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A look-up table protocol for calibrating standing SAW acoustofluidics 用于校准驻留声表面波声流体的查找表协议
IF 2.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2024-05-05 DOI: 10.1007/s10404-024-02729-9
Zixing Liu, Haixiang Zheng, Qinran Wei, Zeyi Wang, Yu Zhang, Dong Zhang, Xiasheng Guo

The acoustic radiation force (ARF) acting on particles measures the performance of microfluidic devices driven by standing surface acoustic waves (SSAWs). However, existing ARF calibration techniques rely on image post-processing or additional equipment. This work proposes a look-up table method to determine the ARF by examining the particle acoustophoresis mode in discrete phase-modulated SSAW fields, where the phase difference between the two counter-propagating SAWs is changed at fixed time intervals. Theoretical analysis indicates that particles in a straight channel migrate laterally either in the “locked” mode or the “drift” mode, while mode switching can be observed when the interval reaches a critical value highly dependent on the ARF amplitude. A look-up table can then be established for a given SSAW device. By observing the particle acoustophoresis modes at different phase-changing intervals, the ARF amplitude can be obtained from the easily determined critical interval. The procedure is demonstrated experimentally in an SSAW acoustofluidic device and compared with the particle tracking protocol to verify the former’s effectiveness and demonstrate its operational simplicity. Inspired by the established theory, a method to improve the efficiency of particle acoustophoresis by optimizing the phase-modulating parameters is also proposed.

作用在颗粒上的声辐射力(ARF)可以测量驻留表面声波(SAW)驱动的微流体设备的性能。然而,现有的 ARF 校准技术依赖于图像后处理或额外的设备。本研究提出了一种查找表方法,通过检查离散相位调制声表面波场中的颗粒声泳模式来确定 ARF,在离散相位调制声表面波场中,两个反向传播声表面波之间的相位差以固定的时间间隔发生变化。理论分析表明,直线通道中的粒子要么以 "锁定 "模式横向迁移,要么以 "漂移 "模式横向迁移,而当时间间隔达到与 ARF 振幅高度相关的临界值时,可以观察到模式切换。这样就可以为给定的 SSAW 设备建立一个查询表。通过观察不同相位变化间隔下的粒子声泳模式,可以从容易确定的临界间隔中获得 ARF 振幅。该程序在 SSAW 声流体设备中进行了实验演示,并与粒子跟踪协议进行了比较,以验证前者的有效性并证明其操作简便性。受已建立的理论启发,还提出了一种通过优化相位调节参数来提高粒子声泳效率的方法。
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引用次数: 0
A magnetic bead array-based fluorescence immunoassay platform for robust cancer biomarker analysis in clinical blood samples 基于磁珠阵列的荧光免疫分析平台,用于临床血液样本中癌症生物标记物的可靠分析
IF 2.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2024-04-29 DOI: 10.1007/s10404-024-02728-w
Jieung Oh, Ho-Seong Han, Hyundoo Hwang, Joo H. Kang

The reliable conjugation of antibodies to a solid matrix is crucial for robust immunoassays in microfluidic devices. Various magnetic particles (MPs) have been employed due to their high surface-to-volume ratios and ease of magnetic manipulation, providing a reliable surface for antibody immobilization. However, achieving uniform positioning of MPs across the channel surface has been challenging due to inadequate magnetic forces or magnetic field uniformity. Here, we present the utilization of Halbach magnetic arrays to enable consistent deployment of MPs on the microfluidic surface, thereby facilitating robust immunoassay capabilities. Using finite element method magnetics (FEMM) simulations, we predicted that incorporating Halbach magnetic arrays beneath the microfluidic channels would create more uniform and augmented magnetic flux density gradients over the surface. Subsequently, we applied this platform to assess cancer biomarkers in patients’ blood plasma and achieved statistically reliable results, comparable to those obtained using an FDA-approved device. We detected three cancer biomarkers, including prostate-specific antigen (PSA), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The limit of detection (LOD) of three biomarkers were < 1 ng/mL, ranging from 0.38–0.95 ng mL−1. This platform provided within-run, between-run, and between-day precisions for the three cancer biomarkers, ranging from 0.37–9.87%. This advancement holds significant promise for improving the accuracy and performance of immunoassays in various microfluidic diagnostic applications.

抗体与固体基质的可靠结合对于在微流控装置中进行稳健的免疫测定至关重要。各种磁性颗粒(MPs)因其高表面体积比和易于磁性操作而被广泛使用,为抗体固定提供了可靠的表面。然而,由于磁力不足或磁场不均匀,要在通道表面实现 MPs 的均匀定位一直是个挑战。在此,我们介绍利用哈尔巴赫磁阵列在微流体表面实现 MPs 的一致部署,从而促进强大的免疫测定功能。利用有限元法磁学(FEMM)模拟,我们预测在微流控通道下方安装哈尔巴赫磁阵列可在表面形成更均匀的增强磁通密度梯度。随后,我们将这一平台用于评估患者血浆中的癌症生物标志物,并取得了统计上可靠的结果,与使用美国食品及药物管理局批准的设备所取得的结果相当。我们检测了三种癌症生物标记物,包括前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)、甲胎蛋白(AFP)和癌胚抗原(CEA)。三种生物标记物的检测限(LOD)均为1纳克/毫升,范围为0.38-0.95纳克毫升-1。该平台为三种癌症生物标记物提供了运行内、运行间和日间精确度,精确度范围为 0.37-9.87%。这一进步为提高各种微流控诊断应用中免疫测定的准确性和性能带来了巨大希望。
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引用次数: 0
The dynamics of vertical coalescence of acoustically levitated droplets 声学悬浮液滴的垂直凝聚动力学
IF 2.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2024-04-29 DOI: 10.1007/s10404-024-02730-2
Aditya Vashi, Ajeet Singh Yadav, Nam-Trung Nguyen, Kamalalayam Rajan Sreejith

Mobility manipulation of liquid droplets is an important task of digital imicrofluidics. Acoustic levitation has revolutionised the contactless manipulation of liquid droplets for various applications. Acoustic levitation technique can be effectively used to manipulate droplets to obtain their coalescence. This paper reports a unique, versatile, and material-independent approach for the vertical coalescence of the droplets suspended in an acoustic levitator. The acoustic power of the levitator is carefully engineered to obtain vertical coalescence of two liquid droplets. Water, 20% and 40% glycerol–water solutions are used as the working liquids. The results of the experiments revealed three outcomes during the coalescence. The outcomes are analysed and discussed.

液滴的移动操控是数字微流体技术的一项重要任务。声学悬浮技术彻底改变了液滴的非接触式操作,可用于多种应用。声悬浮技术可以有效地操纵液滴,使其凝聚。本文报告了一种独特的、多功能的、与材料无关的方法,用于悬浮在声学悬浮器中的液滴的垂直凝聚。悬浮器的声功率经过精心设计,以获得两种液滴的垂直凝聚。水、20% 和 40% 的甘油-水溶液被用作工作液体。实验结果显示了凝聚过程中的三种结果。现对这些结果进行分析和讨论。
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引用次数: 0
Transonic, supersonic, and hypersonic flow of rarefied gas into vacuum through channels with a forward- or backward-facing step 稀薄气体以跨音速、超音速和高超音速流经带有前向或后向台阶的通道进入真空
IF 2.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2024-04-25 DOI: 10.1007/s10404-024-02727-x
O. Sazhin, A. Sazhin

Numerical investigations of high-speed rarefied gas outflow into a vacuum through channels with a forward- or backward-facing step have been conducted using the direct simulation Monte Carlo method. Calculations have been performed for various free-stream Mach numbers, covering transonic, supersonic, and hypersonic flow regimes, and over a wide range of gas rarefaction from free molecular to near hydrodynamic conditions. Mass flow rates through the channel and the gas flow field have been accurately calculated both inside the channel and in the regions upstream and downstream. It has been established that channel geometry, the free-stream velocity, and gas rarefaction strongly influence the gas flow. In the flow field, in front of the channel, a phenomenon known as a detached shock occurs, while inside the channel, a gas recirculation zone may form.

采用直接模拟蒙特卡罗方法,对高速稀薄气体通过具有前向或后向阶梯的通道流出真空进行了数值研究。计算针对各种自由流马赫数,包括跨音速、超音速和高超音速流动状态,以及从自由分子到接近流体力学条件的广泛气体稀释范围。通过通道的质量流量和气体流场在通道内部以及上下游区域都得到了精确计算。研究证实,通道的几何形状、自由流速度和气体稀释对气体流动有很大影响。在流场中,通道前方会出现一种被称为分离冲击的现象,而通道内部则可能形成气体再循环区。
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引用次数: 0
A 3D printed acoustofluidic nozzle-diffuser microfluidic pump 三维打印声学流体喷嘴-扩散器微流体泵
IF 2.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2024-04-15 DOI: 10.1007/s10404-024-02722-2
Erturan Yetiskin, Sinan Gucluer, Ilayda Erdem, Adem Ozcelik

Microfluidic flow control systems are critical components for on-chip biomedical applications. This study introduces a new micropump for on-chip sample preparation and analysis by using an acoustic nozzle diffuser mechanism. The micropump implements a commercially available transducer and control board kit with 3D-printed fluid reservoirs. In this micropump, conic-shaped micro-holes on the metal sheet cover of the transducer are employed as oscillating nozzle diffuser micro arrays to achieve directional flow control. The micropump is shown to efficiently pump water and particle mixtures exceeding flow rates of 515 µl/min at a 12-volt input voltage. In addition, owing to the small size of the nozzle hole opening, larger particles can also be filtered out from a sample solution during fluid pumping enabling a new function. Importantly, the micropump can be fabricated and assembled without needing a cleanroom, making it more accessible. This feature is advantageous for researchers and practitioners, eliminating a significant barrier to entry. By combining commercially available components with 3D printing technology, this micropump presents a cost-effective and versatile solution for on-chip applications in biomedical research and analysis.

微流体流量控制系统是片上生物医学应用的关键部件。本研究采用声学喷嘴扩散器机制,为片上样品制备和分析引入了一种新型微泵。该微型泵采用了市场上可买到的带有 3D 打印储液器的传感器和控制板套件。在该微型泵中,传感器金属板盖上的圆锥形微孔被用作振荡喷嘴扩散器微阵列,以实现定向流量控制。实验表明,在 12 伏输入电压下,该微型泵能有效地泵送水和颗粒混合物,流速超过 515 微升/分钟。此外,由于喷嘴孔开口较小,在泵送流体的过程中还能从样品溶液中过滤出较大的颗粒,实现了一种新的功能。重要的是,这种微型泵无需无尘室即可制造和组装,因此更容易获得。这一特点对于研究人员和从业人员来说非常有利,消除了进入市场的重大障碍。通过将商用元件与 3D 打印技术相结合,该微型泵为生物医学研究和分析领域的片上应用提供了一种经济高效的多功能解决方案。
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引用次数: 0
Fluid lubrication model over sinusoidal roughness with streamline-based approach 基于流线的正弦粗糙度流体润滑模型
IF 2.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2024-04-15 DOI: 10.1007/s10404-024-02721-3
Haruki Okazaki, Shintaro Takeuchi

A method is proposed to deterministically obtain steady lubrication pressure for the Stokes flow in a channel bounded by a flat wall and a surface with roughness represented by sinusoidal waves. A streamline sufficiently far away from the rough surface is used to formulate a streamline-based lubrication equation with the velocity on the streamline, and the velocities on the streamline is imposed as a boundary condition. In the solution of the lubrication equation, by virtually moving the streamline towards the flat wall, the pressure on the flat wall is obtained, and then the wall-normal variation of the pressure is recovered from the wall pressure by a lubrication model that considers higher order terms. The proposed method is applied to lubrication flows in channels with roughness represented by a single sinusoidal wave and a superposition of several sinusoidal waves. Through comparison with analytical solutions, the validity of the proposed method is established, and the applicable range of superposition of waves is explained that lowest-wavenumber component in surface profile is sufficiently isolated from higher-wavenumber components. Although the problem setting intrinsically prohibits the application of the conventional Reynolds lubrication equation, this study provides new understandings for the pressure obeying the Reynolds lubrication equation and the role of the higher-order terms.

本文提出了一种方法,用于确定性地获得在以平壁和以正弦波表示的粗糙表面为边界的通道中斯托克斯流的稳定润滑压力。利用离粗糙表面足够远的流线来计算基于流线的润滑方程,并将流线上的速度作为边界条件。在润滑方程的求解过程中,通过虚拟地将流线移向平壁,可以得到平壁上的压力,然后通过考虑高阶项的润滑模型从壁压中恢复压力的壁面法向变化。所提出的方法适用于粗糙度由单个正弦波和多个正弦波叠加表示的通道中的润滑流。通过与分析解的比较,确定了所提方法的有效性,并解释了波叠加的适用范围,即表面轮廓中的最低波数分量与较高波数分量充分隔离。虽然问题设置本质上禁止应用传统的雷诺润滑方程,但本研究为服从雷诺润滑方程的压力和高阶项的作用提供了新的理解。
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引用次数: 0
Merged and alternating droplets generation in double T-junction microchannels using symmetrically inserted capillaries 利用对称插入的毛细管在双 T 型交界微通道中生成合并和交替液滴
IF 2.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2024-04-14 DOI: 10.1007/s10404-024-02725-z
Feng Shen, Yuedong Zhang, Chunyou Li, Yan Pang, Zhaomiao Liu

In this work, merged and alternating droplets generated in a microfluidic double T-junction are investigated using experiments and numerical simulations. The double T-junction is constructed by symmetrically inserting two capillaries into a microfluidic chip at specific positions. We explore the effects of the two-phase flow rate fraction, capillary tip distance (30 μm, 60 μm, and 200 μm), and fluid properties on droplet formation phenomena. Detailed observations reveal four distinct regimes during the dynamic evolution of the two-phase interface morphology: merged state, stable alternating droplets, droplet pairs, and jetting. Two phase diagrams are obtained to demonstrate that interfacial tension and dispersed phase viscosity significantly influence these regimes. Moreover, we find that as the flow rate fraction increases from 0.054 to 0.286, the length of generated droplets increases from 156 to 789 μm; we provide a theoretical prediction formula for dimensionless droplet length accordingly. Additionally, our simulations show fluctuating pressure in dispersed flows throughout the process of droplet generation. The simulated pressure in the dispersed flows fluctuates during the droplet generation process. The understanding of the underlying physics of the capillary-based double T-junction contributes valuable insights for various related applications.

摘要 在这项工作中,利用实验和数值模拟研究了微流体双 T 型结中产生的合并液滴和交替液滴。双 T 型结是通过在微流控芯片的特定位置对称插入两根毛细管而形成的。我们探讨了两相流速分数、毛细管尖端距离(30 μm、60 μm 和 200 μm)以及流体特性对液滴形成现象的影响。详细的观察结果表明,在两相界面形态的动态演变过程中存在四种不同的状态:合并状态、稳定的交替液滴、液滴对和喷射。获得的两相图表明,界面张力和分散相粘度对这些状态有显著影响。此外,我们发现随着流速分数从 0.054 增加到 0.286,生成液滴的长度从 156 μm 增加到 789 μm;我们相应地提供了无量纲液滴长度的理论预测公式。此外,我们的模拟结果表明,在整个液滴生成过程中,分散流中的压力是波动的。在液滴生成过程中,分散流中的模拟压力会发生波动。研究了两相流率、毛细管尖端距离和流体特性的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring the stability of single emulsion created by microfluidics and its use in the production of core–shell microparticles 探索微流控技术产生的单一乳液的稳定性及其在核壳微颗粒生产中的应用
IF 2.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.1007/s10404-024-02723-1
Mehrnaz Oveysi, Vahid Bazargan, Amir Nejat, Marco Marengo

This study introduces an innovative method aimed at achieving exceptional stability in emulsions. The primary focus is on re-emulsifying precisely controlled and uniform initial single emulsions, generated by microfluidic devices, to produce single-core double emulsions and core–shell microparticles. Departing from traditional approaches, our method employs a unique combination of advanced Two-level fractional factorial design and numerical simulation. These tools are utilized to discern and optimize critical parameters necessary for the formation of highly monodispersed stable single emulsions and their subsequent transformation into double emulsions. Correlations are established to estimate the size and stability of the primary single emulsion based on immiscible phase flow rate ratio and surfactant concentration. These correlations provide a comprehensive understanding that facilitates the intentional development of desired water-in-oil emulsions. The proposed microfluidic paradigm shows promise for the controlled and efficient production of single-core double emulsions, with broad applications in Pharmaceuticals, Food, and Cosmetics.

本研究介绍了一种创新方法,旨在实现乳液的卓越稳定性。主要重点是对微流控装置产生的精确控制和均匀的初始单乳液进行再乳化,以产生单核双乳液和核壳微粒。与传统方法不同,我们的方法采用了先进的两级分因子设计和数值模拟的独特组合。利用这些工具来识别和优化形成高度单分散稳定的单乳液以及随后转化为双乳液所需的关键参数。根据不相溶相流率比和表面活性剂浓度建立相关关系,以估计初级单乳液的大小和稳定性。这些相关性提供了一种全面的理解,有助于有意识地开发所需的油包水乳液。所提出的微流体范例有望实现单核双乳液的可控高效生产,在制药、食品和化妆品领域有着广泛的应用。
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引用次数: 0
Localized flow control by photothermal actuation of pNIPAAm hydrogel brushes in a macroporous silicon membrane 通过光热驱动大孔硅膜中的 pNIPAAm 水凝胶刷实现局部流量控制
IF 2.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2024-04-04 DOI: 10.1007/s10404-024-02726-y
Youngsik Song, Nafis Mustakim, Mayank Pandey, Sang-Woo Seo

We present the control of liquid flow through arrayed micron-sized pores in a macroporous silicon membrane. The pores are coated with about 150 nm polymer N-isopropylacrylamide (pNIPAAm) hydrogel brushes and 200 nm polypyrrole layer, which works as photothermal actuator. The size of pore openings is controlled by utilizing the swelling and de-swelling behavior of temperature-sensitive pNIPAAm brushes, and the temperature on pNIPAAm brushes is changed by 815 nm near infra-red (NIR) illumination to polypyrrole photothermal element layer. The dimension change of the pore openings is investigated by observing the transmitted light and fluorescence signal intensity through the pores in the membrane while changing the ambient temperature. It has shown that the intensity of transmitted light can be controlled by adjusting the ambient temperature across the low critical solution temperature (LCST) of the hydrogel brushes. The localized control of liquid flow through the pores is demonstrated by the diffusion of fluorescein dye from the bottom of the membrane to the surface of the membrane using pulsed NIR light illumination. Fast dynamic response of fluorescein dye diffusion upon the illumination of NIR light suggests that the presented photothermal actuation approach could be applied to diverse biomedical applications such as a localized drug release system.

我们介绍了如何通过大孔硅膜中的阵列微米级孔隙控制液体流动。孔隙表面涂有约 150 nm 的聚合物 N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(pNIPAAm)水凝胶刷和 200 nm 的聚吡咯层,聚吡咯层可用作光热致动器。利用对温度敏感的 pNIPAAm 刷子的膨胀和消肿行为来控制孔隙的大小,并通过向聚吡咯光热元件层照射 815 纳米的近红外(NIR)光来改变 pNIPAAm 刷子上的温度。在改变环境温度的同时,通过观察透过膜孔的透射光和荧光信号强度,研究了孔开口尺寸的变化。结果表明,透射光的强度可以通过调整环境温度来控制,使其跨越水凝胶刷的低临界溶液温度(LCST)。利用脉冲近红外光照明,荧光素染料从膜底部扩散到膜表面,证明了对液体流经孔隙的局部控制。荧光素染料扩散在近红外光照射下的快速动态响应表明,所提出的光热致动方法可应用于多种生物医学领域,如局部药物释放系统。
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引用次数: 0
Microfluidic chip for synergic drugs assay in 3D breast cancer cell 用于三维乳腺癌细胞协同药物检测的微流控芯片
IF 2.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2024-04-02 DOI: 10.1007/s10404-024-02724-0
Franciele Flores Vit, Yu Tzu Wu, Eric Fujiwara, Hernandes F. Carvalho, Lucimara Gaziola de la Torre

Some anticancer treatments may cause Multidrug Resistance (MDR). In these cases, cells pump the drug out of the intracellular environment, thereby preventing drug effects. Several strategies have been used to avoid MDR, including using two or more drugs at low concentrations to increase the sensitivity of cells to treatment. We present an effective, cheap, fast microfluidic alternative to test two drugs simultaneously using a reversible sealing and reusable device to determine the optimal concentration. We used the rugs doxorubicin (DOX) and paclitaxel (PXT) as proof of concept. The microdevice allows the testing of two drugs in real time. Furthermore, running two experiments in sextuplicates and control in the same microchip is possible. We used two combinations of drugs, varying the drug concentration (C1 = 0.010 mg.mL− 1 DOX and 0.002.mL− 1 mg PXT, C2 = 0.010 mg.mL− 1 DOX and 0.004 mg.mL− 1 PXT), and evaluated cell death over time. The intermediate drug concentrations were more efficient, reducing the time required to decrease the viability of breast tumor cells, MCF-7 (C1 = 180 and C2 = 120). In further analysis, the microdevice also allowed characterization of the effects of the drugs (antagonist, synergic, or additive). This microdevice is a reliable tool for estimating the different combinations of two drug concentrations in a single assay simply and quickly.

某些抗癌治疗可能会导致多药耐药性(MDR)。在这种情况下,细胞会将药物泵出细胞内环境,从而阻止药物作用。有几种策略被用来避免 MDR,包括使用两种或两种以上低浓度药物来提高细胞对治疗的敏感性。我们提出了一种有效、廉价、快速的微流控替代方法,利用可逆密封和可重复使用的装置同时测试两种药物,以确定最佳浓度。我们使用多柔比星(DOX)和紫杉醇(PXT)作为概念验证。该微型装置可实时测试两种药物。此外,还可以在同一微芯片中进行六次重复实验和对照实验。我们使用了两种药物组合,改变药物浓度(C1 = 0.010 mg.mL- 1 DOX 和 0.002.mL- 1 mg PXT,C2 = 0.010 mg.mL- 1 DOX 和 0.004 mg.mL- 1 PXT),并评估了细胞死亡时间。中间药物浓度更有效,减少了降低乳腺肿瘤细胞 MCF-7 活力所需的时间(C1 = 180 和 C2 = 120)。在进一步分析中,该微型装置还能确定药物作用的特征(拮抗、协同或相加)。这种微型装置是一种可靠的工具,可在一次检测中简单快速地估算两种药物浓度的不同组合。
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引用次数: 0
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