Journal of Affective Disorders Reports最新文献

The lockdown due to COVID-19 pandemic has turned all life activities upside down. Facebook has become an important mean for adults to continue a social media presence and connect with outside society. Regular use of Facebook in this period can increase Facebook intensity of young adults. This study explores the influence of Facebook usage during COVID-19 pandemic on life satisfaction of seniors of a public university in Northern Vietnam. Determinants such as academic performance, social overload and social activities can play a mediating position in the indirect impact of Facebook intensity on life satisfaction of final year students during COVID-19 pandemic. This research implication is promoting reflection and awareness of seniors and educators in regulating behavior of Facebook usage in case of social distancing.

Numerous studies have examined the association between depression and risky decision-making, but the results are mixed. To address this issue, we conducted a meta-analysis of risky decision-making in individuals with current Major depressive disorder (MDD). Patients with MDD exhibit divergent performances in risky decision-making across various tasks. Specifically, MDD patients tend to select the disadvantageous decks in the Iowa Gambling Task (SMD = 0.40; 95%CI = 0.09 to 0.70; p = 0.011), make fewer pumps on the balloon in the Balloon Analog Risk Task (SMD = -0.29; 95%CI = -0.47 to -0.12; p < 0.01), and demonstrate similar performance in the Cambridge Gambling Task and the Game of Dice Task when compared to healthy controls. The meta-regression analysis revealed that age exhibits a significant correlation with the effect size in the Balloon Analog Risk Task (z = 2.375, p = 0.018, 95%CI = [0.004,0.043]). The subgroup analysis showed a significant difference in effect sizes among age groups within both the Iowa Gambling Task (Q = 9.34, df = 3, p = 0.025) and the Balloon Analog Risk Task (Q = 6.48, df = 1, p = 0.011). These findings indicate that MDD might impair the distinct process of risky decision-making, and age may paly vital role in the performance of MDD patients in risky decision-making. Understanding this could potentially facilitate more effective clinical interventions, thus reducing the burden on society.

Introduction

Some specific personality factors in patients of bipolar disorder are potential risk factors for developing comorbid substance use disorder. Comorbid substance use disorder is one of the most common factors associated with non-adherence to treatment in bipolar disorder patients leading to poor quality of life. We compared all three variables in bipolar disorder-1patients with or without substance use disorder.

Methods

It is a cross-sectional study done on 90 patients of Bipolar disorder-1 diagnosed as per DSM-5, 45 without and 45 with comorbid substance use disorder. Personality factors, non-adherence to medication and quality of life were assessed and compared between both the groups using standardized tools and appropriate statistical analysis methods.

Results

There was a significant difference between the groups in terms of distribution of socio-economic status (Bias Corrected Cramer'sV = 0.31 moderate association), gender (Bias Corrected Cramer'sV = 0.37 moderate association), distribution of 16 personality factor B (Cramer's V = 0.28) and factor G (χ2 = 6.222, p = 0.045) (Cramer's V = 0.26).

Limitations

Small sample size and a cross-sectional study design.

Conclusion

SUD and NSUD group differed on 16 PF factor B and G which are factors for reasoning and Rule-Consciousness respectively although on regression analysis this difference was not significant for factor G. In binary logistic regression multivariable model, an average score (as compared to low score) of personality factor B was found to significantly increase the ODDS of substance use. SUD group had more severity and greater number of episodes, had lower level of education, belonged to low socio-economic status.

Background

Psychological distress, posing a substantial threat to the well-being of medical students, is linked to heightened risks of academic struggles and suicidal tendencies. Despite its profound impact, comprehensive studies on the prevalence and determinants of psychological distress among medical students remain scarce, particularly in developing nations like Ethiopia. This study sought to robustly assess the prevalence of psychological distress and its determinants among medical students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Methods

A rigorous institution-based cross-sectional study involving 423 medical students utilized a stratified random sampling technique. The Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) served as the assessment for psychological distress. The scale has been validated for use in Ethiopia and demonstrates a sensitivity of 84.2 % and specificity of 77.8 %. Scores above 20 on the K10 were considered as indicative of psychological distress, while scores falling within the ranges of 10–19 were likely to indicate wellness. Logistic regression was used to investigate the association between dependent and independent variables. Odds ratios (OR) with corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI) were meticulously calculated to discern the strength of associations.

Results

Out of the 423 participants, 390 were included in the current study, resulting in a response rate of 92.2 %. A formidable prevalence of psychological distress was exposed, registering at 42.82 % (95 % CI 37.97, 47.82 %). Strikingly, female students exhibited a disproportionately higher prevalence (62.03 %) compared to their male counterparts (37.93 %). Factors such as test anxiety, suicidal attempts, and suboptimal time management were pivotal contributors to escalated rates of psychological distress. Multivariable analysis underscored the significance of certain determinants, revealing that high GPA scores were protective [AOR 0.25, 95 % CI 0.13, 0.49], while inadequate social support [AOR 5.7, 95 % CI 2.96, 11.24], a history of suicidal attempts [AOR 5.62, 95 % CI 1.34, 23.4], and problematic test anxiety [AOR 5.02, 95 % CI 2.67, 9.42] were associated with heightened vulnerability.

Conclusion

This study unveils a pervasive and concerning landscape of psychological distress among medical students in Addis Ababa, with a stark gender disparity. Interventions targeting test anxiety, fortifying social support structures, and providing accessible mental health resources are essential to mitigate these challenges and enhance the resilience and well-being of medical students, thereby reducing or preventing psychological distress.

Objective

There is no evidence about the effects of personal traits on physical health, mental health and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in healthcare workers in Vietnam, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to measure associations between the personality of healthcare workers (HCWs) in Vietnam and their physical health, mental health and health-related quality of life (HRQOL).

Methods

A multi-centre cross-sectional study was conducted on 245 HCWs in Hanoi, Vietnam, during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) was used to measure HCWs’ personality. Physical Health Questionnaire-14 (PHQ-14), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder – 7 (GAD7) and EuroQOL-5 Dimensions-5 Levels (EQ-5D-5 L) instruments were used to measure physical health, mental health and HRQOL. Multivariate Tobit regression models were used.

Results

The mean EPI Extraversion and Neuroticism scores were 8.75/24 (SD=5.66) and 8.69/24 (SD=6.30). The Extraversion score was negatively associated with PHQ14 respiratory infection (Coef.= - 0.13, 95 %CI=-0.24; -0.02) and GAD7 score (Coef. = -0.22, 95 %CI= - 0.40; -0.04). The Neuroticism score was positively correlated with PHQ14 gastrointestinal issue score, PHQ14 headache score, PHQ14 respiratory infection score, PHQ14 sleep disruption score, PQH14 total score, PHQ9 score, GAD7 score and fear of COVID-19 score, while negatively correlated with EQ-5D index (Coef. = -0.006, 95 %CI= -0.010; -0.002).

Conclusion

This study indicated that personality had potential roles in impacting the physical and mental well-being of HCWs in Vietnam during the COVID-19 pandemic. Interventions to implement mindfulness practices, enhance overall well-being, and foster group dynamics among HCWs should be warranted..

Background

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is the deliberate, self-inflicted destruction of body tissue without suicidal intent. Over the past few decades, an increase in the prevalence of NSSI has been noted and NSSI behaviours appear to be developing at younger ages. Simultaneously, the use of Social Networking Sites (SNS) has steadily increased over recent years. The coincident rise in the widespread use of SNS and NSSI has led researchers to consider a possible link between these two aspects. However, this phenomenon is still not fully understood. This systematic review aimed to clarify the link between SNS and NSSI among young populations, specifically focusing on the effect of SNS exposure on NSSI.

Methods

Searches were performed in four electronic databases using terms related to the variables of interest (SNS, NSSI, children/adolescents). The search produced 687 initial records.

Results

The study selection process resulted in 10 eligible records, including two qualitative studies. Significant associations were found between SNS exposure and increased risk of NSSI in samples of children and adolescents from psychiatric contexts in the United States, and in samples from the general community in China and the UK.

Limitations

Because all studies had a cross-sectional design, it was not possible to establish whether SNS exposure resulted in NSSI or vice-versa.

Conclusions

The qualitative studies suggest a complex association. The quantitative studies show conflicting results on NSSI as regards time spent on SNS and gender. Future longitudinal studies and research using qualitative methodology can contribute to illuminate the trends identified in this review.

Background

Knowledge about mental disorders (mental health literacy, MHL) among laypeople facilitates adequate help-seeking. Prolonged grief disorder (PGD) is a relatively new diagnosis and little is known about MHL regarding PGD. Since grief is a normal phenomenon, it may be difficult for laypeople to recognise the presence of this mental disorder and their decision could be influenced by circumstantial factors determining the expression and intensity of grief.

We examined whether the gender of the bereaved person and the person's relationship to the deceased affected laypeople's recognition of PGD as a mental disorder and what treatment laypeople would recommend for PGD.

Methods

A German convenience sample (n = 369) was randomly presented one of four vignettes. Vignettes varied the gender of the bereaved person (male vs female) and the relationship to the deceased (child vs parent). Participants indicated whether in their view the depicted person suffered from a mental disorder and what treatment they would recommend. Additionally, participants rated their agreement with positive and negative statements about PGD.

Results

Neither gender nor the relationship to the deceased influenced laypeople's diagnostic ratings and treatment recommendations. If participants considered a mental disorder to be present, they recommended most strongly grief counselling, followed by psychotherapy and self-help groups. Attitudes towards PGD were overwhelmingly positive.

Limitations

Results need to be replicated in representative samples.

Conclusion

Laypeople mostly recognised PGD as a mental disorder and recommended seeking help. As only psychotherapy is an evidence-based treatment for PGD, knowledge about different treatment options must be disseminated among the public.

Background

Ample research has documented the potential of both negative and positive impacts secondary to the COVID-19 pandemic on global mental health in adults and families, but less work has focused on mothers who experience economic marginalization. This longitudinal study aims to assess the impact of positive changes from the pandemic on the association between COVID-related stressors and psychopathology before and after the start of the pandemic.

Methods

Seventy-five mothers from low income, economically marginalized backgrounds (mean age=30 years, 80 % Black) completed a pre-pandemic visit (T1;2015-2019) and an online survey (T2;2020-2021) mid-pandemic. The study assessed mother's depressive and posttraumatic stress symptoms and lifetime adversity, COVID-19 related stressors, and positive changes associated with the pandemic.

Results

Controlling for pre-pandemic psychopathology symptoms, lifetime adversity and educational attainment, there was a significant, positive association between exposure to COVID-19 related stressors and risk for T2 psychopathology. Positive life changes buffered this association, however, such that exposure to COVID-19 related stressors and psychopathology were unrelated for mothers who reported a moderate to high level of positive changes associated with the pandemic.

Limitations

The sample was small and generalizability of results is limited.

Conclusions

The pandemic was associated with an increase in mental health problems and unique stressors, especially among caregivers who are low-income. These findings shine light on how both material and psychological access to positive experiences (e.g., more time with family) can buffer the impact of stressors on mental health symptoms.