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Coordination of medium-voltage distribution networks and microgrids based on an aggregate flexibility region approach 基于总体灵活性区域方法的中压配电网和微电网协调
IF 4.8 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.segan.2024.101485

The large-scale integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) presents operational challenges for medium-voltage distribution networks (MVDNs) and microgrids (MGs) because the conventional centralized scheduling framework lacks of an effective information exchange mechanism for coordinating the scheduling between MVDNs and MGs while supporting privacy concerns. The present work addresses these issues by leveraging a convex hull-based aggregate flexibility region (AFR) associated with the scheduling capability of massive DERs to coordinate the scheduling between an MVDN and MGs efficiently with very limited information exchange. Specifically, the AFR associated with the DERs in an MG is constructed based on the convex hull fitting method, and coordinated scheduling is facilitated by introducing safety operation constraints for the MVDN based on the AFRs of the MGs. Moreover, the coordination model is transformed into a readily solvable quadratically constrained quadratic programming problem by applying second-order cone transformations. The results of numerical computations applied to an IEEE 33-bus test system demonstrate that the obtained AFRs effectively characterize the flexible scheduling capability of DERs, and the proposed coordinated scheduling mechanism between the MVDN and MGs reduces the network losses and voltage deviations of the MVDN, while preserving information privacy.

分布式能源资源(DERs)的大规模集成给中压配电网(MVDNs)和微电网(MGs)的运行带来了挑战,因为传统的集中式调度框架缺乏有效的信息交换机制,无法协调中压配电网和微电网之间的调度,同时也无法保护隐私。为了解决这些问题,本研究利用与大规模 DER 调度能力相关的基于凸壳的总体灵活性区域 (AFR),在信息交换非常有限的情况下有效协调 MVDN 和 MG 之间的调度。具体来说,基于凸壳拟合方法构建与 MG 中 DER 相关联的 AFR,并根据 MG 的 AFR 为 MVDN 引入安全运行约束,从而促进协调调度。此外,通过应用二阶锥变换,将协调模型转化为易于求解的二次约束二次编程问题。应用于 IEEE 33 总线测试系统的数值计算结果表明,所获得的 AFR 有效地表征了 DERs 的灵活调度能力,所提出的 MVDN 与 MG 之间的协调调度机制可降低 MVDN 的网络损耗和电压偏差,同时保护信息隐私。
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引用次数: 0
Detailed modeling of droop-controlled multi-energy systems under unbalanced operation 不平衡运行条件下垂变控制多能源系统的详细建模
IF 4.8 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.segan.2024.101479

Considering the residential sector, greenhouse gas emissions can be effectively reduced by the widespread deployment of distributed renewable energy sources (DRESs) in low-voltage (LV) electrical networks (ENs). Through the electrification and the integration of different energy systems, the exploitation of the locally generated renewable energy can be further increased, acting also as an efficient countermeasure to the technical challenges in ENs posed by the intermittent nature of DRESs. This work deals with the modeling of multi-energy systems (MESs) consisting of unbalanced ENs and district heating networks (DHNs), formulated based on existing EN and DHN models. The developed model is enhanced by the incorporation of a thermal droop control scheme into the controllable sources of DHN, i.e., heat pumps (HPs). The validity of the proposed model is assessed via time-series simulations on a MES composed of a benchmark unbalanced LV EN and a real DHN. It is shown that the integrated droop control scheme can act as a means towards overvoltage mitigation, temperature control and reduced MES losses, improving the operational reliability and exploitation of the DRES potential. Therefore, the proposed model could be useful for system operators and decision makers for the efficient planning and operation of MESs.

考虑到住宅部门,在低压电网(ENs)中广泛部署分布式可再生能源(DRESs)可有效减少温室气体排放。通过电气化和不同能源系统的整合,可以进一步提高本地产生的可再生能源的利用率,同时也是应对低压电网中分布式可再生能源的间歇性所带来的技术挑战的有效措施。这项工作涉及多能源系统(MES)的建模,该系统由不平衡的能源网(EN)和区域供热网(DHN)组成,以现有的能源网(EN)和区域供热网(DHN)模型为基础。通过在 DHN 的可控源(即热泵 (HP))中加入热垂控制方案,对所开发的模型进行了改进。通过对由基准不平衡低压 EN 和真实 DHN 组成的 MES 进行时间序列模拟,评估了所建模型的有效性。结果表明,集成的降压控制方案可作为过电压缓解、温度控制和降低 MES 损耗的一种手段,从而提高运行可靠性并挖掘 DRES 的潜力。因此,所提出的模型可为系统运营商和决策者有效规划和运行 MES 提供帮助。
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引用次数: 0
An open data-based model for generating a synthetic low-voltage grid to estimate hosting capacity 用于生成合成低压电网以估算托管能力的开放式数据模型
IF 4.8 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.segan.2024.101483

This study develops and applies an open data-based reference electricity grid analysis (REGAL) model designed to create a synthetic representation of a low-voltage (LV) grid for a country-size geographic area. The model enables large-scale grid simulation in which new loads, such as electric vehicle charging, can be added to estimate their impacts on the current LV grid. The modeling is carried out in three steps: (1) generation of a synthetic LV grid; (2) addition of residential loads, including electric vehicle charging; and (3) evaluating if the grid capacity is exceeded. The grid is generated by selecting transformers and cables so that the system can fulfill the current demand while meeting national regulations and standards for distribution grids, all at the lowest total cost. This paper presents the results of calibration and validation against real-world data for the predicted electricity demands and synthetic grid generated by the model. Different calibration values were explored, and the accuracy of the estimations of grid capacities was calibrated using proprietary real-world data from grid operators. For a region with multiple grid cells, an average deviation from real-world data of ±10 % was achieved. For an average area of 1 km2, the error was 44.5 %, which means that the model is not suitable for analysis on this geographic level. However, the level of accuracy is deemed sufficient for initial estimations of hosting capacity for larger geographic areas, such as a region or a country, thereby enabling estimations of hosting capacity in new areas that lack publicly accessible grid capacities.

本研究开发并应用了基于开放数据的参考电网分析(REGAL)模型,旨在为一个国家规模的地理区域创建低压电网的合成表示。该模型可进行大规模电网模拟,在模拟过程中可添加电动汽车充电等新负载,以估算其对当前低压电网的影响。建模分三步进行:(1) 生成合成低压电网;(2) 增加住宅负荷,包括电动汽车充电;(3) 评估电网容量是否超限。通过选择变压器和电缆来生成电网,使系统既能满足当前需求,又能符合国家配电网法规和标准,而且总成本最低。本文介绍了根据实际数据对预测的电力需求和模型生成的合成电网进行校准和验证的结果。本文探讨了不同的校准值,并使用电网运营商提供的专有真实数据校准了电网容量估算的准确性。对于具有多个电网单元的区域,与真实世界数据的平均偏差为 ±10%。对于平均 1 平方公里的区域,误差为 44.5%,这意味着该模型不适合在此地理范围内进行分析。不过,该精度水平被认为足以初步估算较大地理区域(如一个地区或一个国家)的托管能力,从而能够估算缺乏可公开获取的网格能力的新地区的托管能力。
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引用次数: 0
Distributed weighted average predictive control and delay margin analysis for an islanded microgrid with time delay 有时间延迟的孤岛微电网的分布式加权平均预测控制和延迟裕度分析
IF 4.8 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.segan.2024.101474

The time delay is inevitable in the communication process of actual microgrids (MGs), which may lead to controller failure and even affect stability. This paper proposes a distributed weighted average prediction (WAP) control for the secondary control of islanded MGs with time delay and analyzes its delay margins. Firstly, a secondary control strategy is designed to achieve the frequency and average voltage recovery and accurate active and reactive power-sharing. Secondly, a WAP strategy is proposed to improve the delay margin of the designed MG system. Finally, the stability and delay margin of the MG system is analyzed in the frequency domain and a rigorous formula is derived to calculate the delay margin. Compared with the system without WAP control, the delay margin of the system can be increased by 15.8%. The simulation results and the experimental results based on the StarSim Modeling Tech Real-time experimental platform verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method. The results demonstrate that the proposed control strategy can improve the delay margin of the system. The proposed analysis method can obtain the expression of specific system delay margins, which can guide the parameter design.

在实际微电网(MGs)的通信过程中,时延是不可避免的,它可能导致控制器失效,甚至影响稳定性。本文提出了一种分布式加权平均预测(WAP)控制,用于具有时延的孤岛微电网二次控制,并分析了其时延裕度。首先,设计了一种二次控制策略,以实现频率和平均电压恢复以及精确的有功和无功功率分担。其次,提出了一种 WAP 策略,以改善所设计的 MG 系统的延迟裕度。最后,对 MG 系统的稳定性和延迟裕度进行了频域分析,并得出了计算延迟裕度的严格公式。与没有 WAP 控制的系统相比,系统的延迟裕度提高了 15.8%。仿真结果和基于 StarSim Modeling Tech 实时实验平台的实验结果验证了所提方法的有效性和可行性。结果表明,所提出的控制策略可以提高系统的延迟裕度。提出的分析方法可以得到具体系统延迟裕度的表达式,从而指导参数设计。
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引用次数: 0
Analyzing the boundaries for TSO-DSO coordination when activating flexibility for DSO´s in networks with an expected significant load increase 分析在预期负荷大幅增加的网络中为 DSO 启动灵活性时 TSO-DSO 协调的界限
IF 4.8 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.segan.2024.101482

The Transmission System Operators (TSO) and Distribution System Operators (DSO) coordination literature deals with different coordination schemes or coordination methodologies. However, consumer actions or regular DSO operations continuously affect the system balance operation, and no major coordination is required as these actions individually have negligible impacts on the overall system. The literature has not previously analysed where the limit beyond which coordination is necessary. This question requires an analysis of the DSO operations where the need for coordination is foreseen and a case-by-case study of what type of impacts are created by the activation of the DSO flexibility resources on the responsibilities of the TSO. Such analysis helps to define thresholds and scenarios considering existing changes in distribution networks, which can be a reference for delimitating costly coordination procedures. This paper presents a revision of all the possible scenarios of the DSO operation needs and their impacts on TSO responsibilities considering the possible TSO/DSO borders at different voltage levels. Afterward, a methodology is proposed to analyse more deeply the impact of flexibility activation with an expected significant load increase. Representative case studies evaluate the possible impacts on TSO responsibilities of local flexibility activation. This paper concludes that the impact of local flexibility is expected to be significant when large power changes are managed in the short term, estimated in more than 50 MW if the DSO operates in 132 kV or more than 15 MW if the DSO operates up to 66 kV. At LV or MV level, minor coordination would be needed.

输电系统运营商(TSO)和配电系统运营商(DSO)的协调文献涉及不同的协调方案或协调方法。然而,消费者行为或 DSO 的常规操作会持续影响系统的平衡运行,由于这些行为对整个系统的影响微乎其微,因此无需进行重大协调。以前的文献没有分析过需要协调的极限在哪里。这个问题需要对预计需要协调的 DSO 运行进行分析,并逐个研究 DSO 灵活性资源的启动会对 TSO 的责任产生何种影响。这种分析有助于确定配电网现有变化的阈值和情景,可作为划定成本高昂的协调程序的参考。考虑到不同电压等级下可能存在的 TSO/DSO 边界,本文对 DSO 运行需求的所有可能方案及其对 TSO 责任的影响进行了修订。随后,本文提出了一种方法,用于更深入地分析预期负荷大幅增加时灵活性启动的影响。具有代表性的案例研究评估了本地灵活性激活对 TSO 责任的可能影响。本文的结论是,在短期内管理大的功率变化时,局部灵活性的影响预计会很大,如果运行电压为 132 千伏,则局部灵活性的影响估计会超过 50 兆瓦;如果运行电压高达 66 千伏,则局部灵活性的影响会超过 15 兆瓦。在低压或中压层面,需要进行少量协调。
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引用次数: 0
PP-LEM: Efficient and Privacy-Preserving Clearance Mechanism for Local Energy Markets PP-LEM:地方能源市场的高效和隐私保护清算机制
IF 4.8 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-07-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.segan.2024.101477

In this paper, we propose a novel Privacy-Preserving clearance mechanism for Local Energy Markets (PP-LEM), designed for computational efficiency and social welfare. PP-LEM incorporates a novel competitive game-theoretical clearance mechanism, modelled as a Stackelberg Game. Based on this mechanism, a privacy-preserving market model is developed using a partially homomorphic cryptosystem, allowing buyers’ reaction function calculations to be executed over encrypted data without exposing sensitive information of both buyers and sellers. The comprehensive performance evaluation demonstrates that PP-LEM is highly effective in delivering an incentive clearance mechanism with computational efficiency, enabling it to clear the market for 200 users within the order of seconds while concurrently protecting user privacy. Compared to the state of the art, PP-LEM achieves improved computational efficiency without compromising social welfare while still providing user privacy protection.

在本文中,我们提出了一种新颖的本地能源市场隐私保护清除机制(PP-LEM),旨在提高计算效率和社会福利。PP-LEM 采用了一种新颖的竞争性博弈论清算机制,以斯泰克尔伯格博弈(Stackelberg Game)为模型。在这一机制的基础上,利用部分同态加密系统开发了一个保护隐私的市场模型,允许在加密数据上执行买方的反应函数计算,而不暴露买卖双方的敏感信息。综合性能评估表明,PP-LEM 在提供激励清算机制方面非常有效,计算效率高,可在数秒内为 200 个用户清算市场,同时保护用户隐私。与现有技术相比,PP-LEM在不损害社会福利的情况下提高了计算效率,同时还保护了用户隐私。
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引用次数: 0
Optimizing cross-regional electricity transaction concerning transmission charges: A new market mechanism design 优化涉及输电费用的跨区域电力交易:新的市场机制设计
IF 4.8 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-07-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.segan.2024.101478

Given the unbalanced distribution of power resources and demands in geography, cross-regional electricity transactions alleviate the conflict through the long-distance power supply. To ensure sustainable, efficient transactions, the market mechanism addressing the unavoidable transmission charges is essential for balancing the interests of all parties. This research designs a mechanism based on the Generalized Vickrey-Clarke-Groves (G-VCG) and threshold value setting considering generators' withholding behavior and power transmission charges. The theoretical analysis proves that this mechanism maximizes social welfare while satisfying individual rationality, incentive compatibility and weak budget balance. It can encourage all participants to report truthful information and motivate more power generation. Numerical studies of the PJM electricity market also demonstrate the effectiveness of this mechanism in the electricity market. The proposed mechanism contributes to new guidance and practical references for achieving fair and efficient transactions in the crossing-regional electricity market and improving the vigor of market participants.

由于电力资源和需求在地域上的分布不平衡,跨区域电力交易通过远距离供电缓解了这一矛盾。为确保可持续、高效的交易,解决不可避免的输电费用的市场机制对于平衡各方利益至关重要。本研究设计了一种基于广义维克里-克拉克-格罗夫斯(G-VCG)和阈值设定的机制,考虑了发电机的扣留行为和电力传输费用。理论分析证明,该机制在满足个人理性、激励相容和弱预算平衡的同时,实现了社会福利最大化。它可以鼓励所有参与者报告真实信息,激励更多发电。对 PJM 电力市场的数值研究也证明了该机制在电力市场中的有效性。该机制的提出为实现跨区域电力市场的公平高效交易、提高市场参与者的活力提供了新的指导和实践参考。
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引用次数: 0
Strategic behavior in TSO-DSO coordinated flexibility markets: A Nash equilibrium and efficiency analysis TSO-DSO 协调灵活性市场中的战略行为:纳什均衡与效率分析
IF 4.8 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-07-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.segan.2024.101476

This paper investigates the way in which the design of a TSO-DSO coordinated flexibility market can enable strategic behavior by flexibility service providers (FSPs). Multiple flexibility market models are considered for the procurement of flexibility services by transmission and distribution system operators, namely: a common (joint) market, a fragmented market, and a sequential multi-level market. Considering these market models, three non-cooperative games are introduced to investigate the strategic bidding and interaction between FSPs therein. Detailed conclusions are then drawn on the existence and uniqueness of Nash Equilibria (NEs) in the developed games, including derivations of closed-form expressions of the resulting NEs and corresponding price-of-anarchy, capturing the FSPs’ strategic bidding impact on the markets’ efficiency. The analysis considers – first in a duopoly setting, then with multiple players – three different use cases representing when: (1) a sufficient flexible capacity exists (sufficient flexibility offered from the FSPs and adequate interconnection/grid capacity between systems); (2) participants have a scarce flexibility capacity; and (3) a restrictive interface capacity exists between the systems. A case study considering an interconnected transmission–distribution system and multiple FSPs corroborates the analytical findings. The obtained results show that market participants have incentives to set bid prices greater than their marginal costs, thus decreasing the markets’ efficiency. This aspect is shown to be more pronounced when the available flexible capacity is limited, a restrictive line limit is present, or when the market is fragmented, thus supporting the need for additional network investments and the creation of joint flexibility market formats.

本文研究了输电系统运营商-配电系统运营商协调灵活性市场的设计如何促进灵活性服务提供商(FSP)的战略行为。本文考虑了输电和配电系统运营商采购灵活性服务的多种灵活性市场模式,即:共同(联合)市场、分散市场和连续多级市场。考虑到这些市场模型,本文引入了三种非合作博弈,以研究其中的战略竞标和 FSP 之间的互动。然后,就所开发博弈中纳什均衡点(NEs)的存在性和唯一性得出了详细结论,包括推导出由此产生的纳什均衡点和相应的无政府价格的闭式表达式,从而捕捉到 FSP 的战略竞价对市场效率的影响。分析考虑了三种不同的使用情况--首先是在双头垄断的情况下,然后是在多头垄断的情况下,这三种情况分别代表了什么情况:(1) 存在充足的灵活容量(FSP 提供充足的灵活容量,系统间存在充足的互联/并网容量);(2) 参与者拥有稀缺的灵活容量;(3) 系统间存在限制性接口容量。一项考虑到互联输配电系统和多个固定电网服务商的案例研究证实了上述分析结果。研究结果表明,市场参与者有动力设定高于其边际成本的投标价格,从而降低了市场效率。在可用灵活容量有限、存在限制性线路限制或市场分散的情况下,这种情况会更加明显,因此需要增加网络投资和创建联合灵活市场模式。
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引用次数: 0
A constrained price-based demand response framework employing utility functions in three-state Overlapping Generation and Gift and Bequest based model in distribution system 配电系统中基于三态重叠发电和赠与与遗赠模型的效用函数的受限价格需求响应框架
IF 4.8 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-07-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.segan.2024.101475

Demand response provides an opportunity for consumers to play a significant role in the operation of the electric grid by reducing or shifting their electricity usage during peak periods in response to time-based rates or other forms of financial incentives. These programs are important as they have the potential to help electricity providers save money through reductions in peak demand and the ability to defer construction of new power plants and power delivery systems specifically, those reserved for use during peak times. For the successful application of DR in day-to-day life, DR models are necessary to be implemented. Many of the existing DR models primarily focus on the formulation of after-DR demand based on price elasticity. Though these models are devoid of basic humans’ micro-economic behavior, which is an essential part of a DR stakeholder. Considering these shortcomings of the existing DR literature, this paper envisages formulating DR models based on the foundation of basic humans’ manifestations of demand flexibility, willingness, load recovery, and altruistic behavior. Hence, this paper proposes two price-based DR models known as the three-state Overlapping Generation (OLG) model and the Gift and Bequest (G&B) based DR model. These models are based on customers’ microeconomic behaviors and are suitable for representing load recovery with minimal parameters. Both three-state OLG and G&B-based DR models are examined on IEEE 33-bus and 118-bus distribution systems and are compared with the existing price-elasticity model (PEM) and two-state OLG-based DR model.

需求响应为消费者提供了一个在电网运行中发挥重要作用的机会,他们可以根据基于时间的费率或其他形式的经济激励措施,在用电高峰期减少或转移用电量。这些计划非常重要,因为它们有可能帮助电力供应商通过减少高峰需求来节省资金,并能够推迟新发电厂和电力输送系统的建设,特别是那些为高峰时段使用而预留的发电厂和电力输送系统。要在日常生活中成功应用减少电力需求,就必须实施减少电力需求模式。许多现有的 DR 模型主要侧重于根据价格弹性制定 DR 后的需求。尽管这些模型缺乏基本的人类微观经济行为,而这正是 DR 利益相关者的重要组成部分。考虑到现有 DR 文献的这些缺陷,本文设想在人类需求灵活性、意愿、负荷恢复和利他行为等基本表现的基础上制定 DR 模型。因此,本文提出了两种基于价格的 DR 模型,即三态重叠发电(OLG)模型和基于赠与和遗赠(G&B)的 DR 模型。这些模型以客户的微观经济行为为基础,适用于以最小参数表示负荷恢复。我们在 IEEE 33 总线和 118 总线配电系统上检验了三态 OLG 模型和基于 G&B 的 DR 模型,并与现有的价格弹性模型 (PEM) 和基于 OLG 的两态 DR 模型进行了比较。
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引用次数: 0
Impact of phase selection on accuracy and scalability in calculating distributed energy resources hosting capacity 相位选择对计算分布式能源资源托管容量的准确性和可扩展性的影响
IF 4.8 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-07-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.segan.2024.101473

Hosting capacity (HC) and dynamic operating envelopes (DOEs), defined as dynamic, time-varying HC, are calculated using three-phase optimal power flow (OPF) formulations. Due to the computational complexity of such optimisation problems, HC and DOE are often calculated by introducing certain assumptions and approximations, including the linearised OPF formulation, which we implement in the Python-based tool ppOPF. Furthermore, we investigate how assumptions of the distributed energy resource (DER) connection phase impact the objective function value and computational time in calculating HC and DOE in distribution networks of different sizes. The results are not unambiguous and show that it is not possible to determine the optimal connection phase without introducing binary variables since, no matter the case study, the highest objective function values are calculated with mixed integer OPF formulations. The difference is especially visible in a real-world low-voltage network in which the difference between different scenarios is up to 14 MW in a single day. However, binary variables make the problem computationally complex and increase computational time to several hours in the DOE calculation, even when the optimality gap different from zero is set.

托管容量(HC)和动态运行包络(DOE),定义为动态、时变的 HC,使用三相优化功率流(OPF)公式计算。由于此类优化问题的计算复杂性,HC 和 DOE 通常通过引入某些假设和近似值来计算,包括线性化 OPF 公式,我们在基于 Python 的工具 ppOPF 中实现了这一计算。此外,我们还研究了在计算不同规模配电网络的 HC 和 DOE 时,分布式能源资源 (DER) 连接阶段的假设如何影响目标函数值和计算时间。结果并不明确,并表明不引入二进制变量不可能确定最佳连接阶段,因为无论案例研究如何,最高目标函数值都是通过混合整数 OPF 公式计算得出的。这种差异在现实世界的低压电网中尤为明显,不同方案在一天内的差异高达 14 兆瓦。然而,二进制变量会使问题的计算变得复杂,即使设置了与零不同的优化差距,DOE 计算的计算时间也会增加几个小时。
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引用次数: 0
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