Defence Technology(防务技术)最新文献_第9页

Cross-attention spatial–temporal convolutional neural network for energy expenditure estimation on the basis of physical fitness characteristics 基于体能特征的跨注意时空卷积神经网络能量消耗估计

IF 5.9 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Defence Technology(防务技术)

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.dt.2025.06.009

Qiurui Wang, Fengshun Wang, Yuting Wang, Shanjun Li

Energy expenditure estimation can be used to measure the exercise load and physical condition of different individuals, such as soldiers, athletes, firemen, etc., during their training and work. Energy expenditure estimation methods based on computer vision have rapidly developed in recent years. Compared with sensor-based methods, such methods are capable of monitoring several target persons at the same time, and the subjects do not need to wear different sensor devices that hamper their movement. In this paper, we propose a cross-attention spatial–temporal convolutional neural network to predict the energy expenditure of people under different exercise intensities. The model explores the relationship between changes in the human skeleton and energy expenditure intensity. In addition, a cross-attention correction module is used to reduce the negative effects of individual physical fitness characteristics during energy expenditure estimation. The experimental results show that our proposed method achieves high accuracy for energy expenditure estimation and performs better than existing computer vision-based energy expenditure estimation methods do. The proposed method can be widely used in various physical activity scenarios to measure energy expenditure, increasing the convenience of usage.

能量消耗估算可以用来衡量不同个体，如士兵、运动员、消防员等在训练和工作过程中的运动负荷和身体状况。近年来，基于计算机视觉的能量消耗估算方法得到了迅速发展。与基于传感器的方法相比，这种方法能够同时监测多个目标人员，并且受试者不需要佩戴不同的传感器设备，从而阻碍其运动。在本文中，我们提出了一个跨注意时空卷积神经网络来预测不同运动强度下人们的能量消耗。该模型探讨了人体骨骼变化与能量消耗强度之间的关系。此外，为了减少能量消耗估算过程中个体体质特征的负面影响，采用了交叉注意校正模块。实验结果表明，该方法具有较高的能量消耗估计精度，优于现有的基于计算机视觉的能量消耗估计方法。该方法可广泛应用于各种体力活动场景中测量能量消耗，增加了使用的方便性。

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引用次数: 0

Influence of the buckling degree on the separation properties of clutch friction components 屈曲度对离合器摩擦元件分离性能的影响

IF 5.9 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Defence Technology(防务技术)

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.dt.2025.07.019

Qin Zhao , Biao Ma , Liang Yu , Dingge Zhang , Liangjie Zheng , Yi Dong

Armored vehicles, to accomplish missions in complex harsh conditions with high mobility, require the transmission system to achieve high energy density and high reliability. The wet multi-disc clutch becomes the perishable component under heavy load, large speed difference, and frequent engagement. Due to the difficulty of maintenance in battlefield, clutch carrying post-buckling separate plate is common, and the clutch working process is obstructed. Therefore, considering the post-buckling plate, the multi-physics thermodynamic model of a wet multi-disc clutch is established to describe the entire engagement and separation process. The influence of the buckling degree on the stress-strain, uniformity of gaps, torque, and temperature characteristics is investigated by the numerical method and testified by bench tests. The results show that with the increasing buckling degree, the clutch engagement and separation times decrease gradually. For the separation process, the non-uniformity of gaps is increased, and gaps are eventually occupied, leading to the continuous rough contact among friction pairs. Therefore, the drag torque is increased. Squeezed by the post-buckling plate, the cooling rates of separate plates are decreased. During repeated engagement-separation, temperatures of plates may reach balance points. Since continuous sliding and temperature concentration, the wear form and degree changes, especially at outer radius. Extra drag torque, heat, and wear threats the friction components which increases the risk of failures of the transmission system and affects the mobility of armored vehicles.

装甲车辆要完成复杂恶劣条件下的高机动任务，对传动系统提出了高能量密度和高可靠性的要求。湿式多片离合器在重载、大转速差和频繁啮合下成为易损部件。由于战场维修困难，离合器携带后屈曲分离片的现象普遍存在，阻碍了离合器的工作过程。因此，考虑后屈曲板，建立了湿式多片离合器的多物理场热力学模型来描述整个接合和分离过程。采用数值方法研究了屈曲程度对应力应变、间隙均匀性、扭矩和温度特性的影响，并通过台架试验进行了验证。结果表明，随着屈曲程度的增加，离合器的接合次数和分离次数逐渐减少。在分离过程中，增加了间隙的不均匀性，最终占据了间隙，导致摩擦副之间持续的粗糙接触。因此，阻力扭矩增大。受后屈曲板的挤压，分离板的冷却速率降低。在重复的接合分离过程中，板的温度可能达到平衡点。由于连续滑动和温度集中，磨损形式和程度发生了变化，尤其是在外半径处。额外的阻力、扭矩、热量和磨损威胁着摩擦部件，增加了传动系统失效的风险，影响了装甲车辆的机动性。

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引用次数: 0

Progress in characterization of interface structure and properties in polymer bonded explosives 聚合物粘结炸药界面结构与性能表征的研究进展

IF 5.9 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Defence Technology(防务技术)

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.dt.2025.07.015

Chengcheng Zeng, Conmei Lin, Zhijian Yang, Guansong He, Shengjun Zheng, Feiyan Gong, Fude Nie

The precise characterization of interfacial structure for polymer-bonded explosive (PBX) modification is challenging due to the complexity of the interface. The inherent properties between explosive and binders affect interface bonding, lowering the interfacial strength in unpredicted ways. Surface modification is an effective method to balance multi-utility in materials engineering, which has been carried out to design of high-performance composites with improved interfacial properties. Experimental methods may determine the coating shell for capturing the PBX structures. Various approaches were applied to characterize the structure and properties of PBX interface, including molecular dynamics-based computational models to predict bonding properties. In this review, systematic organization were provided and summarized with detective methods on the surface and interface of explosives. Meanwhile, the usage scenarios and limitations of each measurement were proposed. Conclusions from the review yield useful guidelines and references for systematical characterization on the modification of explosive and can be extended to other materials.

由于界面的复杂性，精确表征聚合物粘合炸药（PBX）改性的界面结构具有挑战性。炸药和粘结剂之间的固有性质影响界面粘合，以不可预测的方式降低界面强度。表面改性是材料工程中平衡多种用途的有效方法，已被用于设计具有改善界面性能的高性能复合材料。实验方法可以确定捕获PBX结构的涂层外壳。各种方法被用于表征PBX界面的结构和性质，包括基于分子动力学的计算模型来预测键合性质。本文对爆炸物表面和界面探测方法进行了系统的组织和总结。同时，提出了各种测量方法的使用场景和局限性。所得结论为炸药改性的系统表征提供了有用的指导和参考，并可推广到其他材料。

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引用次数: 0

Damage mechanisms from low-velocity penetrating shrapnel in ballistic gelatin 弹道明胶中低速穿透弹片的损伤机制

IF 5.9 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Defence Technology(防务技术)

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.dt.2025.07.008

Tesfaye O. Terefe, Anoop Chawla, Naresh V. Datla

Shrapnel projectiles from low-velocity weapons often cause perforations and thereby result in multiple wounds. As shrapnel penetrates, its kinetic energy dissipates and generates forces that influence the extent of damage. However, quantifying these forces and understanding the mechanics of tissue damage remain challenging. To address this, there is a need to measure time-varying forces that will provide critical insights into the mechanics of damage initiation and progression. In this study, a new experimental methodology was developed using a custom-designed fixture integrated with a low-velocity gas gun to study shrapnel-induced damage in ballistic gelatin. The fixture was equipped with piezoelectric sensors to capture transmitted force (TF), while a high-speed camera recorded the damage morphology. The maximum TF response varied significantly, ranging from 45 to 225 N for chisel-nose shrapnel and 75–295 N for blunt-nose shrapnel, across incident velocities of 25–100 m/s. The damage mechanisms, characterized by the formation of temporary cavities, resulted in cavity sizes three to four times larger than the shrapnel diameter. The maximum energy absorbed by the ballistic gelatin was 14.81 J at 92.10 m/s for chisel-nose and 18.50 J at 98.35 m/s for blunt-nose shrapnel. A finite element (FE) model was developed and validated against experimental results with an error margin of less than 15% in the maximum value of TF. This methodology provides a platform for further studies on soft tissue damage by correlating dynamic force measurements with damage mechanisms. These insights can inform advancements in battlefield injury assessment, medical interventions strategies, and the design of protective materials to mitigate shrapnel injuries.

低速武器的弹片通常会造成弹孔，从而造成多处伤口。当弹片穿透时，它的动能消散并产生影响损伤程度的力。然而，量化这些力量和了解组织损伤的机制仍然具有挑战性。为了解决这个问题，我们需要测量随时间变化的力，这将为损伤发生和发展的机制提供关键的见解。在这项研究中，开发了一种新的实验方法，使用定制设计的夹具集成低速气枪来研究弹片引起的弹道明胶损伤。夹具配备了压电传感器来捕捉传递力（TF），同时高速摄像机记录了损伤形态。当入射速度为25-100 m/s时，最大TF响应变化显著，凿鼻弹片在45 - 225 N之间，钝鼻弹片在75-295 N之间。损伤机制以形成临时空腔为特征，导致空腔尺寸比弹片直径大三到四倍。凿鼻弹和钝鼻弹分别以92.10 m/s和98.35 m/s的速度吸收了14.81 J和18.50 J的最大能量。建立了有限元模型，并与实验结果进行了对比验证，得到了小于15%的误差范围。该方法通过将动态力测量与损伤机制相关联，为进一步研究软组织损伤提供了平台。这些见解可以为战场伤害评估、医疗干预策略和防护材料设计提供信息，以减轻弹片伤害。

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引用次数: 0

Adiabatic shear behavior of pearlitic heat-resistant steel under fragment-simulating projectile impact 珠光体耐热钢在破片模拟弹丸冲击下的绝热剪切行为

IF 5.9 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Defence Technology(防务技术)

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.dt.2025.07.014

Kunxuan Wang , Yubo Gao , Wencai Sun , Wei Zheng , Wenbo Xie

Adiabatic shear band (ASB), as the precursor to catastrophic material failure, is of great significance in the research of impact resistance. This study investigated the adiabatic shear behavior of 12Cr1MoV steel under high-velocity impact from fragment-simulating projectile (FSP) using high-speed impact tests, numerical simulations, and scanning electron microscopy. The results demonstrated that the flat and wedge-shaped segments of the FSP experience different stress conditions and temperature fields during penetration. The asymmetry of the projectile has a pronounced effect on the morphology of the ASB. Two major failure modes were identified during the penetration process: tensile failure and shear failure, with pearlite exhibiting strengthening effects under both loading conditions. The ASB developed distinct microstructural characteristics with increasing impact velocity, exhibiting apparent sensitivity to temperatures and strain rates. Finally, the investigation of the ASB branches revealed the mechanisms underlying ASB formation and the initiation of catastrophic cracking.

绝热剪切带（ASB）作为材料灾难性破坏的前兆，在抗冲击性能研究中具有重要意义。采用高速冲击试验、数值模拟和扫描电镜等方法研究了12Cr1MoV钢在碎片模拟弹丸（FSP）高速冲击下的绝热剪切行为。结果表明，在渗透过程中，FSP的平面段和楔形段经历了不同的应力条件和温度场。弹丸的不对称性对ASB的形态有明显的影响。在渗透过程中确定了两种主要的破坏模式：拉伸破坏和剪切破坏，珠光体在两种加载条件下都表现出强化作用。随着冲击速度的增加，ASB呈现出明显的微观结构特征，对温度和应变速率表现出明显的敏感性。最后，对ASB分支的研究揭示了ASB形成和灾难性开裂的机制。

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引用次数: 0

Enhancing safety performance of initiating explosive devices via 3D printed VO2 film based on metal-insulator transition 基于金属-绝缘子过渡的3D打印VO2膜提高起爆装置安全性能

IF 5.9 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Defence Technology(防务技术)

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.dt.2025.07.010

Yingke Chang , Pengtao Cheng , Zhe Kong , Jianxin Nie , Wei Ren , Xiaohui Liang , Enyi Chu , Qingjie Jiao , Jianjun Luo

Initiating explosive devices (IEDs) are crucial in both military and civilian applications for improving the accuracy of controlled detonations. However, the safety of semiconductor bridge (SCB) wire IEDs, which are the most widely used, is increasingly threatened by complex electromagnetic environments. Although protective devices such as thermistors and zener diodes are commonly employed to enhance safety, traditional discrete components can compromise compactness and provide only marginal improvements. The metal-insulator transition properties of vanadium dioxide (VO₂) present an innovative approach to enhancing the safety performance of IEDs. Nevertheless, the functional relevance of the VO₂ phase transition in relation to IEDs has garnered limited scientific attention. The VO₂ film fabricated via 3D printing demonstrated resistivity modulation ranging from 2 to 5 orders of magnitude, achieving a stable metallic-state resistance of 1.2 Ω. The results show that this process increases the 5-min safe current threshold by 90%, from 1 A to 1.9 A, and reduces the temperature generated by the current by approximately 40% when below the safe current threshold. Integrating VO₂ film into IEDs via semiconductor processes significantly enhances safety performance while maintaining detonation capability, demonstrating its effectiveness as a safety modulator in pyrotechnic engineering.

起爆装置（ied）在军事和民用应用中都是提高控制爆炸精度的关键。然而，作为应用最广泛的半导体桥式导线爆炸装置，其安全性日益受到复杂电磁环境的威胁。虽然通常采用热敏电阻和齐纳二极管等保护装置来提高安全性，但传统的分立元件可能会损害紧凑性，并且只能提供微小的改进。二氧化钒（VO2）的金属-绝缘体过渡特性为提高ied的安全性能提供了一种创新途径。然而，与ied相关的VO2相变的功能相关性已经获得了有限的科学关注。通过3D打印制备的VO2薄膜的电阻率调制范围为2到5个数量级，实现了稳定的金属态电阻1.2 Ω。结果表明，该工艺将5 min安全电流阈值从1 A提高到1.9 A，提高了90%，并且在低于安全电流阈值时，电流产生的温度降低了约40%。通过半导体工艺将VO2薄膜集成到ied中，在保持爆轰能力的同时显著提高了安全性能，证明了其作为烟火工程安全调制器的有效性。

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引用次数: 0

Unraveling the structure-activity relationship of triazine-fused energetic molecules: Targeted performance modulation through substituent effects 揭示三嗪融合高能分子的构效关系：通过取代基效应进行定向性能调节

IF 5.9 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Defence Technology(防务技术)

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.dt.2025.06.003

Ziwu Cai, Tianyu Jiang, Wei Guo, Yunhe Jin, Wenquan Zhang

This study preliminarily investigates the structure-activity relationships of novel [5,6]-fused ring energetic materials derived from the 6-nitro-7-azido-pyrazol [3,4-d][1,2,3]triazine 2-oxide (ICM-103) skeleton, emphasizing the role of functional group substitution in tailoring key properties such as detonation performance and mechanical sensitivity. Strategic incorporation of nitrogen-rich substituents (e.g., hydrazine, guanidine) into the 1,2,3-triazine 2-oxide framework yielded compounds with diverse performance characteristics. Notably, compound 2 demonstrates energy performance (D = 8916 m·s⁻¹ and P = 36.80 GPa) comparable to RDX, yet with lower mechanical sensitivity (IS = 37 J). Theoretical calculations show that the properties of the substituents themselves and their coupling with the molecular skeleton jointly determine the key properties of the target molecules. This study provides a framework for the customized design of energetic materials by linking the chemical properties of substituents with the performance parameters of target molecules. These findings highlight the potential of local molecular structural modification driven by structure-activity relationship analysis in promoting the development of next-generation energetic materials and lay a solid foundation for future research in this field.

本研究初步探讨了由6-硝基-7-叠氮-吡唑[3,4-d][1,2,3]三嗪2-氧化物（ICM-103）骨架衍生的新型[5,6]-融合环含能材料的构效关系，强调了官能团取代在调整爆轰性能和机械灵敏度等关键性能中的作用。在1,2,3-三嗪- 2-氧化物框架中战略性地加入富氮取代基（如肼、胍）产生了具有不同性能特征的化合物。值得注意的是，化合物2的能量性能（D = 8916 m·s−1,P = 36.80 GPa）与RDX相当，但机械灵敏度（IS = 37 J）较低。理论计算表明，取代基本身的性质及其与分子骨架的耦合共同决定了目标分子的关键性质。该研究通过将取代基的化学性质与目标分子的性能参数联系起来，为含能材料的定制设计提供了一个框架。这些发现突出了结构-活性关系分析驱动的局部分子结构修饰在促进下一代含能材料发展方面的潜力，为该领域的进一步研究奠定了坚实的基础。

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引用次数: 0

In situ 3D characterization of impact-extruded ignition and reaction growth behavior of a ductile energetic material 一种延性含能材料冲击挤压点火和反应生长行为的原位三维表征

IF 5.9 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Defence Technology(防务技术)

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.dt.2025.07.011

Junjie Wen , Yi Wu , Yingnan Fan , Yu Wang , Yingchun Wu , Junyu Huang , Xiao Hou

In this study, the modified split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system, complemented by synchronized high-speed holography and direct shooting imaging techniques, was employed to investigate the impact-induced mechanical, ignition and reaction growth behavior of high-ductility composite energetic materials (CEMs). The experiments were performed over a large range of strain rate conditions of 3,000–6,000 s⁻¹ for samples containing different components of solid explosive granules. The strain-stress relationships, onset of ignition and reaction growth in impact-induced debris clouds were quantitatively studied. The results show that ignition was a result of compression and deformation, triggered significantly by the effects of shear extrusion friction. The critical strain rate of ignition was approximately 4,000–5,000 s⁻¹. The average particle size inside the debris before and after ignition ranges from 41.3 to 49.5 μm. The particle quantity and size produced by the impact of the CEM increase as the strain rate increases. The sustainability of the ignition, or its rapid quenching, was tightly correlated with the size and density of the impact-induced debris cloud. For high-strain rate impacts, denser debris clouds were produced, which effectively favors the sustaining and propagation of the initial ignition core. The results provide valuable insights for establishing the criteria of the impact induced reaction growth and enhancing the safety and reliability of high-ductility energetic materials used in aerospace and national defense applications.

在本研究中，采用改进的分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）系统，辅以同步高速全息和直接拍摄成像技术，研究了高延性复合含能材料（CEMs）的冲击诱导力学行为、着火行为和反应生长行为。实验在3000 - 6000 s−1的应变速率条件下进行，样品中含有不同成分的固体爆炸颗粒。定量研究了撞击诱导碎片云的应变-应力关系、着火起始和反应生长。结果表明，燃烧是由压缩和变形引起的，而剪切挤压摩擦的作用是引起燃烧的主要原因。点火临界应变速率约为4000 ~ 5000 s−1。燃烧前后碎屑内部的平均粒径范围为41.3 ~ 49.5 μm。随着应变速率的增加，CEM冲击产生的颗粒数量和尺寸增加。点火的可持续性，或其快速熄灭，与撞击引起的碎片云的大小和密度密切相关。对于高应变速率的撞击，产生更密集的碎片云，这有效地有利于初始点火核心的维持和传播。研究结果为建立冲击诱导反应生长的标准，提高航空航天和国防用高延性含能材料的安全性和可靠性提供了有价值的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Overview of research on intelligent swarm munitions 智能蜂群弹药研究综述

IF 5.9 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Defence Technology(防务技术)

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.dt.2024.08.017

Guannan Chang , Wenxing Fu , Junmin Zhao , Jinping Li , Haochun Miao , Xiaofeng Zhang , Peng Dong

This article started with an overview of the current technological status and engineering developments in the field of swarm munitions. It first introduced swarm behaviors and related swarm algorithms, and then provided a comprehensive summary of the research progress in the field of swarm munitions from four aspects: Collaborative perception and detection, collaborative positioning and navigation, task allocation for swarms, and path planning for swarms. In summary, future developments in collaborative perception, planning, positioning, navigation, and decision-making for swarm munitions will trend towards intelligence, adaptability, and collaboration. It can enable swarm munitions to be better adapted to complex and dynamic battlefields, improving operational effectiveness and mission capabilities.

本文首先概述了当前蜂群弹药领域的技术现状和工程发展。首先介绍了群体行为及相关的群体算法，然后从协同感知与探测、协同定位与导航、群体任务分配、群体路径规划四个方面对群体弹药领域的研究进展进行了全面总结。总之，群弹药的协同感知、规划、定位、导航和决策的未来发展将趋向于智能化、适应性和协作。它可以使群弹药更好地适应复杂和动态的战场，提高作战效率和任务能力。

引用次数: 0

A novel trajectory prediction method for UAV air combat based on QCNet-3D 基于QCNet-3D的无人机空战弹道预测新方法

IF 5.9 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Defence Technology(防务技术)

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.dt.2025.07.007

Jiahui Zhang, Zhijun Meng, Siyuan Liu, Jiachi Ji, Jiazheng He

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) trajectory prediction is an important research topic in the field of UAV air combat. In order to address the problem of single-feature extraction scale and scene adaptability in UAV air combat trajectory prediction algorithms, this paper proposes an innovative UAV trajectory prediction method QCNet-3D, which can predict the future trajectory of the target UAV and provide the corresponding possibility. Firstly, the UAV trajectory prediction is modeled based on the mixture of Laplace distributions, and the UAV's kinetic equations are employed to construct the UAV trajectory prediction dataset (UAVTP dataset), ensuring high reliability. Secondly, two improvement methods are proposed on the basis of QCNet: multi-scale Fourier mapping and three-dimensional adaptation. The ablation study shows that the improvement methods have reduced the minimum average displacement error, minimum final displacement error, and missing rate by 55.4%, 54.3%, and 68.1% respectively. Finally, QCNet-3D is proposed based on the two improvement methods, and the simulation experiment confirm the proposed algorithm's capability to predict both simple and complex UAV maneuvers, offering the possibility for each predicted trajectory under various prediction future steps and output modes.

无人机飞行轨迹预测是无人机空战领域的一个重要研究课题。针对无人机空战弹道预测算法中单一特征提取规模和场景适应性不足的问题，本文提出了一种创新的无人机弹道预测方法QCNet-3D，该方法能够预测目标无人机未来的弹道并提供相应的可能性。首先，基于混合拉普拉斯分布对无人机轨迹预测建模，利用无人机动力学方程构建无人机轨迹预测数据集（UAVTP数据集），保证了无人机的高可靠性；其次，在QCNet的基础上提出了两种改进方法：多尺度傅里叶映射和三维自适应。烧蚀实验表明，改进后的最小平均位移误差、最小最终位移误差和缺失率分别降低了55.4%、54.3%和68.1%。最后，基于这两种改进方法提出了QCNet-3D算法，仿真实验验证了所提算法对简单和复杂无人机机动的预测能力，为不同预测未来步长和输出模式下的每种预测轨迹提供了可能性。

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引用次数: 0