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Effects of sebum properties on skin friction: investigation using a bench test 皮脂特性对皮肤摩擦的影响:使用台架试验的研究
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2020-06-16 DOI: 10.1049/bsbt.2019.0015
Kerlen T. Korbeld, Michel Klaassen, Rikeen D. Jobanputra, Erik G. de Vries, Marc A. Masen

The hydro lipid film is an emulsion of sweat and sebum that covers the surface of the human skin and affects the tribological properties of the human skin. This study investigates the effects of the composition of the sebum on the average coefficient of friction. A range of simplified sebums was developed and the friction behaviour was investigated. Five realistic sebums showed a strong variation in friction results, indicating that interpersonal differences in frictional behaviour might have their origin in differences in sebum composition. A more detailed investigation employing controlled variations of individual ingredients showed that friction is highly sensitive to the amount of squalene in the sebum. The amount of fatty acids in the sebum also showed some effects, whilst the amount of cholesterol does not appear to be relevant for the friction behaviour. The main new outcome from this study is that the composition of sebum has a significant effect on the friction response of skin in ways that are currently not yet fully understood.

水脂膜是覆盖在人体皮肤表面的汗液和皮脂的乳液,影响人体皮肤的摩擦学性能。本研究探讨了皮脂成分对平均摩擦系数的影响。开发了一系列简化的皮脂,并研究了摩擦行为。五个真实皮脂在摩擦结果上表现出强烈的差异,表明人与人之间摩擦行为的差异可能源于皮脂成分的差异。一项更详细的调查采用控制单个成分的变化表明,摩擦对皮脂中角鲨烯的含量高度敏感。皮脂中脂肪酸的数量也显示出一些影响,而胆固醇的数量似乎与摩擦行为无关。这项研究的主要新结果是皮脂的组成对皮肤的摩擦反应有显著的影响,目前还没有完全了解。
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引用次数: 1
Design method for a bionic wrist based on tensegrity structures 基于张拉整体结构的仿生手腕设计方法
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2020-04-19 DOI: 10.1049/bsbt.2019.0022
Jianwei Sun, Xuemin Cao, Guangsheng Song

The traditional bionic upper limb structure design is limited by the motion pair and cannot guarantee the flexibility of the mechanical structure. The tensegrity structure has the characteristics of high deformability, strong self-adaptability, and resistance to multi-directional impact. According to the biological characteristics of the upper limbs of the human body, an anatomical study is performed on the upper limb wrist joints that achieve adduction/abduction, flexion/extension, to obtain the relationship between the movements of the related bones and muscles, and to simplify the shape and structure of the wrist. Equivalent mapping of a mechanical model based on two-bar tensile properties. Through the contraction and stretching of the spring, the movement characteristics of the human muscles are realised, and the optimised bionic upper limb wrist tensioning robot without motion pair is further obtained. Adams simulation is used to verify that the bionic tensile wrist can simulate the change movement of the human wrist. The experimental platform was built and a physical prototype was made and the prototype was tested. The results show that the bionic tensile wrist can realise the adaptive motion characteristics of the human wrist well and stably, which proves the validity and feasibility of this design method.

传统的仿生上肢结构设计受到运动副的限制,不能保证机械结构的灵活性。张拉整体结构具有变形性高、自适应性强、抗多向冲击等特点。根据人体上肢的生物学特性,对实现内收/外展、屈伸/外展的上肢腕关节进行解剖学研究,获得相关骨骼和肌肉的运动关系,简化腕关节的形状和结构。基于两杆拉伸性能的力学模型的等效映射。通过弹簧的收缩和拉伸,实现人体肌肉的运动特性,进一步得到优化后的无运动副的仿生上肢腕部张力机器人。通过Adams仿真验证了仿生拉伸手腕能够模拟人类手腕的变化运动。搭建了实验平台,制作了实物样机并对样机进行了测试。结果表明,仿生张力腕能较好、稳定地实现人体手腕的自适应运动特性,证明了该设计方法的有效性和可行性。
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引用次数: 7
CMM-based method for assessing the volume change of retrieved polyethylene cups in MoP total hip replacements 基于cmm的人工全髋关节置换术中回收聚乙烯杯体积变化评估方法
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2020-04-19 DOI: 10.1049/bsbt.2019.0011
Xijin Hua, Junyan Li

Wear occurring at the bearing surface and the consequent generation of wear debris has been identified as the primary cause of aseptic loosening in metal-on-polyethylene (MoP) hip joint replacements. The accurate estimation of volume change in polyethylene cups due to creep and wear is, therefore, an important step for identifying the cause of failure and improving the longevity of MoP prosthesis. The purposes of this study were to present and apply a co-ordinate measuring machine (CMM)-based method for assessing the volume change of retrieved components due to wear and creep by using a combination of CMM data and a bespoke computer programme. The method was firstly validated against the standard gravimetric technique, and then applied to four retrieved polyethylene cups for wear assessment and analysis. The results show that the volume changes calculated using the present method match well with those assessed through the gravimetric technique. The CMM-based method presented in the study is capable of effectively and reliably determining the volume change and characterising the wear patch of retrieved components from MoP hip joint replacements.

在轴承表面发生的磨损以及随之而来的磨损碎片的产生已被确定为金属对聚乙烯(MoP)髋关节置换术中无菌性松动的主要原因。因此,准确估计聚乙烯杯因蠕变和磨损引起的体积变化是确定失效原因和提高MoP假体使用寿命的重要步骤。本研究的目的是提出并应用一种基于坐标测量机(CMM)的方法,通过使用CMM数据和定制计算机程序的组合来评估由于磨损和蠕变而产生的回收部件的体积变化。该方法首先与标准重量法进行了验证,然后应用于四个回收的聚乙烯杯进行磨损评估和分析。结果表明,用该方法计算的体积变化与用重量法计算的结果吻合较好。本研究提出的基于cmm的方法能够有效可靠地确定MoP髋关节置换术中回收部件的体积变化和表征磨损片。
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引用次数: 0
Finite‐element modelling of frictional behaviour between oesophagus and endoscope 食道和内窥镜之间摩擦行为的有限元建模
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2020-03-13 DOI: 10.1049/bsbt.2019.0034
Chengxiong Lin, Pan Ren, Wei Li, Hengyi Deng, Zhongrong Zhou
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引用次数: 3
In Memoriam: Duncan Dowson (1928–2020) 纪念:邓肯·道森(1928-2020)
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2020-03-12 DOI: 10.1049/bsbt.2020.0006
Zhongmin Jin, Zhongrong Zhou

It is with great regret that we have to inform the readers of our Journal that Professor Duncan Dowson, the Honorary Editor of our Journal, has passed away at age 91 (6 January 2020). He had not been feeling well in the last few years and his condition was worsened after a fall. He died in hospital on 6th January 2020. This is a great loss to all of us, particularly in the biotribology community and we will remember him as one of the greatest biotribologists of our time.

Professor Duncan Dowson was born on 31st August 1928 in Yorkshire, UK. He studied an undergraduate degree in Mechanical Engineering at the University of Leeds from 1947 to 1950. He continued his postgraduate study at the same institution and obtained a PhD for his thesis on ‘Cavitation in Lubricating Films Supporting Small Loads’ in 1952. He became a Lecturer in Mechanical Engineering in 1954, a Senior Lecturer in 1963, a Reader in 1965 and a Professor of Engineering Fluid Mechanics and Tribology in 1966: the world's first holder of a Chair of Tribology. He remained active in research as an Emeritus Professor at the University of Leeds after his retirement on 30th September 1993.

Professor Dowson has made a remarkably distinguished contribution to the scientific study and engineering application in the area of Tribology. One of his particular contributions in this field is in Biotribology, a subject that he introduced in 1970 to cover aspects of tribology concerned with biological systems [[1]]. He was particularly supportive of the research developments in this field. He kindly wrote the Foreword for the ‘Dental Biotribology’ authored by the Editor in 2013 [[2]].

According to our own accounts, of a total of 616 of his scientific publications, approximately half (301) were dedicated to the area of Biotribology. He published his first paper in Biotribology [[4]] and organised the first Symposium (Institution of Mechanical Engineers, UK) [[5]] on the topic of human synovial joints and artificial replacements in 1966, a study that has inspired so many researchers (including two Associated Editors of our Journal) and remained actively investigated till the present time. From the very beginning, he recognised the importance of clinical and medical inputs into this area and had established close collaborations with clinicians including the late Professor Verna Wright, the late Sir John Charnley, Professor Mike Wroblewski etc. Together with many of his postgraduate students and colleagues, he investigated a number of interesting clinical problems, such as joint stiffness, walking activities, and also a cracking joint that has received significant attention recently [[6]]. His publications on both biomechanics and biotribology of synovial joints and replacements included the hip, the knee, the elbow, the shoulder, the ankle and the finger as well as other interesting topics such as heart values, the fat

我们非常遗憾地通知本刊读者,本刊名誉编辑邓肯·道森教授去世,享年91岁(2020年1月6日)。在过去的几年里,他一直感觉不舒服,在一次跌倒后,他的病情恶化了。他于2020年1月6日在医院死亡。这对我们所有人来说都是一个巨大的损失,尤其是在生物摩擦学界,我们将永远记住他是我们这个时代最伟大的生物摩擦学家之一。邓肯·道森教授1928年8月31日出生于英国约克郡。1947年至1950年,他在利兹大学(University of Leeds)攻读机械工程学士学位。他在同一所大学继续他的研究生学习,并于1952年以“支持小载荷的润滑膜中的空化”论文获得博士学位。1954年成为机械工程讲师,1963年成为高级讲师,1965年成为读者,1966年成为工程流体力学和摩擦学教授,是世界上第一位担任摩擦学主席的人。1993年9月30日退休后,他作为利兹大学名誉教授继续活跃在研究领域。道森教授在摩擦学领域的科学研究和工程应用方面做出了杰出的贡献。他在这一领域的特别贡献之一是生物摩擦学,这是他在1970年引入的一门学科,涵盖了与生物系统有关的摩擦学方面[b[1]]。他特别支持这一领域的研究发展。他热心地为2013年由编辑撰写的“牙科生物摩擦学”撰写了前言[b[2]]。根据我们自己的统计,在他总共发表的616篇科学论文中,大约有一半(301篇)是关于生物摩擦学的。1966年,他在《生物摩擦学》上发表了他的第一篇论文,并组织了第一届研讨会(英国机械工程师学会),主题是人类滑膜关节和人工替代物,这项研究启发了许多研究人员(包括我们杂志的两位联合编辑),并一直积极研究到现在。从一开始,他就认识到临床和医学投入这一领域的重要性,并与已故的Verna Wright教授、已故的John Charnley爵士、Mike Wroblewski教授等临床医生建立了密切的合作关系。与他的研究生和同事一起,他研究了一些有趣的临床问题,如关节僵硬,行走活动,以及最近受到极大关注的关节开裂[b[6]]。他在滑膜关节和替代物的生物力学和生物摩擦学方面的出版物包括髋关节、膝关节、肘部、肩部、脚踝和手指,以及其他有趣的话题,如心脏价值、脂肪部位、半月板、足球靴等。我们中的许多人都知道他在流体膜润滑的理论和计算分析方面的工作,但他也进行了许多实验研究,特别是在关节软骨和滑膜关节滑液的润滑以及人工替代品承载面磨损方面。关节模拟器的重要性在他早期的研究中被认识到,关节模拟器的设计现在被广泛和常规地用于人工关节置换术的临床前测试。邓肯·道森在摩擦学和生物摩擦学方面的贡献也得到了专业和学术的认可。他曾获得英国及瑞典、法国、比利时、加拿大等国的荣誉博士学位。1992年至1993年,他担任英国机械工程师学会主席,1982年当选为英国皇家工程院院士,1987年当选为伦敦皇家学会院士。1989年,他被授予大英帝国司令勋章(CBE)。此外,他还获得了许多杰出的奖项和奖章,包括1979年摩擦学领域的最高奖项——摩擦学金奖。道森教授与我们的期刊关系密切,并非常支持我们的期刊。他在1970年引入的生物摩擦学学科现在是本刊的主要领域之一。他于2008年在利兹会见了期刊的编辑(ZRZ)和一位联合编辑(ZMJ)(图1),并就创办我们的期刊进行了有益的讨论。他欣然同意担任名誉编辑,并于2015年3月在本刊创刊号(6)上为本刊撰写了前言。在前言中,他强调了这一课题的重要性:Dowson教授善良温柔,总是面带微笑。我们中那些在他的指导下学习过、和他一起工作过或者只是和他交谈过的人都会记得他给我们提供的渊博的知识和宝贵的建议。
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引用次数: 0
Systematic review of computational modelling for biomechanics analysis of total knee replacement 全膝关节置换术生物力学分析计算模型的系统综述
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2020-02-27 DOI: 10.1049/bsbt.2019.0012
Liming Shu, Shihao Li, Naohiko Sugita

In vitro and in vivo testing can provide insight into knee joint mechanics and implant performance. However, these methods are costly and time-consuming, which always limits their widespread use during the design stage of the implant. This review presents a critical analysis of computational modelling (in-silicon) techniques including (i) development of a generic model of total knee replacement (TKR) and application of material properties, loading, and boundary conditions; (ii) design and execution of computational experiments; and (iii) practical applications and significant findings. The results show that the generic model and techniques provide significant insight into the general performance of TKR but have limited explicit validation. The introduction of design-of-experiments, probabilistic, and neural network methodologies in computational modelling has enabled simulation at the population level. Further advances in subjective modelling appear to be limited, mainly because of the lack of subjective materials and boundary conditions. Computational modelling will increasingly be used in the preclinical testing and design of TKR. This modelling should include subjective, multi-scale, and closely corroborated analyses to account for the variability of TKR.

体外和体内测试可以深入了解膝关节力学和植入物性能。然而,这些方法成本高昂且耗时,这总是限制了它们在植入物设计阶段的广泛使用。这篇综述对计算建模(硅)技术进行了关键分析,包括(i)全膝关节置换术(TKR)通用模型的开发以及材料特性、载荷和边界条件的应用;(ii)计算实验的设计和执行;三实际应用和重大发现。结果表明,通用模型和技术对TKR的总体性能提供了重要的见解,但显式验证有限。在计算建模中引入了实验设计、概率和神经网络方法,使模拟能够在总体水平上进行。主观建模的进一步进展似乎是有限的,主要是因为缺乏主观材料和边界条件。计算建模将越来越多地用于TKR的临床前测试和设计。该模型应包括主观、多尺度和密切证实的分析,以说明TKR的可变性。
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引用次数: 10
Enhanced flow sensing with interfacial microstructures 界面微结构增强流动传感
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2020-02-25 DOI: 10.1049/bsbt.2019.0043
Yonggang Jiang, Peng Zhao, Zhiqiang Ma, Dawei Shen, Gongchao Liu, Deyuan Zhang

Biological flow receptors show astonishing performance and are used as models for the design of novel flow sensors. However, the functional importance of interfacial microstructures is seldom discussed in previous review papers. Herein, this review summarises the underlying biomechanical principles in the biological flow receptors and describes the recent progress in bio-inspired flow sensors, in which the underlying sensing-enhancement mechanisms are emphasised.

生物流量受体表现出惊人的性能,并被用作设计新型流量传感器的模型。然而,界面微观结构的功能重要性在以前的综述论文中很少讨论。在此,这篇综述总结了生物流量受体的基本生物力学原理,并描述了生物启发流量传感器的最新进展,其中强调了潜在的传感增强机制。
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引用次数: 11
In vitro corrosion behaviour of phenolic coated nickel–titanium surfaces 酚醛涂层镍钛表面的体外腐蚀行为
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2020-02-10 DOI: 10.1049/bsbt.2018.0018
Simon Longela, Athanasios Chatzitakis

The biocompatibility of implantable nickel–titanium biomaterials relies on the quality of their surfaces. In this study, nickel–titanium surfaces are coated with phenolic thin films of tannic acid and pyrogallol with the purpose of studying their corrosion resistance in physiological environments. Three tests are performed: the open-circuit potential test, potentiodynamic polarisation and potentiostatic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Polarisation measurements are scrutinised in order to gain knowledge concerning the kinetics of the cathodic and anodic reactions, while the open-circuit potentials and impedance spectroscopy help to study the electrolyte–surficial interactions. It is found that coating nitinol with polyphenols results in the depletion of the native oxide layer and thus a decrease of corrosion resistance. Pyrogallic treated nitinol surfaces (with a corrosion rate of 0.119 mm/year) are half as electrochemically corrosion resistive as tannic acid-coated substrate. Therefore, it is proposed that tannic treated nitinol would be a better option if implanted on biomaterial surfaces.

植入式镍钛生物材料的生物相容性取决于其表面质量。本研究通过在镍钛表面涂覆单宁酸和邻苯三酚的酚醛薄膜,研究其在生理环境中的耐蚀性。进行了三种测试:开路电位测试、动电位极化和恒电位电化学阻抗谱。仔细检查极化测量,以获得有关阴极和阳极反应动力学的知识,而开路电位和阻抗谱有助于研究电解质-表面相互作用。结果表明,用多酚包覆镍钛诺会导致氧化层的损耗,从而降低镍钛诺的耐蚀性。烧成没食子处理的镍钛诺表面(腐蚀速率为0.119毫米/年)的耐电化学腐蚀性是单宁酸涂层基底的一半。因此,建议单宁处理镍钛诺将是一个更好的选择,如果植入生物材料表面。
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引用次数: 0
Bio-inspired nano rotor investigation based on UVLM 基于UVLM的仿生纳米转子研究
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2020-02-04 DOI: 10.1049/bsbt.2019.0019
Zhao Shanyong, Liu Zhen, Sun Yachuan, Dang Tianjiao, Li Shiqi

Nano rotor is of great value in military and civilian applications. Due to its nano size, it works at an ultra-low Reynolds number and aerodynamic performance deteriorates dramatically. The bio-inspired nano rotor is carried out to improve the rotor propulsive performance. Unsteady vortex lattice method (UVLM) model is established fully considering the influence of induced drag and wake vortex distortion on aerodynamic forces. The aim is to quickly and accurately simulate the flow field around the bio-inspired nano rotor and to efficiently perform the aerodynamic calculation to optimise the design of the bio-inspired rotor. The rotor parameters and motion parameters such as aspect ratio, taper ratio and camber are studied using UVLM. It is found that the aerodynamic performance of the rotor increased with the aspect ratio. The quality factor changes parabolically with the taper ratio and camber, and there is an optimal value for the ratio and camber, respectively. The influences of pitching angle and frequency are investigated as well. Results show that the bio-inspired motion improves the propulsion performance of nano rotor.

纳米转子在军事和民用领域具有重要的应用价值。由于其纳米尺寸,它在超低雷诺数下工作,空气动力学性能急剧恶化。采用仿生纳米旋翼来提高旋翼的推进性能。建立了充分考虑诱导阻力和尾涡畸变对气动力影响的非定常涡格法(UVLM)模型。其目的是快速准确地模拟仿生纳米转子周围的流场,并有效地进行空气动力学计算,以优化仿生转子的设计。利用UVLM对转子参数和运动参数如纵横比、锥度比和弯度进行了研究。研究发现,转子的气动性能随纵横比的增大而增大。质量因子随锥度比和外倾角呈抛物线变化,并且锥度比和内倾角分别存在最优值。研究了俯仰角和频率的影响。结果表明,仿生运动提高了纳米转子的推进性能。
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引用次数: 0
Tribological behaviour of two kinds of typical hydrogel contact lenses in different lubricants 两种典型水凝胶隐形眼镜在不同润滑剂中的摩擦学行为
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2019-11-28 DOI: 10.1049/bsbt.2019.0029
D. Qin, Li‐Ting Zhu, Teng Zhou, Z. Liao, M. Liang, L. Qin, Z. Cai
Contact lenses have a special effect on the treatment of some eye diseases. The tribological behaviour of soft contact lenses considerably influences their clinical performance. Improper wearing of contact lenses can lead to mechanical damage of the contact interface, which can lead to pathological changes in the eyeball. In this study, the sliding friction of two kinds of typical contact lens materials (hilaficon-B and lotrafilcon-B) in three lubricants (distilled water, care solution, and eye drop) and tribological parameters are studied, using PMMA as a control. Hydrogels have high water content but the dehydration rate is high. Silicone hydrogels have low initial water content but low dehydration rates. The friction test in distilled water gives the highest coefficient of friction value. The care solution and eye drop significantly reduce the friction coefficient of the lens due to the formation of tribofilm.
隐形眼镜对一些眼疾的治疗有特殊的效果。软性隐形眼镜的摩擦学性能对其临床性能影响很大。隐形眼镜佩戴不当会导致接触界面的机械损伤,从而导致眼球的病理变化。本研究以PMMA为对照,研究了两种典型隐形眼镜材料hilaficon-B和lotrafilcon-B在三种润滑剂(蒸馏水、护理液和滴眼液)中的滑动摩擦及摩擦学参数。水凝胶含水量高,但脱水率高。硅酮水凝胶初始含水量低,但脱水率低。在蒸馏水中进行摩擦试验,摩擦系数最高。护理液和滴眼液由于形成摩擦膜而显著降低晶状体的摩擦系数。
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引用次数: 1
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