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Further unpacking individual differences in mind wandering: The role of emotional valence and awareness 进一步解读思维游离的个体差异:情绪情感和意识的作用
IF 2.4 3区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-05-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2024.103697
Matthew S. Welhaf , Marc A. Astacio , Jonathan B. Banks

Previous work has established a link between executive attention ability and mind wandering propensity, these studies typically collapse thought reports into a single category of task-unrelated thoughts (TUTs). We have shown that these TUTs can be differentiated by the emotional valence of their content. Awareness of TUTs might also be an important to consider, yet little work has been done on this front. The current study conceptually replicated and extended previous work by investigating the relationship between individual differences in executive attention, emotional valence and awareness of TUTs. Latent variable models indicated that Executive Attention was differentially correlated with emotional valence TUTs. However, only Attention Control was related to frequency of mind wandering with awareness. Intra-individual analyses indicated that negatively valenced TUTs and TUTs that occurred without awareness were associated with worse performance. Considering different dimensions of TUTs can provide a more complete picture of individual differences in mind wandering.

以往的研究已经证实了执行注意能力与思维游移倾向之间的联系,这些研究通常将思维报告归纳为与任务无关的思维(TUTs)这一单一类别。我们的研究表明,这些 TUTs 可以根据其内容的情绪价值加以区分。对 TUTs 的认识可能也是一个需要考虑的重要因素,但这方面的研究还很少。本研究从概念上复制并扩展了之前的工作,调查了执行注意力、情绪情感和对 TUTs 的认知之间的个体差异关系。潜变量模型表明,执行注意力与情绪价位 TUTs 存在不同程度的相关性。然而,只有注意力控制与意识游移频率相关。个体内分析表明,负情商的 TUT 和在没有意识到的情况下发生的 TUT 与较差的成绩有关。考虑 TUT 的不同维度可以更全面地反映思维游移的个体差异。
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引用次数: 0
Sleep and dream disturbances associated with dissociative experiences 与分离体验相关的睡眠和梦境障碍。
IF 2.4 3区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-05-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2024.103708
John Balch , Rachel Raider , Joni Keith , Chanel Reed , Jordan Grafman , Patrick McNamara

Some dissociative experiences may be related, in part, to REM intrusion into waking consciousness. If so, some aspects of dream content may be associated with daytime dissociative experiences. We tested the hypothesis that some types of dream content would predict daytime dissociative symptomology. As part of a longitudinal study of the impact of dreams on everyday behavior we administered a battery of survey instruments to 219 volunteers. Assessments included the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), along with other measures known to be related to either REM intrusion effects or dissociative experiences. We also collected dream reports and sleep measures across a two-week period from a subgroup of the individuals in the baseline group. Of this subgroup we analyzed two different subsamples; 24 individuals with dream recall for at least half the nights in the two-week period; and 30 individuals who wore the DREEM Headband which captured measures of sleep architecture. In addition to using multiple regression analyses to quantify associations between DES and REM intrusion and dream content variables we used a split half procedure to create high vs low DES groups and then compared groups across all measures. Participants in the high DES group evidenced significantly greater nightmare distress scores, REM Behavior Disorder scores, paranormal beliefs, lucid dreams, and sleep onset times. Validated measures of dreamed first person perspective and overall dream coherence in a time series significantly predicted overall DES score accounting for 26% of the variance in dissociation. Dream phenomenology and coherence of the dreamed self significantly predicts dissociative symptomology as an individual trait. REM intrusion may be one source of dissociative experiences. Attempts to ameliorate dissociative symptoms or to treat nightmare distress should consider the stability of dream content as a viable indicator of dissociative tendencies.

某些分离体验可能部分与快速眼动侵入清醒意识有关。如果是这样的话,梦境内容的某些方面可能与白天的分离体验有关。我们测试了这样一个假设:某些类型的梦境内容会预测白天的分离症状。作为梦对日常行为影响的纵向研究的一部分,我们对 219 名志愿者进行了一系列调查。评估内容包括解离体验量表(DES)以及其他已知与快速眼动侵入效应或解离体验相关的测量。我们还收集了基线组中一部分人两周内的梦境报告和睡眠测量结果。在这个子群中,我们对两个不同的子样本进行了分析:24 个在两周内至少有一半晚上有梦境回忆的人,以及 30 个佩戴了能捕捉睡眠结构测量值的 DREEM 头带的人。除了使用多元回归分析来量化DES与快速眼动侵入和梦境内容变量之间的关联外,我们还使用了分半程序来创建高DES组和低DES组,然后对各组的所有测量指标进行比较。高DES组的参与者在噩梦困扰评分、快速眼动行为障碍评分、超自然信仰、清醒梦和睡眠开始时间方面都明显高于低DES组。时间序列中梦境第一人称视角和整体梦境连贯性的验证测量结果可显著预测 DES 总分,占解离差异的 26%。梦的现象学和梦中自我的连贯性能显著预测作为个体特征的解离症状。快速眼动干扰可能是解离体验的来源之一。在试图改善分离症状或治疗噩梦困扰时,应考虑将梦境内容的稳定性作为分离倾向的可行指标。
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引用次数: 0
Prior conscious experience modulates the impact of audiovisual temporal correspondence on unconscious visual processing 先前的有意识经验会调节视听时间对应对无意识视觉处理的影响
IF 2.4 3区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2024.103709
Hyun-Woong Kim , Minsun Park , Yune Sang Lee , Chai-Youn Kim

Conscious visual experiences are enriched by concurrent auditory information, implying audiovisual interactions. In the present study, we investigated how prior conscious experience of auditory and visual information influences the subsequent audiovisual temporal integration under the surface of awareness. We used continuous flash suppression (CFS) to render perceptually invisible a ball-shaped object constantly moving and bouncing inside a square frame window. To examine whether audiovisual temporal correspondence facilitates the ball stimulus to enter awareness, the visual motion was accompanied by click sounds temporally congruent or incongruent with the bounces of the ball. In Experiment 1, where no prior experience of the audiovisual events was given, we found no significant impact of audiovisual correspondence on visual detection time. However, when the temporally congruent or incongruent bounce-sound relations were consciously experienced prior to CFS in Experiment 2, congruent sounds yielded faster detection time compared to incongruent sounds during CFS. In addition, in Experiment 3, explicit processing of the incongruent bounce-sound relation prior to CFS slowed down detection time when the ball bounces became later congruent with sounds during CFS. These findings suggest that audiovisual temporal integration may take place outside of visual awareness though its potency is modulated by previous conscious experiences of the audiovisual events. The results are discussed in light of the framework of multisensory causal inference.

同时出现的听觉信息丰富了有意识的视觉体验,这意味着视听的相互作用。在本研究中,我们探讨了先前有意识的听觉和视觉信息体验如何影响随后意识表面下的视听时空整合。我们使用连续闪光抑制(CFS)使一个在方形框架窗口内不断移动和弹跳的球形物体在知觉上不可见。为了研究视听时间对应是否有助于球刺激进入意识,我们在视觉运动的同时发出了与球弹跳时间一致或不一致的咔嗒声。在实验 1 中,我们发现视听对应对视觉检测时间没有显著影响。然而,在实验 2 中,如果在 CFS 之前有意识地体验了时间上一致或不一致的弹跳-声音关系,那么在 CFS 期间,与不一致的声音相比,一致的声音产生的检测时间更快。此外,在实验 3 中,当球的弹跳与 CFS 期间的声音变得一致时,CFS 之前对不一致的弹跳-声音关系的明确处理会减慢检测时间。这些研究结果表明,视听时间整合可能发生在视觉意识之外,但其效力会受到之前对视听事件的意识体验的调节。我们将根据多感官因果推理框架对这些结果进行讨论。
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引用次数: 0
Cognitive flexibility moderates the relationship between openness-to-experience and perceptual reversals of Necker cube 认知灵活性调节经验开放性与内克尔魔方知觉反转之间的关系
IF 2.4 3区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2024.103698
Mika Koivisto , Cypriana Pallaris

It is not clear whether personality is related to basic perceptual processes at the level of automatic bottom-up processes or controlled top-down processes. Two experiments examined how personality influences perceptual dynamics, focusing on how cognitive flexibility moderates the relationship between personality and perceptual reversals of the Necker cube. The participants viewed stimuli either passively or with the intent to either hold or switch the orientation of the Necker cube. The influence of openness was predominantly evident in conditions necessitating intentional control over perceptual reversals. The link between openness and intentional perceptual reversals was always moderated by cognitive flexibility, which was measured in three different ways. No relationship was detected between personality traits and reversals in the passive viewing condition, suggesting that relatively spontaneous adaptation-inhibition processes may not be personality-dependent. Overall, our research sheds light on the nuanced influence of personality traits on perceptual experiences, mediated by cognitive flexibility.

目前尚不清楚人格与基本知觉过程之间的关系是自下而上的自动过程还是自上而下的受控过程。有两项实验研究了人格如何影响知觉动态,重点是认知灵活性如何调节人格与内克尔立方体知觉反转之间的关系。被试要么被动地观看刺激物,要么有意保持或转换内克尔立方体的方向。开放性的影响主要体现在需要有意控制知觉反转的条件下。开放性与有意知觉反转之间的联系总是受到认知灵活性的调节,而认知灵活性是通过三种不同的方式测量的。在被动观看条件下,没有发现人格特质与知觉逆转之间有任何关系,这表明相对自发的适应-抑制过程可能与人格无关。总之,我们的研究揭示了人格特质在认知灵活性的中介下对知觉体验的微妙影响。
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引用次数: 0
The effect of image category and incidental arousal on boundary restriction 图像类别和偶然唤醒对边界限制的影响。
IF 2.4 3区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-05-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2024.103695
Deanne M. Green , Ella K. Moeck , Melanie K.T. Takarangi

People’s memory for scenes has consequences, including for eyewitness testimony. Negative scenes may lead to a particular memory error, where narrowed scene boundaries lead people to recall being closer to a scene than they were. But boundary restriction—including attenuation of the opposite phenomenon boundary extension—has been difficult to replicate, perhaps because heightened arousal accompanying negative scenes, rather than negative valence itself, drives the effect. Indeed, in Green et al. (2019) arousal alone, conditioned to a particular neutral image category, increased boundary restriction for images in that category. But systematic differences between image categories may have driven these results, irrespective of arousal. Here, we clarify whether boundary restriction stems from the external arousal stimulus or image category differences. Presenting one image category (everyday-objects), half accompanied by arousal (Experiment 1), and presenting both neutral image categories (everyday-objects, nature), without arousal (Experiment 2), resulted in no difference in boundary judgement errors. These findings suggest that image features—including inherent valence, arousal, and complexity—are not sufficient to induce boundary restriction or reduce boundary extension for neutral images, perhaps explaining why boundary restriction is inconsistently demonstrated in the lab.

人们对场景的记忆会产生影响,包括对目击者证词的影响。负面场景可能会导致一种特殊的记忆错误,即缩小的场景边界会导致人们回忆起自己比实际距离更近的场景。但是边界限制--包括与之相反的边界扩展现象的减弱--一直很难被复制,这也许是因为伴随着负面场景的唤醒增强,而不是负面情绪本身驱动了这种效应。事实上,在Green等人(2019)的研究中,仅以特定中性图像类别为条件的唤醒就会增加对该类别图像的边界限制。但是,图像类别之间的系统性差异可能驱动了这些结果,而与唤醒无关。在这里,我们要澄清边界限制是源于外部唤醒刺激还是图像类别差异。在呈现一个图像类别(日常物品)时,一半伴有唤醒(实验 1),而在呈现两个中性图像类别(日常物品、自然)时,没有唤醒(实验 2),结果是边界判断错误没有差异。这些研究结果表明,图像特征--包括固有情绪、唤醒和复杂性--不足以诱发边界限制或减少中性图像的边界扩展,这或许可以解释为什么边界限制在实验室中的表现并不一致。
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引用次数: 0
The model of the brain as a complex system: Interactions of physical, neural and mental states with neurocognitive functions 作为复杂系统的大脑模型:物理、神经和精神状态与神经认知功能的相互作用。
IF 2.4 3区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-05-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2024.103700
Hans-Erik Scharfen, Daniel Memmert

The isolated approaching of physical, neural and mental states and the binary classification into stable traits and fluctuating states previously lead to a limited understanding concerning underlying processes and possibilities to explain, measure and regulate neural and mental performance along with the interaction of mental states and neurocognitive traits. In this article these states are integrated by i) differentiating the model of the brain as a complex, self-organizing system, ii) showing possibilities to measure this model, iii) offering a classification of mental states and iv) presenting a holistic operationalization of state regulations and trait trainings to enhance neural and mental high-performance on a macro- and micro scale. This model integrates current findings from the theory of constructed emotions, the theory of thousand brains and complex systems theory and yields several testable hypotheses to provide an integrated reference frame for future research and applied target points to regulate and enhance performance.

以前,对物理、神经和精神状态的孤立研究,以及对稳定特质和波动状态的二元分类,导致人们对解释、测量和调节神经和精神表现的基本过程和可能性,以及精神状态和神经认知特质之间的相互作用的理解有限。本文通过 i) 将大脑模型区分为复杂的自组织系统,ii) 展示测量该模型的可能性,iii) 提供心理状态分类,iv) 提出状态调节和特质训练的整体操作方法,以在宏观和微观范围内提高神经和心理的高性能,从而整合这些状态。该模型整合了当前建构情绪理论、千人大脑理论和复杂系统理论的研究成果,并提出了若干可检验的假设,为未来的研究提供了一个综合参考框架,并为调节和提高绩效提供了应用目标点。
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引用次数: 0
Implicit visuospatial sequence representations are accessible in both the practice and the transfer hand 练习手和转移手均可获得隐性视觉空间序列表征
IF 2.4 3区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2024.103696
Stephan F. Dahm, Markus Martini, Pierre Sachse

A serial reaction time task was used to test whether the representations of a probabilistic second-order sequence structure are (i) stored in an effector-dependent, effector-independent intrinsic or effector-independent visuospatial code and (ii) are inter-manually accessible. Participants were trained either with the dominant or non-dominant hand. Tests were performed with both hands in the practice sequence, a random sequence, and a mirror sequence. Learning did not differ significantly between left and right-hand practice, suggesting symmetric intermanual transfer from the dominant to the non-dominant hand and vice versa. In the posttest, RTs were shorter for the practice sequence than for the random sequence, and longest for the mirror sequence. Participants were unable to freely generate or recognize the practice sequence, indicating implicit knowledge of the probabilistic sequence structure. Because sequence-specific learning did not differ significantly between hands, we conclude that representations of the probabilistic sequence structure are stored in an effector-independent visuospatial code.

我们使用了一项序列反应时间任务来测试概率二阶序列结构的表征是否(i)存储在依赖于效应器的、不依赖于效应器的内在视觉空间代码中,或(ii)可在人与人之间进行存取。参赛者使用惯用手或非惯用手进行训练。测试在练习序列、随机序列和镜像序列中使用双手进行。左手和右手练习的学习效果没有明显差异,这表明惯用手和非惯用手之间的动作迁移是对称的。在后测中,练习序列的反应时间比随机序列短,而镜像序列的反应时间最长。参与者无法自由生成或识别练习序列,这表明他们对概率序列结构有内隐知识。由于序列特异性学习在不同手之间没有显著差异,我们得出结论,概率序列结构的表征存储在与效应器无关的视觉空间代码中。
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引用次数: 0
Slower but more accurate mental rotation performance in aphantasia linked to differences in cognitive strategies 幻觉症患者的思维旋转速度较慢但更准确,这与认知策略的差异有关
IF 2.4 3区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-04-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2024.103694
Lachlan Kay , Rebecca Keogh , Joel Pearson

Mental rotation tasks are frequently used as standard measures of mental imagery. However, aphantasia research has brought such use into question. Here, we assessed a large group of individuals who lack visual imagery (aphantasia) on two mental rotation tasks: a three-dimensional block-shape, and a human manikin rotation task. In both tasks, those with aphantasia had slower, but more accurate responses than controls. Both groups demonstrated classic linear increases in response time and error-rate as functions of angular disparity. In the three-dimensional block-shape rotation task, a within-group speed-accuracy trade-off was found in controls, whereas faster individuals in the aphantasia group were also more accurate. Control participants generally favoured using object-based mental rotation strategies, whereas those with aphantasia favoured analytic strategies. These results suggest that visual imagery is not crucial for successful performance in classical mental rotation tasks, as alternative strategies can be effectively utilised in the absence of holistic mental representations.

心理旋转任务经常被用作心理想象的标准测量方法。然而,"象觉失调症 "的研究却对这种使用方式提出了质疑。在这里,我们对一大群缺乏视觉意象(象患)的人进行了两项心理旋转任务的评估:一项是三维块状物体旋转任务,另一项是人体模型旋转任务。在这两项任务中,与对照组相比,患有幻觉症的人反应更慢,但更准确。两组患者的反应时间和错误率都呈现出典型的线性增长,与角度差距成函数关系。在三维块状旋转任务中,对照组发现了组内速度与准确性的权衡,而象患组的反应速度更快,准确性也更高。对照组受试者通常更倾向于使用基于物体的心理旋转策略,而那些患有象障的受试者则更倾向于使用分析策略。这些结果表明,在经典的心智旋转任务中,视觉意象并不是成功的关键,因为在缺乏整体心智表征的情况下,可以有效地利用其他策略。
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引用次数: 0
Prime-induced illusion of control: The influence of unconscious priming on self-initiated actions and the role of regression to the mean 引物诱发的控制幻觉:无意识引物对自发行动的影响以及回归均值的作用
IF 2.4 3区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-04-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2024.103684
Fabian Kiepe, Guido Hesselmann

To what degree human cognition is influenced by subliminal stimuli is a controversial empirical question. One striking example was reported by Linser and Goschke (2007): participants overestimated how much control they had over objectively uncontrollable stimuli when masked congruent primes were presented immediately before the action. Critically, however, unawareness of the masked primes was established by post hoc data selection. In our preregistered study we sought to explore these findings while adjusting prime visibility based on individual thresholds, so that each participant underwent both visible and non-visible conditions. In experiment 1, N = 39 participants engaged in a control judgement task: following the presentation of a semantic prime, they freely selected between two keys, which triggered the appearance of a colored circle. The color of the circles, however, was independent of the key-press. Subsequently, participants assessed their perceived control over the circle’s color, based on their key-presses, via a rating scale that ranged from 0 % (no control) to 100 % (complete control). Contrary to Linser and Goschke (2007)'s findings, this experiment demonstrated that predictive information influenced the experience of agency only when primes were consciously processed. In experiment 2, utilizing symbolic (arrow) primes, N = 35 participants had to rate their feeling of control over the effect-stimulus’ identity during a two-choice identification paradigm (i.e., they were instructed to press a key corresponding to a target stimulus; with a contingency between target and effect stimulus of 75 %/25 %). The results revealed no significant influence of subliminal priming on agency perceptions. In summary, this study implies that unconscious stimuli may not exert a substantial influence on the conscious experience of agency, underscoring the need for careful consideration of methodological aspects and experimental design's impact on observed phenomena.

人类认知在多大程度上受潜意识刺激的影响是一个有争议的经验问题。Linser 和 Goschke(2007 年)报告了一个令人震惊的例子:当被试者在行动前立即出现被遮蔽的同义预示时,他们高估了自己对客观上无法控制的刺激的控制程度。然而,关键的一点是,通过事后数据选择,受试者并没有意识到被遮蔽的原素。在预先登记的研究中,我们试图探索这些发现,同时根据个人阈值调整素材的可见性,让每个参与者都经历可见和不可见两种条件。在实验 1 中,N = 39 名参与者参与了一项控制判断任务:在呈现语义质点后,他们在两个按键之间自由选择,这两个按键会触发一个彩色圆圈的出现。然而,圆圈的颜色与按键无关。随后,受试者根据自己的按键情况,通过从0%(无控制)到100%(完全控制)的评分表,评估自己对圆圈颜色的感知控制能力。与 Linser 和 Goschke(2007 年)的研究结果相反,该实验表明,只有在有意识地处理预设信息时,预设信息才会影响代理体验。在实验 2 中,利用符号(箭头)预设,N=35 名参与者必须在二选一的识别范式(即他们被指示按下与目标刺激相对应的按键;目标刺激和效应刺激之间的或然率为 75%/25%)中评定他们对效应刺激身份的控制感。结果显示,潜意识引物对代理认知没有明显影响。总之,这项研究表明,无意识刺激可能不会对有意识的代理体验产生实质性影响,这强调了需要仔细考虑方法论方面和实验设计对观察到的现象的影响。
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引用次数: 0
The involvement of decomposition and composition processes in restructuring during problem solving 在解决问题的过程中,分解和组成过程参与结构调整
IF 2.4 3区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-04-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2024.103685
Zhonglu Zhang , Yizhu Li , Yuxin Zeng , Jiamin Deng , Qiang Xing , Jing Luo

Decomposition of chunks has been widely accepted as a critical proxy of restructuring, but the role of composition in forming new representations has been largely neglected. This study aims to investigate the roles of both decomposition and composition processes in chunk restructuring, as well as their relationships with “aha” experiences during problem-solving. Participants were asked to move a part of a character to another character to create two new characters. Across three experiments, the characters to be decomposed or composed were varied in terms of tight or loose chunks. The results showed that decomposition or composition of tight chunks led to lower success rates, longer response times, and significantly stronger “Aha!” emotional experiences (mainly in terms of surprise and suddenness). This study provides evidence for the contribution of both decomposition and composition processes to restructuring in creative insight.

人们普遍认为语块的分解是重组的关键代表,但组成在形成新表征中的作用却在很大程度上被忽视了。本研究旨在探讨分解和组合过程在语块重组中的作用,以及它们与解决问题过程中的 "啊哈 "体验之间的关系。参与者被要求将一个字符的一部分移到另一个字符上,从而创建两个新字符。在三次实验中,被分解或组成的字符在紧块或松块方面各不相同。结果表明,分解或组成紧密块的成功率较低,反应时间较长,"啊哈!"情绪体验(主要表现在惊喜和突然性方面)明显较强。这项研究为分解和组合过程对创造性洞察力重组的贡献提供了证据。
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引用次数: 0
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Consciousness and Cognition
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