Adaptive Behavior最新文献

英文中文

From eye-blinks to state construction: Diagnostic benchmarks for online representation learning. 从眨眼到状态构建：在线表征学习的诊断基准。

IF 1.2 4区计算机科学 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Adaptive Behavior

Pub Date : 2023-02-01 Epub Date: 2022-04-27 DOI: 10.1177/10597123221085039

Banafsheh Rafiee, Zaheer Abbas, Sina Ghiassian, Raksha Kumaraswamy, Richard S Sutton, Elliot A Ludvig, Adam White

We present three new diagnostic prediction problems inspired by classical-conditioning experiments to facilitate research in online prediction learning. Experiments in classical conditioning show that animals such as rabbits, pigeons, and dogs can make long temporal associations that enable multi-step prediction. To replicate this remarkable ability, an agent must construct an internal state representation that summarizes its interaction history. Recurrent neural networks can automatically construct state and learn temporal associations. However, the current training methods are prohibitively expensive for online prediction-continual learning on every time step-which is the focus of this paper. Our proposed problems test the learning capabilities that animals readily exhibit and highlight the limitations of the current recurrent learning methods. While the proposed problems are nontrivial, they are still amenable to extensive testing and analysis in the small-compute regime, thereby enabling researchers to study issues in isolation, ultimately accelerating progress towards scalable online representation learning methods.

我们从经典条件反射实验中得到启发，提出了三个新的诊断预测问题，以促进在线预测学习的研究。经典条件反射实验表明，兔子、鸽子和狗等动物可以建立长时间的时间关联，从而进行多步骤预测。要复制这种非凡的能力，代理必须构建一个内部状态表征，总结其交互历史。递归神经网络可以自动构建状态并学习时间关联。然而，目前的训练方法对于在线预测--每个时间步的连续学习--成本过高，而这正是本文的重点。我们提出的问题测试了动物容易表现出的学习能力，并突出了当前递归学习方法的局限性。虽然提出的问题并不复杂，但它们仍然可以在小型计算环境中进行广泛的测试和分析，从而使研究人员能够孤立地研究这些问题，最终加快可扩展在线表征学习方法的进展。

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引用次数: 0

Adaptive functions in an agent-based model of an economic system 基于主体的经济系统模型中的自适应函数

IF 1.6 4区计算机科学 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Adaptive Behavior

Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1177/10597123221095644

David White

Agent-based models, with a history reaching back to the 1940s, have been cited as a useful technique for planning economic development and simulating the effect of economic crashes. These models offer an insightful alternative to the traditional techniques of mathematical modelling. Understanding how different designs of agent-based models change simulation outcomes will be useful for modellers of economic and other simulation scenarios. The work presented here examines how a computer simulation of an agent-based model responds to disruptive events, in the context of an economic model. Agents within the model interact by producing, selling and buying goods. A series of experiments compare system stability in two scenarios: one where a top-down rule is applied to the pricing of goods and another where decision-making is at the individual agent level, a bottom-up approach. These two approaches are termed system-adaptive and self-adaptive. Results draw the conclusion that a self-adaptive function can provide greater stability, but this depends on whether the measured variable is a primary or secondary variable to the adaptive function. Considerations are presented for future work which could consider the impact adaptive functions have on secondary variable measurements.

基于代理的模型可以追溯到20世纪40年代，被认为是规划经济发展和模拟经济崩溃影响的有用技术。这些模型为传统的数学建模技术提供了一种富有洞察力的替代方案。了解基于代理的模型的不同设计如何改变模拟结果将对经济和其他模拟场景的建模者有用。本文研究了在经济模型的背景下，基于代理的模型的计算机模拟如何应对破坏性事件。模型中的代理商通过生产、销售和购买商品进行互动。一系列实验比较了两种情况下的系统稳定性：一种是自上而下的规则应用于商品定价，另一种是决策在个体代理层面，即自下而上的方法。这两种方法被称为系统自适应和自适应。结果表明，自适应函数可以提供更大的稳定性，但这取决于测量变量是自适应函数的主变量还是次变量。为未来的工作提供了考虑因素，这些工作可能会考虑自适应函数对二次变量测量的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Modelling of factors underlying the evolution of human language 人类语言进化背后的因素建模

IF 1.6 4区计算机科学 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Adaptive Behavior

Pub Date : 2023-01-23 DOI: 10.1177/10597123221147336

Marcel Ruland, Alejandro Andirkó, I. Romanowska, C. Boeckx

A central question in the evolution of human language is how it emerged. Based on recent research across disciplines, we identified three processes proposed as potential driving factors behind the evolution of ‘modern’ language phenotype: i) a reduction in reactive aggression entailing a boost in prosociality and cooperation, ii) a change in early brain growth trajectory that impacted structures like the cerebellum and striatum, and thus likely impacted the (procedural) memory circuits these regions support, and iii) a demographic expansion of H. sapiens during the Middle Pleistocene. While extensively researched on their own, the interaction between these three processes has yet to be investigated systematically. We develop an abstract agent-based model to interrogate the relationship between these three factors and how they influence transmission of information within a population, which we take to be the essence of language. The model abstracts linguistic capacity to an ‘array of skills’ and investigates under what conditions the number of skills increases. The results demonstrate that there is an optimal degree of cooperation and memory capacity at which the amount of transmitted information is the highest. Our model also shows that separate linguistic communities arise under circumstances where individuals have high levels of memory capacity and there is at least a certain degree of non-cooperation. In contrast, we find no significant direct effects for population size in the process of linguistic community formation. Taken together, these results highlight the explanatory benefits of combining insights from cognitive science, archaeology, and computational modelling.

人类语言进化的一个核心问题是它是如何出现的。基于最近跨学科的研究，我们确定了三个过程作为“现代”语言表型进化背后的潜在驱动因素:1)反应性攻击的减少导致亲社会和合作能力的增强;2)早期大脑发育轨迹的改变影响了小脑和纹状体等结构，从而可能影响了这些区域支持的(程序性)记忆回路;3)中更新世期间智人的人口扩张。虽然这三个过程本身被广泛研究，但它们之间的相互作用尚未得到系统的研究。我们开发了一个抽象的基于主体的模型来询问这三个因素之间的关系，以及它们如何影响群体内的信息传递，我们认为这是语言的本质。该模型将语言能力抽象为“一系列技能”，并研究在什么条件下技能数量会增加。结果表明，存在一个最优的合作程度和存储容量，此时传输的信息量最大。我们的模型还表明，在个体具有高水平记忆能力且至少存在一定程度的不合作的情况下，不同的语言社区就会出现。相比之下，我们发现群体规模在语言群落形成过程中没有显著的直接影响。综上所述，这些结果突出了结合认知科学、考古学和计算建模的见解的解释性好处。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring Self and Habit in Addiction and Technology through an Enactivist Framework 通过积极分子框架探索成瘾和技术中的自我和习惯

IF 1.6 4区计算机科学 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Adaptive Behavior

Pub Date : 2023-01-10 DOI: 10.1177/10597123221150813

Austin A. Lam, Karina A. Thiessen, Susana Ramírez-Vizcaya

From 24 August 2022 to 27 August 2022, a group of interdisciplinary experts from psychiatry, psychology, philosophy, cognitive science, and other related fields met in Vancouver, Canada, for a roundtable event. The aim of the roundtable was to discuss the concept of the “self” as it pertains to the deliberate, habitual, and addicted interactions of the individual with the world, including with information technology, through the lens of an enactivist framework.

2022年8月24日至27日，一组来自精神病学、心理学、哲学、认知科学和其他相关领域的跨学科专家在加拿大温哥华举行了圆桌会议。圆桌会议的目的是讨论“自我”的概念，因为它涉及到个人与世界(包括与信息技术)的有意识的、习惯性的和上瘾的互动。

引用次数: 0

Stigmergic coordination and minimal cognition in plants 植物的刺激能协调与最小认知

IF 1.6 4区计算机科学 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Adaptive Behavior

Pub Date : 2023-01-09 DOI: 10.1177/10597123221150817

R. Sims, Özlem Yilmaz

The tricky question in the plant cognition debate is what theory of cognition should be used to fix the reference of cognitive concepts without skewing the debate too much one way or the other. After all, plants are rather different to animals in many respects: they are not motile, do not possess central nervous systems or even neurons, do not exhibit an invariant morphology, interact with the world in a distributed multi-centred manner, and behave through changes in their physiology. Nonetheless, there is a significant strand in the debate that asserts that plants are indeed cognitive. But what theory of cognition makes sense of this claim without baking in prior zoological assumptions? The aim of this paper is to try out a theory of minimal cognition that makes the claim of plant cognition plausible. It is primarily inspired by the distributed cognition literature and the sensorimotor coordination theory of cognition proposed by van Duijn et al. (2006). We take a cognitive system to be a coordinated set of semi-autonomous processes running over the organism and items in its environment. Coordination is characterised in terms of two functional conditions that ensure that the system generates goal-directed action in the world. The system is stigmergic in the sense that the material results of its actions in the environment are a crucial part of the processes that coordinate further actions. The account possesses a degree of scale invariance and helps unify cognitive explanation across microorganisms, plants and animals.

植物认知辩论中的棘手问题是，应该使用什么样的认知理论来固定认知概念的引用，而不以任何方式过度扭曲辩论。毕竟，植物在许多方面与动物截然不同：它们没有运动能力，没有中枢神经系统甚至神经元，没有表现出不变的形态，以分布式多中心的方式与世界互动，并通过生理学的变化来表现。尽管如此，在这场争论中，有一条重要的线索断言植物确实具有认知能力。但是，如果不考虑先前的动物学假设，什么样的认知理论能够理解这一说法呢？本文的目的是尝试一种最小认知理论，使植物认知的说法可信。它主要受到分布式认知文献和van Duijn等人提出的认知感觉运动协调理论的启发。（2006）。我们认为认知系统是一组协调的半自主过程，在生物体及其环境中运行。协调的特点是两个功能条件，确保系统在世界上产生目标导向的行动。从某种意义上说，该系统是污名能的，因为它在环境中的行动的物质结果是协调进一步行动的过程的关键部分。该描述具有一定程度的尺度不变性，有助于统一微生物、植物和动物的认知解释。

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引用次数: 2

Animals in Sociomaterial Processes: An Alternative to Inferential Processes in Animals' Heads 社会物质过程中的动物:动物头部推理过程的替代选择

IF 1.6 4区计算机科学 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Adaptive Behavior

Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/10597123221102209

B. V. Woerkum

引用次数: 0

The affordances of art for making technologies. 艺术对制造技术的支持。

IF 1.6 4区计算机科学 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Adaptive Behavior

Pub Date : 2022-12-01 Epub Date: 2022-10-18 DOI: 10.1177/10597123221132898

Erik Rietveld

With this inaugural lecture as Socrates Professor on the topic of Making Humane Technologies, I aim to show that artistic practices afford embedding technologies better in society. Analyzing artworks made at RAAAF, an art collective that makes visual art and experimental architecture, I will describe three aspects of making practices that may contribute to improving the embedding of technology in society: (1) the skill of working with layers of meaning; (2) the skill of creating material playgrounds that afford free exploration of the potential of new technologies and artistic experiments; and (3) the skill of openness to the possibility of having radically different socio-material practices. I will use images of several RAAAF projects to make these skills involved in making more tangible. It is artistic skills like these that can contribute to a better societal embedding of technologies.

这次以苏格拉底教授的身份，以“创造人性化技术”为主题的首次演讲，我的目的是展示艺术实践可以更好地将技术嵌入社会。通过分析RAAAF(一个制作视觉艺术和实验建筑的艺术团体)的艺术作品，我将描述可能有助于改善技术在社会中的嵌入的创作实践的三个方面:(1)具有多层意义的工作技能;(2)创造物质游乐场的技能，提供自由探索新技术和艺术实验的潜力;(3)对具有完全不同的社会-物质实践的可能性持开放态度的技能。我将使用几个RAAAF项目的图像来使这些技能在制作中更具体。像这样的艺术技能可以为更好的社会嵌入技术做出贡献。

引用次数: 18

Editorial – The affordances of art 社论-艺术的启示

IF 1.6 4区计算机科学 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Adaptive Behavior

Pub Date : 2022-10-19 DOI: 10.1177/10597123221135383

J. Kiverstein

This special issue on the theme of the affordances of art is organised around a lecture Erik Rietveld presented at the University of Twente on the occasion of being appointed as Socrates Professor. In his lecture, Erik describes three affordance-related aspects of the making practices at Rietveld Architecture-Art-Affordances (RAAAF), a visual art and architecture studio Erik and his brother Ronald Rietveld founded in 2006. The special issue includes 22 reflections on Erik’s lecture written by commentators from a broad range of different fields including art history, architecture, ecological psychology, dynamical systems cognitive science, anthropology, archaeology and the philosophy of 4e cognition. Erik and I provide a response that reflects on what it means to make philosophical art installations. The special issue also includes an interview conducted with art-historian Anja Novak reflecting on the potential of ecological-enactive cognitive science to further our understanding of experiential engagement with art. Finally, Erik has written an opinion article in which he sets out the next steps in his research programme of developing a conceptual framework for understanding ‘change-ability’ – skills for coordinating with a rapidly changing world. The key insight behind the framework is that changing the affordances of the living environment can contribute to changing otherwise rigid and undesirable patterns of behaviour. Erik reflects on the role that artworks can play in inviting reflection on how the practices that organise and shape human life could be different, a task that is increasingly urgent in a time when removing obstacles to change is necessary.

这期关于艺术可供性主题的特刊是围绕埃里克·里特维尔德在被任命为苏格拉底教授之际在特文特大学发表的一场讲座而组织的。在他的讲座中，Erik描述了Rietveld Architecture Art Affordances（RAAAF）制作实践的三个可供性相关方面，这是一家视觉艺术和建筑工作室，Erik和他的兄弟Ronald Rietfeld于2006年成立。特刊包括来自艺术史、建筑、生态心理学、动力系统认知科学、人类学、考古学和4e认知哲学等广泛领域的评论员对Erik讲座的22篇反思。Erik和我提供了一个回应，反思了制作哲学艺术装置意味着什么。特刊还包括对艺术史学家安贾·诺瓦克的采访，他反思了生态行为认知科学的潜力，以进一步加深我们对艺术体验参与的理解，Erik写了一篇观点文章，在文章中，他阐述了他的研究计划的下一步，即开发一个理解“改变能力”的概念框架——与快速变化的世界协调的技能。该框架背后的关键见解是，改变生活环境的可供性可能有助于改变原本僵化和不受欢迎的行为模式。Erik反思了艺术品在吸引人们反思组织和塑造人类生活的实践可能会有什么不同方面可以发挥的作用，在需要消除变革障碍的时代，这项任务变得越来越紧迫。

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引用次数: 0

Engaging with art skillfully. First steps towards an ecological-enactive account of the experience of art 熟练地从事艺术。这是对艺术体验进行生态活动描述的第一步

IF 1.6 4区计算机科学 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Adaptive Behavior

Pub Date : 2022-10-19 DOI: 10.1177/10597123221133910

A. Novak, Geerteke van Lierop, Erik Rietveld

Ecological-enactive cognitive science is an increasingly influential paradigm that has proved its heuristic value in various fields of the human sciences. This text, in the form of a conversation, explores possibilities for an ecological-enactive account of how people experientially engage with works of art on the basis of their embodied skills.

生态行为认知科学是一种影响力越来越大的范式，在人文科学的各个领域都证明了其启发式价值。本文以对话的形式，探讨了人们如何在具体技能的基础上体验艺术作品的生态演绎的可能性。

引用次数: 2

Change-Ability for a World in Flux 变化——变化世界的能力

IF 1.6 4区计算机科学 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Adaptive Behavior

Pub Date : 2022-10-17 DOI: 10.1177/10597123221133869

Erik Rietveld

This article aims to sketch a new integrative perspective on what I call change-ability. I define change-ability as skilled ways of coordinating with a rapidly changing world. Many urgent societal challenges – from climate change to obesity, from the mass extinction of species to fraying social cohesion – require people to collectively change everyday patterns of behaviour they take for granted. The key insight I start from is that to durably change undesirable patterns of behaviour, we could start by changing the affordances the environment offers – the possibilities for action offered to us by the living environment. The aim of this article is to sketch an integrative conceptual framework for understanding change-ability in terms in terms of a dynamical ‘brain ↔ body ↔ community ↔ landscape of affordances’ system. This Change-Ability Conceptual Framework starts from the idea that individuals and communities are situated in the same rich landscape of affordances and suggests that making communities more change-able entails transforming the material ‘grooves’ that have formed in this landscape of affordances.

本文旨在概述一种新的综合视角，我称之为“改变能力”。我将改变能力定义为与快速变化的世界协调的熟练方式。许多紧迫的社会挑战——从气候变化到肥胖，从物种大规模灭绝到社会凝聚力的削弱——要求人们集体改变他们认为理所当然的日常行为模式。我的关键见解是，要持久地改变不受欢迎的行为模式，我们可以从改变环境提供的能力开始——生活环境为我们提供的行动可能性。本文的目的是概述一个综合的概念框架，以便从动态的“脑↔身体↔社区↔景观的功能”系统的角度来理解可变性。这个变化能力概念框架的出发点是，个人和社区都处于相同的丰富的功能景观中，并建议使社区更具可变化性，需要改变在这种功能景观中形成的材料“凹槽”。

引用次数: 5

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