Aggression and Violent Behavior最新文献

For decades, scientists have explored the link between aggressive behaviors and being an athlete based on a persistent concern that behaviors encouraged during competition influence actions outside the sports context. Numerous publications have investigated the relationship between athlete identity and engaging in aggressive behaviors. Only a small percentage have used psychometrically validated instruments to measure aggressive behaviors. This is a critical limitation. The aim of this review is to summarize findings from studies preceding January 2023 that used validated measures to identify types and intensity of aggression. A total of 7392 articles were identified from several databases. Thirty-eight met the inclusion criteria. Fifteen compared athletes to non-athletes, and 23 examined aggression using athlete-only samples. Six comparison studies found no differences between athletes and non-athletes. Nine had mixed results. Among the studies that used athlete-only samples, competitive level, age, and sport type differentiated scores on the aggression measures. Methodological differences in the study designs (e.g., sample size, sport type, and competitive level) make it difficult to draw generalizable conclusions from this body of literature. Future research on this topic should focus on carefully constructing new studies or replicating existing ones paying close attention to the measurement instruments and study design methods.

Recent systematic reviews on proactive policing interventions illustrate the potential effectiveness of these strategies for reducing crime and disorder. However, many proactive strategies are often confounded with the impacts of focused place-based interventions – or hot spots policing – which have also been associated with significant crime reductions. In this article, we combine data from recent systematic reviews on problem-oriented policing, police stops, and preventive police patrol to investigate whether the deterrent effects of these interventions are moderated by the level of geography targeted. Using meta-regression models to assess the impact of geography while controlling for the impact of policing strategy and other relevant study characteristics, we find that level of geography is the most important predictor of crime prevention outcomes. Specifically, focused micro-geographic interventions are associated with the largest relative crime reductions, regardless of the policing strategy employed. Our estimates also suggest, however, that problem-oriented policing strategies produce larger general crime reduction effects than police patrol and police stop interventions across all levels of geography. We conclude that geography should play a major role in evidence-based crime prevention efforts, but that police agencies should also carefully consider the strategies that they employ and their impacts on both crime and the community.

Researchers across disciplines have examined different facets of the violent radicalization pathway, generating an expansive collection of policy recommendations for prevention of violent extremism and terrorism. One important feature of prevention is community engagement, including a community member's ability and willingness to report indicators of radicalization and mobilization to violence. In this scoping review, we present a summation of the literature on what promotes or discourages a family member's ability to both understand indicators of radicalization and to engage in intervention attempts. Our review is organized into two primary categories: (1) observed, missed, and misunderstood warning signs, and (2) intervention attempts at home and by family members. We conclude our review with implications for policy and future research. We recommend a public health approach that acknowledges the urgent need for trauma-informed care, access to emotional and therapeutic services, and increased availability to educational resources about the radicalization pathway.

Despite over 50 years of research, limited evidence exists regarding a connection between pornography and sexual offending, which individuals are most likely to be affected by pornography, and the broader implications of this purported relationship. Prior meta-analyses have included studies that use a wide range of different methodologies but have not isolated the effects of pornography in samples of individuals that perpetrated a sex offense. We examined the association between pornography (only legal content, child sexual abuse material was not included) and sexual offending in studies that included samples of individuals that had admitted to or been convicted of a sex offense (persons identified as committing a sexual offense (s); PISOs). In addition, we examined several potentially relevant moderator variables that could impact the relationship between pornography and sex offending. Using Robust Variance Estimation, the main effect was non-significant, g = 0.18, 95 % CI [−0.09, 0.46], which further questions whether pornography is associated with various offender populations. However, several moderator analyses generated significant results, including method used to identify PISOs and living status (institutionalized versus living in the community). Tentative conclusions based on these results are discussed, along with implications for future research.

The tendency to interpret ambiguous behavior of others as hostile (Hostile Attribution Bias, HAB) has been associated with aggressive behavior across clinical and non-clinical populations. Although there are several studies investigating the neural correlates of the HAB, prior reviews have not specifically focused on this aspect. This systematic review examines the existing literature on the neural correlates of the HAB and its association with aggression. PsycInfo, Embase, and PubMed databases were searched and 21 studies were included. Findings mainly from magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography reveal alterations in the attention/perception salience network and the theory of mind network, as well as, the attention-related P300 and the N400 component encoding expectation violation. However, the literature on this topic is very heterogeneous, inconsistent, and sparse, so conclusions about neural correlates are restricted. This review offers a comprehensive overview of neuroimaging research on HAB, underscoring the importance of incorporating adequate and standardized HAB measures in future studies. Furthermore, we discuss the potential therapeutic implications of neuroimaging findings for interventions targeting the HAB.

Bullying is a public health issue impacting youth around the globe, yet it does not impact all youth equally. Using meta-regression, this study examines 14,861 effect sizes from 87 different studies that examine cyber- and traditional bullying victimization by race/ethnicity in the United States. We employed a rigorous systematic search and data extraction process. We examined moderators, such as the region of the study and factors related to survey design, to see how these impacted reported rates and rates over time by race/ethnicity. Overall, trends in rates of traditional bullying and cyberbullying victimization vary over time by race, grade, and gender. Specifically, we found that Black youth report among the lowest rates of bullying victimization with rates rising over time, while White and multi-racial youth report among the highest rates of traditional and cyberbullying victimizations over time. The findings highlight important areas of practice and policy, specifically regarding implementing bullying prevention programs and tailoring programs to the needs and diversity of the student body. In addition, the rising or stable trends in cyberbullying victimization across groups indicate an urgent need for more education around digital literacy and online safety and the development of empathy in online interactions.

Recent decades have seen substantial research on the biology of childhood aggression. Here, we review whether and how insights from biological research have contributed to more effective treatments for aggression, with a focus on parenting interventions. We also outline specific strategies for researchers to integrate biological and clinical approaches to refine or augment parenting-focused interventions moving forward. In particular, we (1) evaluate the ability of biological data to provide unique and treatment-relevant insights into the mechanisms of aggression, beyond behavioral data; (2) outline ways of incorporating biological measures directly into clinical practice and possible drawbacks; and (3) discuss the privileged position of biological evidence in the eyes of policymakers and the public, including the potential to drive change at the risk of promoting biological essentialism. To meaningfully advance parenting interventions for childhood aggression, clinical scientists must be thoughtful about the promises and possible pitfalls of integrating biological and implementation-oriented approaches.

Gun violence poses a significant threat to public safety and health in the United States, making the prevention and reduction of firearm-related crimes and injuries a paramount concern. While prior research has systematically reviewed the literature to establish the concentration of crime and violence at micro-places and the effectiveness of hot spot interventions, there is a notable gap in similar efforts that specifically examine studies on gun violence at micro-places. The present study employs a scoping review methodology to comprehensively compile and analyze existing scientific knowledge on the characteristics of interpersonal gun violence at the micro-place level. A thorough search across four databases yielded fifty-one articles meeting our inclusion criteria: peer-reviewed articles, gray literature, and academic theses or dissertations published in English between January 1, 1990, and April 1, 2023. The review reveals several key themes: geographic concentration of gun violence, near-repeat phenomena, environmental risk factors linked to shootings, effectiveness of police and community-based interventions, social consequences of gun violence, and the efficacy of gunshot detection technology, along with other methodological considerations. This scoping review elucidates these themes and offers directions for future research in this critical field.

Institutional child abuse has several negative impacts, including effects on mental health, well-being and interpersonal relationships. There is a need to understand this complex form of abuse occurring in an out-of-home setting. The current review aims to understand the literature base regarding the impact of institutional child abuse and to identify areas where further research is needed. Consequently, a systematic review was conducted, which captured quantitative and qualitative methods. This resulted in 58 papers being included. The papers captured the impacts of institutional abuse, covering physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse and neglect (i.e., a failure to be adequately cared for). These were then analysed using a qualitative methodology, specifically Reflexive Thematic Analysis. Several factors, such as prior abuse, were reported to exacerbate the impact of institutional abuse, whereas secure attachment was noted as a protective feature. Responses to disclosure appear to have an important role in recovery. Areas important for further research included understanding the role of protective factors and how they impact future outcomes, but to do so alongside an acknowledgement and greater exploration of negative impacts.