The rapid growth of digital gaming allows players to move seamlessly between virtual worlds, raising questions about how behaviors in one gaming world transfer to another. Drawing on operant conditioning theory, we posit that engagement—driven by reinforced action–reward loops—forms internalized play habits that spill over positively across games, while social connections create coordination costs that hinder cross-game transitions. Using a panel of 25,164 users observed across two same-type games, we employ user-day-level panel regressions, structural equation modeling, and latent-class analysis to test these hypotheses. Our results reveal three core insights. First, higher engagement in the initial game significantly increases engagement in the subsequent game, whereas stronger social connections in the first game reduce later engagement, confirming positive and negative behavior spillover effects, respectively. Second, both spillover effects are intensified under collaborative play context, where teamwork amplifies reinforcement for highly engaged players but deepens “lock-in” for socially embedded players. Third, engagement-driven users exhibit more consistent cross-game routines, shorter switching intervals, and higher daily switch frequencies than their social-driven counterparts. These findings deepen our understanding of cross-game engagement and offer actionable guidance for optimizing event timing, social features, and retention strategies across game portfolios.
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