The rhetorical trope hypallage, here called Attribute Transfer (AT), has been exploited artistically and creatively since antiquity in poetic and narrative discourse, but it is also used in ordinary language. This study focuses on modifier-noun constructions in which the prenominal modifier (attribute) is “shifted” from one position to another – a “transfer” that triggers metonymic interpretations. AT constitutes a violation of the iconically motivated proximity principle (Givón 2001) according to which the conceptual and functional closeness of linguistic units is mirrored in their morphosyntactic structure. The principle of proximity competes with metonymic motivation – the latter prevailing at the expense of the former. An interesting structural parallelism exists between AT and the shift of the negator not from its “logical” position to another syntactic slot (‘neg-transportation’), which again exhibits a violation of the proximity principle. The article concludes with some suggestions for further research, especially cross-linguistic and typological investigations.
{"title":"Attribute transfer","authors":"Klaus-Uwe Panther","doi":"10.1075/rcl.00104.pan","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00104.pan","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The rhetorical trope hypallage, here called Attribute Transfer (AT), has been\u0000 exploited artistically and creatively since antiquity in poetic and narrative discourse, but it is also used in ordinary language.\u0000 This study focuses on modifier-noun constructions in which the prenominal modifier (attribute) is “shifted” from one position to\u0000 another – a “transfer” that triggers metonymic interpretations. AT constitutes a violation of the iconically motivated proximity\u0000 principle (Givón 2001) according to which the conceptual and functional closeness of\u0000 linguistic units is mirrored in their morphosyntactic structure. The principle of proximity competes with metonymic motivation –\u0000 the latter prevailing at the expense of the former. An interesting structural parallelism exists between AT and the shift of the\u0000 negator not from its “logical” position to another syntactic slot (‘neg-transportation’), which again exhibits a\u0000 violation of the proximity principle. The article concludes with some suggestions for further research, especially\u0000 cross-linguistic and typological investigations.","PeriodicalId":51932,"journal":{"name":"Review of Cognitive Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47054119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Review of Schmid (2020): The dynamics of the linguistic system: Usage, conventionalization, and entrenchment","authors":"Shuang Zhang, Huiping Zhang, Philippe Humblé","doi":"10.1075/rcl.00112.zha","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00112.zha","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51932,"journal":{"name":"Review of Cognitive Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43915979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When it comes to onomatopoeia, it is often claimed that such words are the epitome of sound symbolism, as the link between form and meaning is felt to be “natural”. Yet, this is quite far from the case: onomatopoeic words do need to conform to the phonological and morphological restrictions of a respective language. Due to these restrictions, onomatopoeic forms can vary greatly with regard to the degree to which they are felt to be imitative of a particular sound, making it quite a challenge to succinctly delimit or define this category of words. Accordingly, the paper investigates the role of onomatopoeic formations in English and provides a novel definition of onomatopoeia that is able to encompass both novel and lexicalised examples. In order to do so, the paper advocates a metonymy-based approach to onomatopoeic forms. While it is often stated within cognitive linguistics that metonymy is fundamental in language and cognition (see Barcelona, 2019 for a recent overview), few researchers have done so much to justify this claim as Antonio Barcelona. The present paper is in honour of this lifelong achievement.
{"title":"Onomatopoeia and metonymy","authors":"Réka Benczes, Lilla Petronella Szabó","doi":"10.1075/rcl.00107.ben","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00107.ben","url":null,"abstract":"When it comes to onomatopoeia, it is often claimed that such words are the epitome of sound symbolism, as the link between form and meaning is felt to be “natural”. Yet, this is quite far from the case: onomatopoeic words do need to conform to the phonological and morphological restrictions of a respective language. Due to these restrictions, onomatopoeic forms can vary greatly with regard to the degree to which they are felt to be imitative of a particular sound, making it quite a challenge to succinctly delimit or define this category of words. Accordingly, the paper investigates the role of onomatopoeic formations in English and provides a novel definition of onomatopoeia that is able to encompass both novel and lexicalised examples. In order to do so, the paper advocates a metonymy-based approach to onomatopoeic forms. While it is often stated within cognitive linguistics that metonymy is fundamental in language and cognition (see Barcelona, 2019 for a recent overview), few researchers have done so much to justify this claim as Antonio Barcelona. The present paper is in honour of this lifelong achievement.","PeriodicalId":51932,"journal":{"name":"Review of Cognitive Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138524332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We investigate the figurative size (big or small) that more naturally fits the conceptual representation of the moral emotion concepts pride and shame. We hypothesize the pairings pride-big and shame-small to be more natural than their counterparts, because of the emotions’ expressive profile: pride’s expanded body posture makes us look big, while shame’s shrunk body posture makes us look small. These effects are part of the folk model of pride and shame observed in language and the mapping can be best described as metonymic. An Implicit Association Test is used to investigate the existence of these conceptual pairings in Spanish. Faster reaction times and fewer errors were observed for metonymy-congruent compared to incongruent pairs. These results provide the first empirical evidence of a cognitive association coherent with our hypothesized metonymic link and constitute an empirical psycholinguistic contribution to the study of conceptual metonymy.
{"title":"The size of shame and pride","authors":"Cristina Soriano, Javier Valenzuela","doi":"10.1075/rcl.00108.sor","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00108.sor","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate the figurative size (big or small) that more naturally fits the conceptual representation of the moral emotion concepts pride and shame. We hypothesize the pairings pride-big and shame-small to be more natural than their counterparts, because of the emotions’ expressive profile: pride’s expanded body posture makes us look big, while shame’s shrunk body posture makes us look small. These effects are part of the folk model of pride and shame observed in language and the mapping can be best described as metonymic. An Implicit Association Test is used to investigate the existence of these conceptual pairings in Spanish. Faster reaction times and fewer errors were observed for metonymy-congruent compared to incongruent pairs. These results provide the first empirical evidence of a cognitive association coherent with our hypothesized metonymic link and constitute an empirical psycholinguistic contribution to the study of conceptual metonymy.","PeriodicalId":51932,"journal":{"name":"Review of Cognitive Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138524350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates the abundant metaphorical meanings of the term loong (‘dragon’) in Chinese idioms and the cognitive and cultural factors that influence those meanings from the perspective of Cultural Linguistics. To this end, we present a systematic categorisation of the idiomatic expressions involving the term loong in Mandarin Chinese based on three conceptual metaphors: a human being is a loong, a concrete entity is a loong, and an abstract object is a loong. We then elaborate on the cultural conceptualisations of loong from three perspectives: cultural schemas, cultural categories, and cultural metaphors. The results of the study show how the metaphorical conceptualisations of loong are profoundly influenced by Chinese culture. The resulting study is intended to add to the pool of studies which lend support to the view that a fine-grained study of the metaphors of a particular culture and their linguistic realisation can shed light on how culture influences human cognition. Finally, the study calls for a clearer integration of cultural approaches into conceptual metaphor theory and it explores some possibilities in this regard.
{"title":"Cultural conceptualisations of loong (龙) in Chinese idioms","authors":"Xu Wen, C. Chen","doi":"10.1075/rcl.00095.wen","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00095.wen","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study investigates the abundant metaphorical meanings of the term loong (‘dragon’) in\u0000 Chinese idioms and the cognitive and cultural factors that influence those meanings from the perspective of Cultural Linguistics.\u0000 To this end, we present a systematic categorisation of the idiomatic expressions involving the term loong in\u0000 Mandarin Chinese based on three conceptual metaphors: a human being is a loong, a concrete entity is a loong, and an abstract\u0000 object is a loong. We then elaborate on the cultural conceptualisations of loong from three\u0000 perspectives: cultural schemas, cultural categories, and cultural metaphors. The results of the study show how the metaphorical\u0000 conceptualisations of loong are profoundly influenced by Chinese culture. The resulting study is intended to add\u0000 to the pool of studies which lend support to the view that a fine-grained study of the metaphors of a particular culture and their\u0000 linguistic realisation can shed light on how culture influences human cognition. Finally, the study calls for a clearer\u0000 integration of cultural approaches into conceptual metaphor theory and it explores some possibilities in this regard.","PeriodicalId":51932,"journal":{"name":"Review of Cognitive Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46932237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper considers language evolution from a cognitive-grammar (CG) perspective taking Classical Arabic Case Marking (CACM) as a case in point and a departure point. It is argued that the accusative case is diachronically the baseline case mark, designating the Objective Scene (OS) and demarcating an object of perception in the initial stage of maximal subjectivity in which the ground (G) is totally implicit. Such maximum is then attenuated through a process of objectification such that g entities are gradually put onstage to fulfill the functions of identification and predication. The nominative case, then, figures to mark such emerging entities in their baseline, immediate status. This conception of G with its functions is later extended to mark entities external to G, which gives rise to the full, nominative-marked, baseline existential core (C∃) comprising the existential predicate (P∃) and the existential subject (S∃). The truncation (T) of a verb’s nominative case is argued to fulfill the semantic function of situating a process out of existential reality yielding the existential predicate minus (P-∃), which represents a basic elaboration on baseline C∃. Processes being extensions from perception, the accusative case attenuates to mark entities (D) that demarcate processes, implementing the semantic function of processual modification. Finally, a genitive-marked entity (RP) is proposed to implement the semantic function of referential modification, anchoring and referencing the conceptions of all those facets of reality.
{"title":"Language evolution from a cognitive-grammar perspective","authors":"Reyadh Aldokhayel","doi":"10.1075/rcl.00090.ald","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00090.ald","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper considers language evolution from a cognitive-grammar (CG) perspective taking\u0000 Classical Arabic Case Marking (CACM) as a case in point and a departure point. It is argued that the accusative case is\u0000 diachronically the baseline case mark, designating the Objective Scene (OS) and demarcating an object of perception in the initial\u0000 stage of maximal subjectivity in which the ground (G) is totally implicit. Such maximum is then attenuated through a\u0000 process of objectification such that g entities are gradually put onstage to fulfill the functions of\u0000 identification and predication. The nominative case, then, figures to mark such emerging entities in their\u0000 baseline, immediate status. This conception of G with its functions is later extended to mark entities external to G, which gives\u0000 rise to the full, nominative-marked, baseline existential core (C∃) comprising the existential\u0000 predicate (P∃) and the existential subject (S∃). The truncation (T) of a verb’s\u0000 nominative case is argued to fulfill the semantic function of situating a process out of existential reality yielding the\u0000 existential predicate minus (P-∃), which represents a basic elaboration on baseline C∃. Processes\u0000 being extensions from perception, the accusative case attenuates to mark entities (D) that demarcate processes, implementing the\u0000 semantic function of processual modification. Finally, a genitive-marked entity (RP) is proposed to implement the\u0000 semantic function of referential modification, anchoring and referencing the conceptions of all those facets of\u0000 reality.","PeriodicalId":51932,"journal":{"name":"Review of Cognitive Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42938192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper discusses the grammaticalization of motion verbs in Mandarin. A class of motion verbs in Mandarin that regularly appears at either V1 or V2 position in the V1+V2 construction is only grammaticalized at the V2 position, where the verb becomes a directional complement. We provide a cognitive semantic account and propose a new hypothesis that we call the syntactic position and event type sensitivity hypothesis in grammaticalization. We analyze corpus data across five historical stages for 11 simplex directional complements. The analysis draws on Talmy’s macro-event theory and Lehmann’s grammaticalization parameters. It is concluded that motion verbs at the V1 position are most likely to have agentive subjects, which foregrounds the idea of motion in V1, while V2 focuses on the Agent’s purpose. Motion verbs at V2 are relatively more likely to have non-agentive subjects, which foregrounds the Path element in V2 and complements the action of V1, rather than the purpose of the Agent. What triggers the grammaticalization of the V2 is the foregrounding of the Path element in V2, which complements the action of V1, and its non-agentive subject.
{"title":"Potentials for grammaticalization","authors":"F. Li, Na Liu","doi":"10.1075/rcl.00088.li","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00088.li","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This paper discusses the grammaticalization of motion verbs in Mandarin. A class of motion verbs in Mandarin that regularly appears at either V1 or V2 position in the V1+V2 construction is only grammaticalized at the V2 position, where the verb becomes a directional complement. We provide a cognitive semantic account and propose a new hypothesis that we call the syntactic position and event type sensitivity hypothesis in grammaticalization. We analyze corpus data across five historical stages for 11 simplex directional complements. The analysis draws on Talmy’s macro-event theory and Lehmann’s grammaticalization parameters. It is concluded that motion verbs at the V1 position are most likely to have agentive subjects, which foregrounds the idea of motion in V1, while V2 focuses on the Agent’s purpose. Motion verbs at V2 are relatively more likely to have non-agentive subjects, which foregrounds the Path element in V2 and complements the action of V1, rather than the purpose of the Agent. What triggers the grammaticalization of the V2 is the foregrounding of the Path element in V2, which complements the action of V1, and its non-agentive subject.","PeriodicalId":51932,"journal":{"name":"Review of Cognitive Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45159124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
People from different languages draw from the knowledge they have from the domain of heat (source domain) and apply it to the domain of anger (target domain) through metaphor. This was also found to be the case with Amharic and Changana. Our study investigates how anger is metaphorically conceptualized in these two languages. Many similarities were found even though variations do exist cross-linguistically. It is suggested that the similarities between these languages in conceptualizing anger lie in the fact that human beings share the same bodily experience: (physiology) embodiment, even though variations may arise due to the differences in cultural embodiment (race, values and geographical localization, etc). The study seeks to demonstrate how these two dimensions contribute to the overall conceptual structure of anger is heat metaphor in these two (unrelated) African languages.
{"title":"Red-hot faces and burnt hearts","authors":"Sérgio N. Menete, Guiying Jiang","doi":"10.1075/rcl.00092.man","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00092.man","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 People from different languages draw from the knowledge they have from the domain of heat (source domain) and\u0000 apply it to the domain of anger (target domain) through metaphor. This was also found to be the case with Amharic and Changana.\u0000 Our study investigates how anger is metaphorically conceptualized in these two languages. Many similarities were found even though\u0000 variations do exist cross-linguistically. It is suggested that the similarities between these languages in conceptualizing anger\u0000 lie in the fact that human beings share the same bodily experience: (physiology) embodiment, even though\u0000 variations may arise due to the differences in cultural embodiment (race, values and geographical localization,\u0000 etc). The study seeks to demonstrate how these two dimensions contribute to the overall conceptual structure of anger is\u0000 heat metaphor in these two (unrelated) African languages.","PeriodicalId":51932,"journal":{"name":"Review of Cognitive Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42021161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the Cognitive Linguistics literature, the way viewers understand printed ads whose interpretation is based on metaphors and/or metonymies is conditioned by the principle whereby the source and target domains are called upon by the linguistic expression at roughly the same time (cf. Gibbs, 2006). Nonetheless, Herrero-Ruiz (2019) has shown how certain contextual effects are generated when one of the metaphoric/metonymic domains appears at a later stage in the interpretation process (direct vs. delayed domain appearance). In this paper, we shall describe various analytical patterns grounded in this new perspective as well as the specific interpretive routes that they imply. In doing so, we offer an alternative to the existing approaches that try to account for the possible interpretations printed ads based on metaphors and/or metonymies may elicit.
{"title":"Interpretations based on delayed-domain (dis)appearance in printed advertising","authors":"Javier Herrero-Ruiz","doi":"10.1075/rcl.00086.her","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00086.her","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In the Cognitive Linguistics literature, the way viewers understand printed ads whose interpretation is based on\u0000 metaphors and/or metonymies is conditioned by the principle whereby the source and target domains are called upon by the\u0000 linguistic expression at roughly the same time (cf. Gibbs, 2006).\u0000 Nonetheless, Herrero-Ruiz (2019) has shown how certain contextual\u0000 effects are generated when one of the metaphoric/metonymic domains appears at a later stage in the interpretation process\u0000 (direct vs. delayed domain appearance). In this paper, we shall describe various analytical\u0000 patterns grounded in this new perspective as well as the specific interpretive routes that they imply. In doing so, we offer an\u0000 alternative to the existing approaches that try to account for the possible interpretations printed ads based on metaphors and/or\u0000 metonymies may elicit.","PeriodicalId":51932,"journal":{"name":"Review of Cognitive Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41669020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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