Between 2011 and 2019 two research projects were financed by the Autonomous Province of Bozen-Bolzano (South Tyrol, Italy) that allowed a research group led by the two authors to be set up to work extensively on language contact. One of the major outcomes of these two research projects was the creation of a corpus of spoken Tyrolean (KONTATTO) and of a few other secondary corpora (KONTATTI) devoted to Italo-Romance dialects, as well as Cimbrian and Ladin. At present, these datasets constitute an open lab aimed at further investigating language contact and experimenting methods of handling spontaneous speech. The studies carried out so far are characterized by a corpus-based approach, highlighting the importance of frequency and, more generally, of use in language contact. These research projects explored an area in North-Eastern Italy, where different language groups have been in contact for a long time: a main language border between Germanic and Romance crosses the region, and a secondary border runs between the Italo-Romance (Trentino dialects) and the Rhaeto-Romance (Ladin) linguistic areas. In addition, two German-speaking enclaves (Mòcheno and Cimbro) are located within the Romance domain, with no direct contacts with the wider German-speaking region. However, despite the fact that on a language map all these linguistic areas, large or small as they might be, are neatly separated from each other, speakers cross these borders all the time and language varieties come into contact with each other in everyday language use according to explicit or implicit community norms and individual discourse strategies. After an initial, exploratory phase, the research team decided to focus on the area that proved to be of greatest interest for the study of language contact and its stratification over time. Particularly promising was the bordering region between Südtirol and Welschtirol, locally known as (Südtiroler) Unterland, in Italian Bassa Atesina, a locus of intense language contact for several centuries, long before the Italian occupation of South Tyrol in 1918. As a result of subsequent migration flows from Trentino to these Tyrolean lowlands, a truly bilingual (in fact bi-dialectal: Trentino and Tyrolean)
{"title":"KONTATTO: A laboratory for the study of language contact in South Tyrol","authors":"Silvia Dal Negro, S. Ciccolone","doi":"10.1515/soci-2020-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/soci-2020-0014","url":null,"abstract":"Between 2011 and 2019 two research projects were financed by the Autonomous Province of Bozen-Bolzano (South Tyrol, Italy) that allowed a research group led by the two authors to be set up to work extensively on language contact. One of the major outcomes of these two research projects was the creation of a corpus of spoken Tyrolean (KONTATTO) and of a few other secondary corpora (KONTATTI) devoted to Italo-Romance dialects, as well as Cimbrian and Ladin. At present, these datasets constitute an open lab aimed at further investigating language contact and experimenting methods of handling spontaneous speech. The studies carried out so far are characterized by a corpus-based approach, highlighting the importance of frequency and, more generally, of use in language contact. These research projects explored an area in North-Eastern Italy, where different language groups have been in contact for a long time: a main language border between Germanic and Romance crosses the region, and a secondary border runs between the Italo-Romance (Trentino dialects) and the Rhaeto-Romance (Ladin) linguistic areas. In addition, two German-speaking enclaves (Mòcheno and Cimbro) are located within the Romance domain, with no direct contacts with the wider German-speaking region. However, despite the fact that on a language map all these linguistic areas, large or small as they might be, are neatly separated from each other, speakers cross these borders all the time and language varieties come into contact with each other in everyday language use according to explicit or implicit community norms and individual discourse strategies. After an initial, exploratory phase, the research team decided to focus on the area that proved to be of greatest interest for the study of language contact and its stratification over time. Particularly promising was the bordering region between Südtirol and Welschtirol, locally known as (Südtiroler) Unterland, in Italian Bassa Atesina, a locus of intense language contact for several centuries, long before the Italian occupation of South Tyrol in 1918. As a result of subsequent migration flows from Trentino to these Tyrolean lowlands, a truly bilingual (in fact bi-dialectal: Trentino and Tyrolean)","PeriodicalId":55923,"journal":{"name":"Treballs de Sociolinguistica Catalana","volume":"27 1","pages":"241 - 247"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74661024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Abstract: The article discusses a set of Guidelines which result from the work of the Communication of Rights Group comprising linguists, psychologists, lawyers and interpreters. The Guidelines document’s primary aim is to inform police, lawyers and judicial officers about linguistic issues which impact non-native speakers of English in police interviews, particularly in the communication of rights. The recommendations address the wording and grammar of the rights as well as their wider communication to non-native speaker suspects, including informing those suspects about access to an interpreter, and evaluation of whether or not a non-native speaker of English has understood the rights. It is not the purpose of the Guidelines to replace the right to a professional interpreter; such right needs to be clearly defined. The role of the interpreter in exercising such right also needs to be considered. The article examines the current relevant legislation and guidelines in England and Wales and compares them with the proposed recommendations.
{"title":"Reporting on the “Guidelines for Communicating Rights to Non-Native Speakers of English in Australia, England and Wales, and the USA” and their application in England and Wales","authors":"Zora Jackman","doi":"10.1515/soci-2019-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/soci-2019-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Abstract: The article discusses a set of Guidelines which result from the work of the Communication of Rights Group comprising linguists, psychologists, lawyers and interpreters. The Guidelines document’s primary aim is to inform police, lawyers and judicial officers about linguistic issues which impact non-native speakers of English in police interviews, particularly in the communication of rights. The recommendations address the wording and grammar of the rights as well as their wider communication to non-native speaker suspects, including informing those suspects about access to an interpreter, and evaluation of whether or not a non-native speaker of English has understood the rights. It is not the purpose of the Guidelines to replace the right to a professional interpreter; such right needs to be clearly defined. The role of the interpreter in exercising such right also needs to be considered. The article examines the current relevant legislation and guidelines in England and Wales and compares them with the proposed recommendations.","PeriodicalId":55923,"journal":{"name":"Treballs de Sociolinguistica Catalana","volume":"39 1","pages":"107 - 123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76800576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This article develops a user perspective, applied both to law as discourse and normative practical reason - law, religion - and to linguistic communication. In multilingual contexts, this perspective requires special adaptation, because the communities of users may use different languages for the creation of new norms, and for their judicial interpretation and application. The possibilities for contesting meaning are enhanced where multilingual normative communication is involved. Important consequences then follow as regards legislative drafting, statutory interpretation and multilingual contexts of conflict-resolution. The EU is the classical multilingual institutional setting where these ideas are tested. Although in the EU only those languages that are official or co-official at the level of the Member State are immediately recognised as official languages, the EU operates as a genuine multilingual system of law, the most impressive official multilingualism in the world. Discourses exploring the EU’s political identity tend to see this multilingualism as an obstacle to the development of a demos rather than a salient feature of its multicultural and federal-like Constitution. This paradox is compared to the linguistic identity of the Basque Country, which is analysed in its different territories from the legal and sociolinguistic perspectives, where the legal status of Basque is subordinated to the official language regime of France and Spain.
{"title":"Multilingual and bilingual communication in law and power: access, identity and trust","authors":"Joxerramon Bengoetxea","doi":"10.1515/soci-2019-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/soci-2019-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article develops a user perspective, applied both to law as discourse and normative practical reason - law, religion - and to linguistic communication. In multilingual contexts, this perspective requires special adaptation, because the communities of users may use different languages for the creation of new norms, and for their judicial interpretation and application. The possibilities for contesting meaning are enhanced where multilingual normative communication is involved. Important consequences then follow as regards legislative drafting, statutory interpretation and multilingual contexts of conflict-resolution. The EU is the classical multilingual institutional setting where these ideas are tested. Although in the EU only those languages that are official or co-official at the level of the Member State are immediately recognised as official languages, the EU operates as a genuine multilingual system of law, the most impressive official multilingualism in the world. Discourses exploring the EU’s political identity tend to see this multilingualism as an obstacle to the development of a demos rather than a salient feature of its multicultural and federal-like Constitution. This paradox is compared to the linguistic identity of the Basque Country, which is analysed in its different territories from the legal and sociolinguistic perspectives, where the legal status of Basque is subordinated to the official language regime of France and Spain.","PeriodicalId":55923,"journal":{"name":"Treballs de Sociolinguistica Catalana","volume":"134 1","pages":"63 - 83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90861617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In this paper, I zoom in on linguistic justice for language groups who do not enjoy either local territorial dominance or equality with other language groups within the state. My question is: is there a separate linguistic justice category for such language groups whose recognition is ‘subordinate’ to that of other language groups? Does subordinate linguistic justice exist? A positive answer would mean that groups who belong to the category would not necessarily want to look at territorial dominance or equality as the proper ideal of linguistic justice: subordinate linguistic justice would not be an oxymoron. The answer I develop is indeed positive; it is possible for language groups to be in such a position of subordination while justice is fulfilled, but only under certain conditions. Nonfulfillment of one of these conditions generates reasons of justice for such groups to emancipate themselves from the position of subordination.
{"title":"Subordinate language recognition","authors":"H. D. Schutter","doi":"10.1515/soci-2019-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/soci-2019-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this paper, I zoom in on linguistic justice for language groups who do not enjoy either local territorial dominance or equality with other language groups within the state. My question is: is there a separate linguistic justice category for such language groups whose recognition is ‘subordinate’ to that of other language groups? Does subordinate linguistic justice exist? A positive answer would mean that groups who belong to the category would not necessarily want to look at territorial dominance or equality as the proper ideal of linguistic justice: subordinate linguistic justice would not be an oxymoron. The answer I develop is indeed positive; it is possible for language groups to be in such a position of subordination while justice is fulfilled, but only under certain conditions. Nonfulfillment of one of these conditions generates reasons of justice for such groups to emancipate themselves from the position of subordination.","PeriodicalId":55923,"journal":{"name":"Treballs de Sociolinguistica Catalana","volume":"58 1","pages":"21 - 9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85054221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Introduction: Linguistic justice in an interdisciplinary context","authors":"Matteo Bonotti, D. M. Chríost","doi":"10.1515/soci-2019-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/soci-2019-0001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55923,"journal":{"name":"Treballs de Sociolinguistica Catalana","volume":"30 1","pages":"1 - 8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77627931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Welsh has official status in Wales, where it is spoken by approximately 20 % of the population. All adult speakers of Welsh are also able to speak English. The National Assembly for Wales and the Welsh Ministers legislate in both Welsh and English. The Government of Wales Act 2006 provides that the English and Welsh texts of any Act of the Assembly or any subordinate legislation enacted or made in both English and Welsh are to be treated, for all purposes, as being of equal standing. This paper examines the role legislating bilingually plays in confirming the official status of the Welsh language; how the bilingual texts are produced by a process of collaborative translation within an administration where English is the dominant working language; how they are scrutinised by a legislature where legislators are free to use either or both languages, but where, in practice, English dominates; and how they are promulgated in both languages in the form in which they are enacted or made, but only routinely updated in English. It further considers what the principle of ‘equal standing’ may mean and how effect may be given to it; how these bilingual texts may be interpreted by the public and the legal profession, domains in which English dominates; and what implications the production, scrutiny, promulgation and interpretation of bilingual legislation have for the accessibility of the law in Wales.
{"title":"Always the bridesmaid, never the bride?: Legislating in English and Welsh","authors":"Richard Crowe","doi":"10.1515/soci-2019-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/soci-2019-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Welsh has official status in Wales, where it is spoken by approximately 20 % of the population. All adult speakers of Welsh are also able to speak English. The National Assembly for Wales and the Welsh Ministers legislate in both Welsh and English. The Government of Wales Act 2006 provides that the English and Welsh texts of any Act of the Assembly or any subordinate legislation enacted or made in both English and Welsh are to be treated, for all purposes, as being of equal standing. This paper examines the role legislating bilingually plays in confirming the official status of the Welsh language; how the bilingual texts are produced by a process of collaborative translation within an administration where English is the dominant working language; how they are scrutinised by a legislature where legislators are free to use either or both languages, but where, in practice, English dominates; and how they are promulgated in both languages in the form in which they are enacted or made, but only routinely updated in English. It further considers what the principle of ‘equal standing’ may mean and how effect may be given to it; how these bilingual texts may be interpreted by the public and the legal profession, domains in which English dominates; and what implications the production, scrutiny, promulgation and interpretation of bilingual legislation have for the accessibility of the law in Wales.","PeriodicalId":55923,"journal":{"name":"Treballs de Sociolinguistica Catalana","volume":"54 1","pages":"105 - 85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82013804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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