational and touristic waters","authors":"Lucas Cecílio Vilar , Antônio Carlos Silva Rego , Marco Antônio Lemos Miguel , Rodolfo Pinheiro da Rocha Paranhos , Marinella Silva Laport , Ciro César Rossi , Marcia Giambiagi-deMarval","doi":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102326","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102326","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Environmental <em>Staphylococci</em>, particularly coagulase-negative <em>Staphylococci</em> (CoNS), are known reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance genes and human-animal opportunistic pathogens, yet their role within the One Health framework remains underexplored. In this study, we isolated 12 species of CoNS from two sites 10 km apart in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, with the most frequent species being the opportunistic <em>Staphylococcus saprophyticus</em> (30.3 %), <em>Staphylococcus warneri</em> (25.7 %), and <em>Staphylococcus epidermidis</em> (16.7 %). GTG<sub>5</sub>-PCR fingerprinting revealed significant genetic diversity, yet identical profiles persisted across both sites throughout the year, indicating strain dispersion and persistence. Among the 66 strains analyzed, 42 exhibited resistance to clinically significant antimicrobials, including methicillin-resistant strains harboring the <em>mecA</em> gene. Remarkably, 22.7 % of the strains carried CRISPR-Cas systems, a frequency unusually high for <em>Staphylococcus</em> spp., suggesting that bacteriophage pressure in the seawater environment may drive this increase. The presence of antimicrobial-resistant CoNS in Guanabara Bay, a popular recreational area, represents a potential public health risk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50999,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 102326"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143418996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brucellosis remains a critical public health and economic concern in Tanzania, particularly in regions with high livestock-human interaction. This paper developed a data-driven dynamical system model to evaluate targeted interventions for controlling brucellosis transmission. The model integrated human, animal, and environmental components, emphasizing public health education and domestic animal management practices. Data from ten regions namely Dodoma, Morogoro, Manyara, Arusha, Mara, Kagera, Shinyanga, Mwanza, Tanga, and Singida, collected between January 2021 and May 2024 were used for parameter estimation. The model was fitted to observed data using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method with the Adaptive Metropolis algorithm, while a graph-theoretic approach derived the effective reproduction number (Re) and the force of infection to quantify intervention impacts. Results showed a marked decline in brucellosis transmission. The force of infection dropped from 0.99262 in 2021 to 0.13265 in May 2024, and annual cases fell from 173 in 2021 to 93 in 2024. Public health education improved safe animal handling practices, while enhanced animal management strategies such as fencing, health checks, isolation of infected animals, and controlled breeding curbed disease spread and reduced environmental contamination. Sustained interventions kept Re < 1, achieving long-term disease control. These findings underscore the importance of continuous monitoring, expanded diagnostics, and region-specific interventions to sustain progress and address remaining challenges.
布鲁氏菌病在坦桑尼亚仍然是一个严重的公共卫生和经济问题，特别是在牲畜-人相互作用高的区域。本文开发了一个数据驱动的动态系统模型来评估控制布鲁氏菌病传播的有针对性干预措施。该模式综合了人、动物和环境因素，强调公共卫生教育和家畜管理实践。使用2021年1月至2024年5月期间从Dodoma、Morogoro、Manyara、Arusha、Mara、Kagera、Shinyanga、Mwanza、Tanga和Singida等10个地区收集的数据进行参数估计。采用自适应Metropolis算法，利用Markov Chain Monte Carlo （MCMC）方法拟合观测数据，并利用图论方法推导出有效繁殖数（Re）和感染力，量化干预影响。结果显示布鲁氏菌病的传播明显下降。感染力从2021年的0.99262下降到2024年5月的0.13265，年病例从2021年的173例下降到2024年的93例。公共卫生教育改进了安全处理动物的做法，同时加强了动物管理战略，如围栏、健康检查、隔离受感染动物和控制饲养，遏制了疾病传播并减少了环境污染。持续的干预使Re <；1、实现疾病的长期控制。这些发现强调了持续监测、扩大诊断和针对特定区域的干预措施的重要性，以保持进展并应对仍然存在的挑战。
{"title":"A data-driven dynamical system model for assessing targeted interventions against brucellosis in Tanzania","authors":"Innocent Sosoma , Eunice Mureithi , Guttorm Alendal , Zachariah Makondo , Nyimvua Shaban Mbare","doi":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102324","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102324","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Brucellosis remains a critical public health and economic concern in Tanzania, particularly in regions with high livestock-human interaction. This paper developed a data-driven dynamical system model to evaluate targeted interventions for controlling brucellosis transmission. The model integrated human, animal, and environmental components, emphasizing public health education and domestic animal management practices. Data from ten regions namely Dodoma, Morogoro, Manyara, Arusha, Mara, Kagera, Shinyanga, Mwanza, Tanga, and Singida, collected between January 2021 and May 2024 were used for parameter estimation. The model was fitted to observed data using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method with the Adaptive Metropolis algorithm, while a graph-theoretic approach derived the effective reproduction number (<em>R</em><sub><em>e</em></sub>) and the force of infection to quantify intervention impacts. Results showed a marked decline in brucellosis transmission. The force of infection dropped from 0.99262 in 2021 to 0.13265 in May 2024, and annual cases fell from 173 in 2021 to 93 in 2024. Public health education improved safe animal handling practices, while enhanced animal management strategies such as fencing, health checks, isolation of infected animals, and controlled breeding curbed disease spread and reduced environmental contamination. Sustained interventions kept <em>R</em><sub><em>e</em></sub> < 1, achieving long-term disease control. These findings underscore the importance of continuous monitoring, expanded diagnostics, and region-specific interventions to sustain progress and address remaining challenges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50999,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 102324"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143419108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-12DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102325
Renata Fagundes-Moreira , Domenico Otranto , Gianpaolo Montinaro , Ernesto Filippi , Alessio Lorusso , Antonio Petrini , Livia De Fazi , Marialaura Corrente , Giovanni Benelli , Jairo A. Mendoza-Roldan
Reptiles harbour a wide range of pathogen species, some of which can pose risks to human health. Among them, snakes serve as valuable sentinels for monitoring pathogens, particularly in some cultural contexts where animal-human interactions offer a unique opportunity to delve into bacterial dynamics throughout the years. This is the case of the annual serpent ritual “festa dei serpari” in Cocullo, in central Italy renowned for the San Domenico snakes festival. This study conducted a retrospective analysis of a comprehensive database of bacterial pathogens associated with wild snakes captured during the ritual, from 2010 to 2023 (excluding 2020 and 2021). Using different sampling methods, comprising cloacal, oral, and cutaneous swabs, along with faecal material, a total of 563 biological samples were collected from 465 registered snakes harvested for this unique ritual. Samples were analysed to assess the prevalence of bacterial species on snakes and the potential risks to human health. Seventy bacterial species were identified using traditional growth media, molecular diagnosis, biochemical analyses, and mass spectrometry performed in two national reference institutes. Among the results, zoonotic and opportunistic bacteria such as Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, and drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae were of particular concern. The results also revealed significant trends during the years under investigation, with an increasing prevalence of Gram-negative bacteria and Staphylococcus sciuri, along with a decline in Salmonella spp. Our findings emphasize the importance of continued surveillance of zoonotic pathogens, given the close human-snake interactions that occur during this Sacro-profane historical ritual.
爬行动物携带多种病原体，其中一些可能对人类健康构成威胁。其中，蛇是监测病原体的宝贵哨兵，特别是在某些文化背景下，动物与人类的互动提供了一个独特的机会，可以多年来深入研究细菌动态。在意大利中部以圣多梅尼科蛇节而闻名的科库洛，一年一度的蛇仪式“festa dei serpari”就是这样。本研究对2010年至2023年（不包括2020年和2021年）在仪式期间捕获的野生蛇相关细菌病原体的综合数据库进行了回顾性分析。使用不同的采样方法，包括肛肠、口腔和皮肤拭子以及粪便材料，从465条为这一独特仪式采集的登记蛇中收集了563个生物样本。对样本进行了分析，以评估蛇身上细菌种类的流行程度以及对人类健康的潜在风险。在两个国家参考研究所使用传统培养基、分子诊断、生化分析和质谱法鉴定了70种细菌。其中，沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌、耐药铜绿假单胞菌和肺炎克雷伯菌等人畜共患和机会性细菌尤其值得关注。结果还揭示了调查期间的重要趋势，革兰氏阴性菌和严重葡萄球菌的流行率上升，沙门氏菌的流行率下降。我们的研究结果强调了持续监测人畜共患病原体的重要性，因为在这一神圣亵渎的历史仪式中，人蛇之间发生了密切的相互作用。
{"title":"Cultural human-snake interactions in the festa dei serpari as an opportunity for the surveillance of bacterial pathogens of zoonotic concern","authors":"Renata Fagundes-Moreira , Domenico Otranto , Gianpaolo Montinaro , Ernesto Filippi , Alessio Lorusso , Antonio Petrini , Livia De Fazi , Marialaura Corrente , Giovanni Benelli , Jairo A. Mendoza-Roldan","doi":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102325","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102325","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reptiles harbour a wide range of pathogen species, some of which can pose risks to human health. Among them, snakes serve as valuable sentinels for monitoring pathogens, particularly in some cultural contexts where animal-human interactions offer a unique opportunity to delve into bacterial dynamics throughout the years. This is the case of the annual serpent ritual “<em>festa dei serpari</em>” in Cocullo, in central Italy renowned for the San Domenico snakes festival. This study conducted a retrospective analysis of a comprehensive database of bacterial pathogens associated with wild snakes captured during the ritual, from 2010 to 2023 (excluding 2020 and 2021). Using different sampling methods, comprising cloacal, oral, and cutaneous swabs, along with faecal material, a total of 563 biological samples were collected from 465 registered snakes harvested for this unique ritual. Samples were analysed to assess the prevalence of bacterial species on snakes and the potential risks to human health. Seventy bacterial species were identified using traditional growth media, molecular diagnosis, biochemical analyses, and mass spectrometry performed in two national reference institutes. Among the results, zoonotic and opportunistic bacteria such as <em>Salmonella</em> spp., <em>Escherichia coli</em>, and drug-resistant <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> and <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em> were of particular concern. The results also revealed significant trends during the years under investigation, with an increasing prevalence of Gram-negative bacteria and <em>Staphylococcus sciuri</em>, along with a decline in <em>Salmonella</em> spp. Our findings emphasize the importance of continued surveillance of zoonotic pathogens, given the close human-snake interactions that occur during this Sacro-profane historical ritual.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50999,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 102325"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143419107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aimed to determine the prevalence, and the genomic characteristics of beta-lactamase-Resistant Escherichia coli isolated from the feces of migratory geese at one health interface in West Texas. A descriptive study was conducted. We collected geese feces (n = 165), water (n = 118), and soil (n = 74) from 22 recreational parks in West Texas. We used Chromogenic agar to isolate extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-Resistant-E. coli. We used the whole genome sequencing (WGS) method to determine the genomic characteristics of selected E. coli isolates. Among 357 samples, 12.61 % (95 %CI: 9.34–16.50) were positive for ESBL- Resistant-E. coli. From WGS of 20 E. coli isolates, 19 isolates harbored at least 1 beta-lactamase gene including blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-65, blaCTX-M-14, blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-27, blaCTX-M-55, blaCTX-M-32, blaTEM-1A, blaTEM-1B. Most of the isolates carried genes conferring resistance to tetracyclines-(tet(A), tet(B)), aminoglycosides-(aac(3)-IIa, aph(6)-Id, aph(3′)-Ia, aadA1), sulfonamides-(sul1,sul2), amphenicol-(floR), trimethoprim-(dfrA1, dfrA14, dfrA17) and streptogramin-B(MLSB) agent-(mph(A)). 13 isolates showed chromosomal mutations in the promoter region G of the ampC beta-lactamase gene. We detected sixteen incompatibility plasmid groups and 60 virulence genes, which are related to adherence, exotoxin, invasion, and nutrition/metabolic factors. Genome analysis showed that all isolates were genetically similar to human E. coli isolates. The study showed that migratory geese at recreational parks can be reservoirs of resistant bacteria with diverse serotypes and sequence types of E. coli isolates. Based on the findings, the detection of a multidrug-resistant E. coli strain reinforces the importance of adequate hygiene practices for humans and pet animals after visiting recreational parks.
{"title":"Beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in migratory geese at West Texas recreational parks","authors":"Yamima Tasnim , Md. Kaisar Rahman , Cherissa Abdul-Hamid , Babafela Awosile","doi":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102320","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102320","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to determine the prevalence, and the genomic characteristics of <em>beta-lactamase-</em>Resistant <em>Escherichia coli</em> isolated from the feces of migratory geese at one health interface in West Texas. A descriptive study was conducted. We collected geese feces (n = 165), water (n = 118), and soil (n = 74) from 22 recreational parks in West Texas. We used Chromogenic agar to isolate extended-spectrum <em>beta-lactamase</em> (ESBL)-Resistant-<em>E. coli</em>. We used the whole genome sequencing (WGS) method to determine the genomic characteristics of selected <em>E. coli</em> isolates. Among 357 samples, 12.61 % (95 %CI: 9.34–16.50) were positive for ESBL- Resistant-<em>E. coli</em>. From WGS of 20 <em>E. coli</em> isolates, 19 isolates harbored at least 1 <em>beta-lactamase</em> gene including <em>bla</em><sub>CTX-M-1</sub>, <em>bla</em><sub>CTX-M-65</sub>, <em>bla</em><sub>CTX-M-14</sub>, <em>bla</em><sub>CTX-M-15</sub>, <em>bla</em><sub>CTX-M-27</sub>, <em>bla</em><sub>CTX-M-55</sub>, <em>bla</em><sub>CTX-M-32</sub>, <em>bla</em><sub>TEM-1A</sub>, <em>bla</em><sub>TEM-1B</sub>. Most of the isolates carried genes conferring resistance to tetracyclines-(<em>tet(A)</em>, <em>tet(B)</em>), aminoglycosides-(<em>aac(3)-IIa, aph(6)-Id, aph(3′)-Ia, aadA1</em>), sulfonamides-(<em>sul1,sul2</em>), amphenicol-(<em>floR</em>), trimethoprim-(<em>dfrA1, dfrA14, dfrA17</em>) and streptogramin-B(MLSB) agent-(<em>mph(A)</em>). 13 isolates showed chromosomal mutations in the promoter region G of the <em>ampC beta-lactamase</em> gene. We detected sixteen incompatibility plasmid groups and 60 virulence genes, which are related to adherence, exotoxin, invasion, and nutrition/metabolic factors. Genome analysis showed that all isolates were genetically similar to human <em>E. coli</em> isolates. The study showed that migratory geese at recreational parks can be reservoirs of resistant bacteria with diverse serotypes and sequence types of <em>E. coli</em> isolates. Based on the findings, the detection of a multidrug-resistant <em>E. coli</em> strain reinforces the importance of adequate hygiene practices for humans and pet animals after visiting recreational parks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50999,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 102320"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143403287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-07DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102322
Shan-Hong Yi , Dan Xun , Qiao-Ling Lei, Chen-Chen Yang, Jian-Wei Shao
Leptospirosis, a zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira spirochetes, poses a significant global public health threat. Rodents, particularly those inhabiting urban environments, are recognized as the primary reservoirs for human infections. Therefore, conducting epidemiological studies on pathogenic Leptospira in urban rodent populations is essential for evaluating the risk of human leptospirosis. In this study, we captured 263 Rattus norvegicus from urban residential areas across five districts in Guangzhou to access the prevalence and genetic diversity of pathogenic Leptospira. Our findings revealed the presence of two pathogenic Leptospira species, L. interrogans and L. borgpetersenii, which are the primary pathogens responsible for human leptospirosis in China, in four of the five districts, with an overall prevalence of 10.3 %. Given the close proximity of R. norvegicus to human populations in urban areas, this significant prevalence of pathogenic Leptospira indicates an elevated risk of leptospirosis outbreaks among residents of Guangzhou. These results highlight the urgent need for ongoing monitoring of pathogenic Leptospira infections in urban rodent populations to prevent and control potential outbreaks of leptospirosis in the city.
{"title":"Epidemiology and genetic diversity of pathogenic Leptospira among Rattus norvegicus in urban residential areas of Guangzhou, Southern China","authors":"Shan-Hong Yi , Dan Xun , Qiao-Ling Lei, Chen-Chen Yang, Jian-Wei Shao","doi":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102322","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102322","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Leptospirosis, a zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic <em>Leptospira</em> spirochetes, poses a significant global public health threat. Rodents, particularly those inhabiting urban environments, are recognized as the primary reservoirs for human infections. Therefore, conducting epidemiological studies on pathogenic <em>Leptospira</em> in urban rodent populations is essential for evaluating the risk of human leptospirosis. In this study, we captured 263 <em>Rattus norvegicus</em> from urban residential areas across five districts in Guangzhou to access the prevalence and genetic diversity of pathogenic <em>Leptospira</em>. Our findings revealed the presence of two pathogenic <em>Leptospira</em> species, <em>L. interrogans</em> and <em>L. borgpetersenii</em>, which are the primary pathogens responsible for human leptospirosis in China, in four of the five districts, with an overall prevalence of 10.3 %. Given the close proximity of <em>R. norvegicus</em> to human populations in urban areas, this significant prevalence of pathogenic <em>Leptospira</em> indicates an elevated risk of leptospirosis outbreaks among residents of Guangzhou. These results highlight the urgent need for ongoing monitoring of pathogenic <em>Leptospira</em> infections in urban rodent populations to prevent and control potential outbreaks of leptospirosis in the city.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50999,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 102322"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143378314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-07DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102318
Shaimaa El-gbily , Marwa M. Eldokmak , Rasha Diabb , Osama M. Abas , Emad Beshir Ata , Safwat Kamal , Shahenaz M.H. Hassan
Lamb diarrhea is an important problem and has a significance impact on the ovine sector productivity. This study aimed to identify the causative agent related to a severe diarrhea outbreak in neonatal lambs in Egypt. A total number of 30 lambs representing different farms were investigated. Faecal samples were obtained for parasitological, bacteriological, and virological examination. Tissue samples were obtained for histopathology. While blood was obtained for measuring haematological parameters and humeral immune response against the used Entero-3 vaccine®, respectively. The obtained results cleared presence of significant clinical symptoms of diarrhea, dehydration and inflammation of the large intestine which was filled with watery fluid content. Parasitological causative agents were not recorded. Enterococcus sp. was successfully isolated from 30 % of the samples (seven isolates E. faecium and two E. gallinarum) with detection of the Asa and Esp virulence genes. While E. coli was detected in 26.6 % of the cases, they were identified as O124:K72, O111:K58, O78:K80, O26:K60 with successful amplification of the Sta and F5 (K99) virulence genes. The obtained isolates were susceptible to the Amikacin . Using vaccination as a prophylactic approach resulted in decreasing mortality rates with presence of a protective seroconversion rate in the vaccinated animals. The haematological parameters showed presence of neutrophilia and lymphocytosis. Histopathologically, desquamations of the villi’ enterocytes were the most common lesion. In conclusion, this study highlights the roles of bacterial and viral infection in causing severe lamb enteritis and high mortalities which necessitate establishing of ewe’s vaccination programs.
{"title":"Severe lamb diarrhea outbreak: Clinical features, identification of the causative agent, and a prophylactic approach","authors":"Shaimaa El-gbily , Marwa M. Eldokmak , Rasha Diabb , Osama M. Abas , Emad Beshir Ata , Safwat Kamal , Shahenaz M.H. Hassan","doi":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102318","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102318","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lamb diarrhea is an important problem and has a significance impact on the ovine sector productivity. This study aimed to identify the causative agent related to a severe diarrhea outbreak in neonatal lambs in Egypt. A total number of 30 lambs representing different farms were investigated. Faecal samples were obtained for parasitological, bacteriological, and virological examination. Tissue samples were obtained for histopathology. While blood was obtained for measuring haematological parameters and humeral immune response against the used Entero-3 vaccine®, respectively. The obtained results cleared presence of significant clinical symptoms of diarrhea, dehydration and inflammation of the large intestine which was filled with watery fluid content. Parasitological causative agents were not recorded. <em>Enterococcus sp.</em> was successfully isolated from 30 % of the samples (seven isolates <em>E. faecium</em> and two <em>E. gallinarum</em>) with detection of the Asa and Esp virulence genes. While <em>E. coli</em> was detected in 26.6 % of the cases, they were identified as O124:K72, O111:K58, O78:K80, O26:K60 with successful amplification of the Sta and F5 (K99) virulence genes. The obtained isolates were susceptible to the Amikacin . Using vaccination as a prophylactic approach resulted in decreasing mortality rates with presence of a protective seroconversion rate in the vaccinated animals. The haematological parameters showed presence of neutrophilia and lymphocytosis. Histopathologically, desquamations of the villi’ enterocytes were the most common lesion. In conclusion, this study highlights the roles of bacterial and viral infection in causing severe lamb enteritis and high mortalities which necessitate establishing of ewe’s vaccination programs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50999,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 102318"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143377065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-23DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102304
Tsegaye Wolde Oche , Yigremachew Kasahun
Background
African animal trypanosomosis (AAT) is one of the most serious diseases with ongoing detrimental effects on animal health and food production.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Bedele and Dedesa districts of Buno Bedele Zone, Southwest Ethiopia, to determine the prevalence of trypanosomosis and its vector distributions in small ruminants. Blood samples collected from a total of 384 small ruminants were examined for trypanosomosis via hematological analysis. For the tsetse distribution survey, 72 traps were deployed in the designated districts.
Results
Among the small ruminants examined with hematological techniques (n = 384), 16 (8 sheep and 8 goats) were infected with trypanosomes. The overall prevalence of trypanosomosis was 4.17 %. Only two species of trypanosomes, namely, T. vivax and T. congolense, were observed in this study, with equal prevalence rates (2.08 %). The mean PCV ± SD of the parasitemic small ruminants (24.37 ± 5.66) was significantly lower than that of the aparasitemic (27.48 ± 4.38) small ruminants. A total of 369 flies were caught (Glossina tachinoides (74.5 %) and G. morsitans (25.5 %)), with an overall mean apparent density of 2.56 flies per trap per day.
Conclusions
Overall, these results indicate that this disease is prevalent in these animals, and maintaining their health may play a significant role in defending the disease's spread. Greater emphasis needs to be given to controlling this disease in these ruminants, and the role of these animals as carriers of the disease needs to be considered in future planning and strategies of African animal trypanosomosis control activities.
{"title":"Survey on the prevalence of trypanosomosis in small ruminants and on tsetse distribution in Dedesa and Bedele districts, Buno Bedele Zone, Ethiopia","authors":"Tsegaye Wolde Oche , Yigremachew Kasahun","doi":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102304","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102304","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>African animal trypanosomosis (AAT) is one of the most serious diseases with ongoing detrimental effects on animal health and food production.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Bedele and Dedesa districts of Buno Bedele Zone, Southwest Ethiopia, to determine the prevalence of trypanosomosis and its vector distributions in small ruminants. Blood samples collected from a total of 384 small ruminants were examined for trypanosomosis via hematological analysis. For the tsetse distribution survey, 72 traps were deployed in the designated districts.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among the small ruminants examined with hematological techniques (n = 384), 16 (8 sheep and 8 goats) were infected with trypanosomes. The overall prevalence of trypanosomosis was 4.17 %. Only two species of trypanosomes, namely, <em>T. vivax</em> and <em>T. congolense,</em> were observed in this study, with equal prevalence rates (2.08 %). The mean PCV ± SD of the parasitemic small ruminants (24.37 ± 5.66) was significantly lower than that of the aparasitemic (27.48 ± 4.38) small ruminants. A total of 369 flies were caught (<em>Glossina tachinoides</em> (74.5 %) and <em>G. morsitans</em> (25.5 %)), with an overall mean apparent density of 2.56 flies per trap per day.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Overall, these results indicate that this disease is prevalent in these animals, and maintaining their health may play a significant role in defending the disease's spread. Greater emphasis needs to be given to controlling this disease in these ruminants, and the role of these animals as carriers of the disease needs to be considered in future planning and strategies of African animal trypanosomosis control activities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50999,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 102304"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143048438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-22DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102303
Romanus C. Ezeokonkwo , Chukwunonso F. Obi , Michael I. Okpala , Chijioke N. Iheagwam , Ikenna O. Ezeh
Canine African trypanosomosis is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa. Chemotherapy remains the commonly employed approach to trypanosomosis control. However, it is beleaguered by the absence of new drugs, treatment failures, relapse infection and resistance. The efficacy of a high dose of isometamidium chloride (ISM) in single and mixed infections of T. congolense and T. brucei brucei therapy was assessed in dogs. Fifteen dogs employed in this study were allocated into four groups at random, each with four dogs except group I which had three dogs. Group I dogs were not infected while groups II and III dogs received 106T. congolense and T. brucei brucei respectively. Group IV dogs received both (5 × 105) T. congolense and T. brucei brucei. Groups II-IV dogs were dosed with 1 mg/kg ISM (Trypamidium-Samorin®) intraperitoneally on day 14 post-infection (PI). Parasitaemia levels, live body weight changes (LBWC), clinical signs, rectal temperature (RT), some haematological and serum biochemical parameters were used to evaluate the efficacy of high dose of ISM. Following infection, all the infected dogs became parasitaemic by the 14th day PI, with obvious clinical signs. Treatment with ISM cleared parasitaemia within 72 hours post-treatment, caused the reversal of the clinical signs, and enhanced the RT, LBWC, haematological and serum biochemical parameters of the dogs. Relapse infection was not recorded throughout the study duration (84 days post-infection). In conclusion, 1 mg/kg of ISM is effective in treating African trypanosomosis in dogs and should be adopted as a first-line treatment for the disease.
非洲犬锥虫病是撒哈拉以南非洲的地方病。化疗仍然是控制锥虫病的常用方法。然而，它受到新药缺乏、治疗失败、复发感染和耐药性的困扰。研究了高剂量异甲基氯胺（ISM）治疗刚果体和布氏体单一感染和混合感染的疗效。本研究使用的15只狗随机分为四组，除了第一组有三只狗外，每组有四只狗。ⅰ组犬未感染，ⅱ组和ⅲ组犬接种106T。分别是刚果和布氏绦虫。IV组犬同时感染刚果弓形虫和布氏弓形虫（5 × 105）。II-IV组于感染后第14天腹腔注射1 mg/kg ISM （Trypamidium-Samorin®）。采用寄生虫血症水平、活体重变化（LBWC）、临床体征、直肠温度（RT）及部分血液学和血清生化指标评价高剂量ISM的疗效。感染后第14天，所有感染犬均出现寄生虫病，临床症状明显。ISM治疗后72 小时内清除了寄生虫血症，使临床症状逆转，提高了犬的RT、LBWC、血液学和血清生化指标。在整个研究期间（感染后84天）未记录复发感染。综上所述，1 mg/kg的ISM治疗犬非洲锥虫病是有效的，应作为该病的一线治疗方法。
{"title":"Efficacy of a high dose of isometamidium chloride treatment in single and mixed experimental infections with T. congolense and T. brucei brucei in dogs","authors":"Romanus C. Ezeokonkwo , Chukwunonso F. Obi , Michael I. Okpala , Chijioke N. Iheagwam , Ikenna O. Ezeh","doi":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102303","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102303","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Canine African trypanosomosis is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa. Chemotherapy remains the commonly employed approach to trypanosomosis control. However, it is beleaguered by the absence of new drugs, treatment failures, relapse infection and resistance. The efficacy of a high dose of isometamidium chloride (ISM) in single and mixed infections of <em>T. congolense</em> and <em>T. brucei brucei</em> therapy was assessed in dogs. Fifteen dogs employed in this study were allocated into four groups at random, each with four dogs except group I which had three dogs. Group I dogs were not infected while groups II and III dogs received 10<sup>6</sup> <em>T. congolense</em> and <em>T. brucei brucei</em> respectively. Group IV dogs received both (5 × 10<sup>5</sup>) <em>T. congolense</em> and <em>T. brucei brucei</em>. Groups II-IV dogs were dosed with 1 mg/kg ISM (Trypamidium-Samorin®) intraperitoneally on day 14 post-infection (PI). Parasitaemia levels, live body weight changes (LBWC), clinical signs, rectal temperature (RT), some haematological and serum biochemical parameters were used to evaluate the efficacy of high dose of ISM. Following infection, all the infected dogs became parasitaemic by the 14th day PI, with obvious clinical signs. Treatment with ISM cleared parasitaemia within 72 hours post-treatment, caused the reversal of the clinical signs, and enhanced the RT, LBWC, haematological and serum biochemical parameters of the dogs. Relapse infection was not recorded throughout the study duration (84 days post-infection). In conclusion, 1 mg/kg of ISM is effective in treating African trypanosomosis in dogs and should be adopted as a first-line treatment for the disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50999,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 102303"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143054191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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