American journal of clinical and experimental immunology最新文献

Telomere, the biological chronometer, and its effect on the immune system considerably varies among individuals. During pregnancy, multiple risk factors affect telomere reprogramming during fetal life which can lead to health disparities in newborns. These changes may cause a long-term impact on the telomere genetics of the newborn and become a reason for lifelong health implications and immune senescence. Therefore, telomere shortening in parents due to genetic variation may act as a hallmark of immune senescence and aging in their newborns.

Objectives: Peanut (PN) allergy is a major public health concern. Recent research has brought clarity about how individuals become sensitized to PN allergen with routes known through the skin, as well as the airway. Still unclear, however, is the role of sex hormones on the development of allergic immune responses to PN. This study examines the role of androgen receptor (AR) signaling in regulating PN-specific immune responses.

Methods: We utilized a 4-week inhalation mouse model of PN allergy that is known to drive the production of PN-specific antibodies and elicit systemic anaphylaxis following PN challenge. Wildtype (WT) male, female, and androgen receptor-deficient testicular feminization mutant (AR^Tfm) male mice were examined using this model to document sex differences in PN allergy. To determine if sex differences also existed in the cellular immune response, this study utilized a 3-day inhalation mouse model of PN to examine the response of group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s). WT male and female mice were examined using this model to document sex differences in ILC2 response within the lungs.

Results: AR use is critical in regulating PN-specific antibody levels. We found that AR^Tfm males have a higher antibody response and significantly worse anaphylactic response following PN challenge relative to WT males. WT males also exhibit a less severe anaphylactic response compared to AR^Tfm male and female mice. Lastly, we discovered that lung ILC2s from female mice respond more robustly to PN compared to ILC2s within WT male mice.

Conclusions: Taken together, this study suggests that male sex hormones, namely androgens, negatively regulate allergic immune responses to PN.

Objective: Increasing evidence demonstrates that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are closely related to multiple human autoimmune diseases, and their dysregulation is tightly linked to inflammation and disease progression. Nonetheless, little is known about the consequences of aberrant expression of lncRNAs during rheumatoid arthritis (RA) development. In this study, we screened for the expressions of lncRNAs in RA synovial fibroblasts (RA-SF) and investigated their functions in RA-SF proliferation and migration, and the relevant underlying mechanisms.

Methods: The lncRNAs expression profiles were interrogated with microarrays. The expressions of key lncRNAs were confirmed in synovial fibroblasts from RA patients and MH7A cells using qRT-PCR. Proliferations and migrations of MH7A and HFL-1 cells were evaluated using CCK-8 assay and cell migration assay kits, respectively. The expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) and cell migration related proteins (MMP-1 and MMP-3) were evaluated using qRT-PCR and western blotting. Collagen type II-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice was used as an animal model of RA.

Results: Nine lncRNAs were significantly altered in RA-SF, of which lncRNA-000239 showing the most significant upregulation. Overexpression of lncRNA-000239 significantly enhanced the proliferation and migration of human RS-SF cells (MH7A), while the opposite effect was observed with lncRNA-000239 silencing. Importantly, lncRNA-000239 enhanced annexin A1 expression by upregulating the expression of miR-146a. Moreover, locally enhanced expression of lncRNA-000239 promoted the onset of arthritis in CIA.

Conclusion: These data indicate that lncRNA-000239 upregulates annexin A1 expression via miR-146a and thus, promotes the proliferation and migration of RA-SF. This highlights a potential role of lncRNA-000239 as an inflammatory factor of RA.

The epididymis is a highly specialized tissue that plays vital roles in sperm maturation and storage. The spatio-temporal repertoire of epididymal cells and their gene expression in the epididymis remain less characterized. With the help of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), Shi et al., reveal a spatio- and segment-specific distribution pattern of mitochondria that adds another layer of complexity to our understanding of the epididymis. They unexpectedly find a higher abundance of mitochondria and mitochondrial transcription in the corpus and cauda compared to the caput of epididymis, which are believed to be responsible for providing the energy necessary for sperm maturation and motility.

Phthiriasis palpebrarum, also known as crab lice, is a rare eyelash infestation by Pthirus pubis that is often misdiagnosed as common blepharitis, and thus mistreated. Treatment of Phthiriasis palpebrarum is widely variable. Tea tree oil is an essential oil with broad-spectrum anti-microbial therapeutic effects. Notably, however, the role of this agent in Phthiriasis palpebrarum management is unclear. The current article reports a case of phthiriasis palpebrarum effectively treated with tea tree oil.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), one of the deadliest medical difficulties to affect people in more than a century. The virus has now spread to many countries worldwide, posing a big challenge to the health status of people in affected populations. Gaining more knowledge about the different aspects of this virus will lead us to better control and treatment methods. In this paper, we discuss the SARS-CoV-2 structure and the mechanism of this virus's entry into host cells through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the main receptor for the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The main connection between SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 is Spike protein. Other topics are also included, like ACE2 structure, functions, and physiology. For instance, ACE2 is involved in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, Angiotensin A/ACE2/Alamandine/MAS-Related GPCR D (MrgD) Axis, the Kinin-Kallikrein System. It also acts as Chaperone Protein for the Amino Acid Transporter, B0AT1, and has a connection with Apelin Peptides. Since ACE2 plays a primary role in COVID-19 pathogenesis, scientists have discovered some SARS-CoV-2 therapy methods based on ACE2 targeting. Tissue expression in different genders and ages, polymorphisms, and host epigenetics, the role of ACE2 in hypertension, and cytokine storm are explained separately.

Objectives: Headache is one of the most common neurological disorders around the world. Previous studies have proposed associations of food allergies with headaches. Therefore, this study evaluated the frequency of sensitization to food allergens in patients with migraine and tension headaches and their correlations with these disorders.

Methods: The study subjects consisted of 20 patients with migraine headache and 20 subjects with tension headache. Headache disorders were confirmed by a specialist. Food allergen sensitization was diagnosed by skin prick test (SPT) or radioallergosorbent test (RAST), clinical history, and physical examination.

Results: There was no significant difference in age and gender between patients with migraine and tension headaches. Other results showed sensitization to food allergens, such as egg, wheat, fish, banana, orange, and soybean, in patients with migraine headache was similar to those in subjects with tension headache. However, patients with migraine headache significantly differed from individuals with tension headache in allergic responses to tree nut (P=0.047), peanut (P=0.028), and cow's milk (P=0.044).

Conclusion: The results of this study showed that sensitization to food allergens may relate to migraine headache which their diagnosis can help to better control and manage the disease.

Objectives: Monkeypox is now regarded as a major global public health concern. A common symptom of this disease is an acute febrile illness with skin sores. The likelihood of the virus spreading from person to person is increasing. The aim of the present study is to estimate the protective immunity rate against monkeypox.

Methods: Based on the current situation in Africa, the authors forecast the protective immunity rate against monkeypox for the present and future if a smallpox vaccination booster is not available. The clinical mathematical model was used. The primary data for analysis include data on the current serological rate against smallpox and data on the declining rate of smallpox immunity after the last vaccination.

Results: According to the current clinical modeling study, protective immunity to monkeypox is limited. The rate among people who have previously been immunized against smallpox is still higher than the general population rate. If the present monkeypox outbreak (2022) is not successfully controlled, there could be a severe public health danger, such as a pandemic. On a larger scale, in a few years, no immunity will be a concern.

Conclusions: To suppress the current monkeypox outbreak, it may be necessary to research the use of a novel monkeypox immunization or a traditional smallpox vaccine.

Objectives: PD1/PDL1 pathway targeting using antibodies shows immune related adverse events in patients with tumors. The masking of PD1 ligand by soluble human PD-1 (shPD-1) probably inhibits the PD1/PDL1 interaction between T cells and tumor cells. Accordingly, the goal of this study was to produce human recombinant PD-1-secreting cells and find out how soluble human PD-1 affects T lymphocyte function.

Methods: An inducible construct of the human PD-1 secreting gene under hypoxia condition was synthesized. The construct was transfected into the MDA-MB-231 cell line. In six groups exhausted T lymphocytes were co-cultured with transfected or non-transfected MDA-MB-231 cell lines. The effect of shPD-1 on IFNγ production, Treg cell's function, CD107a expression, apoptosis, and proliferation was assessed by ELISA and flow cytometry, respectively.

Results: The results of this study showed that shPD-1 inhibits PD-1/PD-L1 interaction and enhances T lymphocyte responses through a significant increase in IFNγ production and CD107a expression. In addition, in the presence of shPD-1, the percentage of Treg cells decreased, while MDA-MB-231 cell apoptosis increased.

Conclusions: We concluded that the human PD-1 secreting construct induced under hypoxia condition inhibits the interaction of PD-1/PD-L1 and enhances T lymphocyte responses in tumor environments and chronic infections.

Background: Monkey pox has expanded across Europe as a result of the widespread outbreak, creating a severe public health risk. Monkey pox is an uncommon pox infection that has reappeared due to zoonosis. Monkey pox has spread over Europe and North America, posing a serious public health risk. The regular smallpox vaccine has been shown to be effective against monkeypox. The suspension of smallpox immunization is currently being debated due to the possibility of a connection with the current monkeypox outbreak. In clinical immunology, the link between a desire for smallpox vaccination, low population immunity, and a higher incidence of monkeypox is an intriguing topic.

Methods: This is a descriptive analysis done in the past. The writers investigate the situation in West Africa in this research. The available data on monkeypox incidence in an African endemic area was reassessed.

Results: Based on a recent analysis of epidemiological data from an endemic area, there is no indication of a yearly ongoing increase in monkeypox incidence following the discontinuation of the smallpox vaccine, and incidence varies.

Conclusion: There is no evidence of an annual increase in monkeypox incidence following the withdrawal of smallpox immunization.