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The baking of preferences throughout the high school 整个高中的喜好变化
IF 1.4 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-07-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102396
Antonio Alfonso , Pablo Brañas-Garza , Diego Jorrat , Benjamin Prissé , María José Vázquez-De Francisco
This study investigates gender differences in time and risk preferences and how this difference evolves during adolescence. Using a sample of 4,830 non-self-selected teenagers from 207 classes across 22 Spanish schools, we provide a detailed analysis of how boys and girls differ – or not – in economic preferences, and how these preferences change as they grow older. Our large and rich dataset includes information on class attributes, social networks, and friends’ preferences, allowing us to control for a wide range of potentially confounding variables. We find no significant gender differences in patience or risk attitudes at younger ages. However, we find that older adolescents tend to exhibit different patterns than younger ones—girls in higher grades show more nuanced time preferences, and boys in higher grades appear more risk averse than girls. These patterns are shaped by cognitive abilities and the social environment within classrooms. Our findings underscore the importance of considering gender-specific developmental trajectories when studying economic preferences during adolescence.
这项研究调查了性别在时间和风险偏好上的差异,以及这种差异在青春期是如何演变的。我们从西班牙22所学校的207个班级中选取了4830名非自主选择的青少年作为样本,详细分析了男孩和女孩在经济偏好上的差异,以及随着年龄的增长,这些偏好是如何变化的。我们庞大而丰富的数据集包括关于职业属性、社交网络和朋友偏好的信息,使我们能够控制广泛的潜在混淆变量。我们发现,在耐心或风险态度上,年龄较小的人没有显著的性别差异。然而,我们发现年龄较大的青少年往往表现出不同于年龄较小的青少年的模式——高年级的女孩表现出更细微的时间偏好,高年级的男孩表现出比女孩更厌恶风险。这些模式是由认知能力和教室内的社会环境形成的。我们的研究结果强调了在研究青少年经济偏好时考虑性别特定发展轨迹的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Pre-merger performance and merger success: An experimental approach 并购前绩效与并购成功:一种实验方法
IF 1.6 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-07-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102417
Jung S. You , Minsoo Jeong , Joon-Hee Oh , Wesley J. Johnston
We investigate how firms’ characteristics and cultural integration – defined as the internal cohesion that emerges within a firm’s organization – affect merger success using laboratory experiments. In our design, subjects develop a shared culture while completing tasks, allowing us to capture both pre- and post-merger performance data. Using a panel model that tracks the dynamics of culture formation, we estimate the stable performance level of each firm once its culture is fully developed. We then examine how pre-merger characteristics and organizational culture influence post-merger outcomes. Our results show that the more efficient a firm’s pre-merger organizational culture, the more successful its post-merger culture, as stronger cultural integration emerges among the merging parties.
我们利用实验室实验研究了企业特征和文化整合(定义为企业组织内部的内部凝聚力)如何影响并购成功。在我们的设计中,主体在完成任务时形成共享的文化,从而允许我们捕获合并前和合并后的绩效数据。利用跟踪文化形成动态的面板模型,我们估计了每家公司在其文化充分发展后的稳定绩效水平。然后,我们研究了合并前的特征和组织文化如何影响合并后的结果。研究结果表明,企业并购前的组织文化效率越高,并购后的组织文化就越成功,并购双方之间的文化整合程度越高。
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引用次数: 0
Opinion Piece: How to pre-register experimental studies that involve machine learning for text data analysis 评论:如何预先注册涉及文本数据分析的机器学习的实验研究
IF 1.6 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-07-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102414
Lisa Bruttel, Juri Nithammer
This paper discusses the challenges researchers face when pre-registering experimental studies that incorporate machine learning methods for data analysis, in particular text mining. Compared to standard behavioral data, text data (e.g., free-form chat content) is less predictable in form and meaning, and it is often unclear which representation techniques will yield the most meaningful results. Drawing on experience from multiple experimental studies, we propose best practices and offer guidelines to assist researchers working in this growing area.
本文讨论了研究人员在预先注册实验研究时所面临的挑战,这些实验研究将机器学习方法用于数据分析,特别是文本挖掘。与标准的行为数据相比,文本数据(例如,自由格式的聊天内容)在形式和意义上的可预测性较差,并且通常不清楚哪种表示技术将产生最有意义的结果。根据多个实验研究的经验,我们提出了最佳实践并提供了指导方针,以帮助研究人员在这一不断发展的领域工作。
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引用次数: 0
Uncertainty and inequality preferences in the Ultimatum Game: A case study on Kenyan smallholder farmers 最后通牒博弈中的不确定性与不平等偏好:以肯尼亚小农为例
IF 1.6 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-07-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102426
Wannes Slosse , Kennedy Vaati Mutuku , Michaël de Clercq , Marijke D’Haese , Koen Schoors , Jeroen Buysse
This study examines proposer behavior in the Ultimatum Game through a novel framework grounded in Prospect Theory, integrating uncertainty and inequality preferences. Drawing on experimental and survey data from 240 smallholder farmers in Siaya County, Kenya, we investigate how socio-economic characteristics and membership of producer organizations influence decision-making. By eliciting Certainty Equivalents to estimate individual-level probability weighting functions, we analyze the roles of sensitivity and pessimism as uncertainty preference parameters in shaping proposer behavior. We further explore inequality aversion and preferences for individually advantageous allocations by comparing participants’ theoretical utility-maximizing decisions, as predicted by the model, with their actual observed behavior. The findings reveal significant variations in decision-making across producer organization types, providing fresh insights into the behavioral foundations of economic decision-making in non-Western contexts. This study not only advances the methodological scope of Ultimatum Game analysis but also enhances the applicability of experimental approaches in diverse socio-economic settings.
本研究以前景理论为基础,结合不确定性和不平等偏好,对最后通牒博弈中的提议者行为进行了研究。利用对肯尼亚Siaya县240名小农的实验和调查数据,我们调查了社会经济特征和生产者组织的成员资格如何影响决策。通过引入确定性当量来估计个体层面的概率加权函数,我们分析了敏感性和悲观主义作为不确定性偏好参数在塑造提议者行为中的作用。通过比较模型预测的参与者的理论效用最大化决策与他们实际观察到的行为,我们进一步探讨了对个人有利分配的不平等厌恶和偏好。研究结果揭示了生产者组织类型在决策方面的显著差异,为非西方环境下经济决策的行为基础提供了新的见解。本研究不仅拓展了最后通牒博弈分析的方法论范围,而且提高了实验方法在不同社会经济背景下的适用性。
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引用次数: 0
The effect of social distancing on trust and solidarity 社会距离对信任和团结的影响
IF 1.6 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-07-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102402
Antonio Filippin , Noemi Pace
This paper investigates the effect of social distancing on behavioral traits (trust, trustworthiness, and solidarity) that are important in interpersonal relationships. Toward this goal, we exploit the exogenous manipulation of social distancing provided by the different timing of stay-at-home orders issued in New York and Arizona during the COVID-19 outbreak. The experimental design also entails a between-subject manipulation in order to distinguish In-group vs. Out-group effects. The results show a positive In-group effect on trust, robust to the degree of compliance to the treatment, while we do not find evidence of significant effects on the other behavioral traits.
本文研究了社会距离对人际关系中重要的行为特征(信任、诚信和团结)的影响。为了实现这一目标,我们利用了COVID-19疫情期间纽约和亚利桑那州发布的居家令不同时间所提供的社会距离外生操纵。实验设计还需要在受试者之间进行操作,以区分群内效应和群外效应。结果显示,内群体对信任有积极的影响,对治疗的依从性有很强的影响,而我们没有发现对其他行为特征有显著影响的证据。
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引用次数: 0
What works in financial education? Experimental evidence on program impact 什么在金融教育中起作用?项目影响的实验证据
IF 1.6 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-07-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102401
Gonzalo Llamosas García , Cristina Mazas Pérez-Oleaga
Financial education is increasingly essential for safeguarding both individual and corporate well-being. This study systematically reviews global financial education experiments using a dual-method framework that integrates a deep learning classifier with advanced multivariate statistical techniques. Our analysis indicates that while short-term improvements in financial literacy are common, such gains tend to diminish over time without ongoing reinforcement. Moreover, the limited impact of digital innovations and monetary incentives suggests that successful financial education depends on more than simply deploying technological solutions or extrinsic rewards. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into the evolving landscape of financial education in a dynamic economic context and underscores the need for sustainable strategies that secure lasting improvements in financial literacy.
金融教育对于保障个人和企业的福祉越来越重要。本研究使用双方法框架系统地回顾了全球金融教育实验,该框架将深度学习分类器与先进的多元统计技术相结合。我们的分析表明,虽然金融知识的短期改善是普遍的,但如果没有持续的加强,这种收益往往会随着时间的推移而减少。此外,数字创新和货币激励的影响有限,这表明成功的金融教育不仅取决于部署技术解决方案或外部奖励。总体而言,本综述为动态经济背景下不断变化的金融教育格局提供了有价值的见解,并强调了制定可持续战略以确保金融知识持续改善的必要性。
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引用次数: 0
Buyer-side gender discrimination in bargaining: Evidence from seed sales in Uganda 讨价还价中的买方性别歧视:来自乌干达种子销售的证据
IF 1.6 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-07-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102404
Bjorn Van Campenhout , Leocardia Nabwire
Haggling over prices is a common feature of economic transactions in many societies. This study examines whether the gender of the seller influences buyers’ negotiation strategies and outcomes in bilateral price bargaining. Using a bargaining experiment in eastern Uganda, we analyze interactions between smallholder maize farmers and either a male or female seed seller. Our findings reveal that buyers negotiating with female sellers are less likely to accept the initial offer price and respond with lower counter-bids compared to those bargaining with male sellers. Negotiations also last, on average, one round longer when the seller is a woman, and final transaction prices are nearly 9 percent lower. These results are particularly relevant for rural economies, where restrictive gender norms limit women’s financial autonomy. Given that small agribusinesses often provide one of the few viable income-generating opportunities for women, gender biases in market interactions can have substantial implications for economic empowerment and household welfare.
在许多社会中,讨价还价是经济交易的一个普遍特征。本研究探讨卖方性别是否会影响买方在双边价格议价中的谈判策略和结果。通过在乌干达东部进行的讨价还价实验,我们分析了玉米小农与男性或女性种子销售者之间的互动。我们的研究结果表明,与男性卖家谈判的买家相比,与女性卖家谈判的买家更不可能接受初始报价,并以更低的还价回应。如果卖家是女性,谈判的平均时间也会延长一轮,最终的交易价格也会低近9%。这些结果与农村经济特别相关,在农村,限制性的性别规范限制了妇女的财务自主权。鉴于小型农业综合企业往往为妇女提供为数不多的可行创收机会之一,市场互动中的性别偏见可能对经济赋权和家庭福利产生重大影响。
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引用次数: 0
Self-censorship in the classroom 课堂上的自我审查
IF 1.6 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-07-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102393
Sarah Greenberg , Daniel F. Stone
We present results from an extensive study (14 classes, 407 students) of the degree to which college students self-censor broad political views in classroom settings. We estimate the prevalence of self-censorship by comparing private and public reporting of views. We also study the accuracy of student beliefs about classmate self-censorship by eliciting beliefs about classmates’ private views. We find that students were approximately equally likely to report being socially liberal, economically liberal, and leaning Democratic in private and public settings. However, of students who privately reported being socially conservative, Republican, and economically conservative outside of economics classes, 38%, 45%, and 30% (respectively) did not reveal this publicly. Students in introductory classes were more likely to self-censor. The order of responses options was randomized and had a large effect on the degree of self-censorship of Republicanism. Student beliefs about the distributions of classmates’ political views were mostly accurate but there was substantial underestimation of the percentages of economic conservatives and non-partisans. Results from a follow-up survey suggest that social consequences for students who publicly stated that they were conservative were limited, but not non-existent.
我们展示了一项广泛研究(14个班级,407名学生)的结果,该研究是关于大学生在课堂环境中自我审查广泛政治观点的程度。我们通过比较私人和公开的观点报告来估计自我审查的普遍程度。我们还研究了学生自我审查信念的准确性,通过引出对同学的私人观点的信念。我们发现,在私人和公共环境中,学生在社会自由主义、经济自由主义和倾向民主党的可能性大致相同。然而,在私下里自称社会保守派、共和党保守派和经济保守派的学生中,分别有38%、45%和30%(分别)没有公开透露这一点。上入门课的学生更有可能自我审查。回答选项的顺序是随机的,对共和主义自我审查的程度有很大的影响。学生对同学政治观点分布的看法大多是准确的,但对经济保守派和无党派人士的比例有很大的低估。一项后续调查的结果表明,对公开表示自己是保守的学生来说,社会后果是有限的,但并非没有。
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引用次数: 0
Time pressure and motivated delay effects on sanctioning in a social dilemma: Experimental evidence 社会困境中时间压力和动机延迟对制裁的影响:实验证据
IF 1.6 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-07-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102403
Todd Guilfoos , Jordan F. Suter
We examine intuitive and deliberative cognitive processes on collective action through sanctioning in a social dilemma using two experiments with cognitive manipulations. The first experiment applies time pressure during the voting stage for sanctions to prompt quick and intuitive thought processes to the decision. The second experiment applies a motivated delay treatment to enact deliberative cognitive processes to the voting stage. We find that time pressure and motivated delay do not effect voting for cooperative rules.
我们考察了直觉和审慎的认知过程,通过制裁在社会困境中使用两个实验与认知操作集体行动。第一个实验是在制裁的投票阶段施加时间压力,以促使决策的快速和直观的思维过程。第二个实验采用动机延迟处理来制定投票阶段的审议性认知过程。我们发现时间压力和动机延迟不影响对合作规则的投票。
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引用次数: 0
Avoiding cognitive inconsistency: Experimental evidence on sustainable online shopping 避免认知不一致:可持续网上购物的实验证据
IF 1.6 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-07-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102387
Jana Eßer , Daniela Flörchinger , Manuel Frondel , Stephan Sommer
Cognitive inconsistency, the discrepancy between individuals’ behavior and their self-image, can cause the psychological discomfort called cognitive dissonance. Drawing on the results of a large-scale online survey experiment conducted in Germany in 2021, this paper investigates whether cognitive dissonance is reduced through self-deception and behavior change. After their attitudes toward sustainable production were elicited, participants could opt for a voucher from either a conventional or a sustainable online marketplace in an incentivized discrete-choice task. The task was combined with an experimental setting in which the salience of cognitive inconsistency was increased by either randomly reminding participants of their previously stated attitudes toward sustainable production or by providing information about the negative aspects of conventional online shopping. While we do not find evidence for self-deception, respondents adapt their behavior to their attitudes when their cognitive inconsistency is more salient.
认知不一致,即个体的行为与其自我形象之间的不一致,会导致被称为认知失调的心理不适。根据2021年在德国进行的一项大规模在线调查实验的结果,本文研究了认知失调是否通过自我欺骗和行为改变而减少。在他们对可持续生产的态度被引出后,参与者可以在一个激励的离散选择任务中选择来自传统或可持续在线市场的代金券。这项任务与一个实验环境相结合,通过随机提醒参与者他们之前对可持续生产的态度,或者通过提供关于传统网上购物的负面方面的信息,来增加认知不一致的显著性。虽然我们没有发现自我欺骗的证据,但当他们的认知不一致更加突出时,受访者会调整他们的行为来适应他们的态度。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics
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