Advanced Powder Technology最新文献_第8页

Research on erosion characteristics and mechanisms of regulating stage blade under multi-particle impact 多粒子冲击下调节级叶片冲蚀特性及机理研究

IF 4.2 2区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Advanced Powder Technology

Pub Date : 2025-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2025.105088

Lihua Cao , Shuang Liu , Keyu Wang , Dali Ding , Cheng Li

Solid particles cause severe erosion damage to steam turbine flow components in high-parameter and large-capacity units, which affects the economy and reliability. In this paper, the explicit dynamics method was used to simulate the process of solid particle erosion (SPE) on the regulating stage blade of ultra-supercritical steam turbine. A random multi-particle erosion model was established to investigate the effects of particle shape, size, and impact angle on erosion characteristics, and further analyze the erosion damage mechanisms. The results show that when the particle size increases, the erosion rate and blade surface roughness increase, and the blade surface roughness caused by flaky particle erosion is greater than that caused by the equal volume of spherical particles. For different particle shapes, as the impact angle increases, the volume erosion rate initially increases and then decreases, reaching its peak value at an impact angle of about 30°. The erosion damage mechanisms caused by different shape particles are different, the spherical particles mainly cause micro-ploughing and extrusion-forging, while the flaky particles cause micro-cutting and extrusion-forging.

在高参数大容量机组中，固体颗粒对汽轮机流动部件造成了严重的侵蚀破坏，影响了机组的经济性和可靠性。本文采用显式动力学方法对超超临界汽轮机调节级叶片固相颗粒侵蚀过程进行了数值模拟。建立随机多粒侵蚀模型，研究颗粒形状、大小和冲击角对侵蚀特性的影响，并进一步分析侵蚀损伤机理。结果表明：随着颗粒尺寸的增大，冲蚀速率和叶片表面粗糙度增大，且片状颗粒冲蚀引起的叶片表面粗糙度大于等体积球形颗粒引起的叶片表面粗糙度；对于不同颗粒形状，随着冲击角的增大，体积侵蚀速率先增大后减小，在冲击角约为30°时达到峰值。不同形状颗粒的冲蚀损伤机理不同，球形颗粒主要引起微犁耕和挤压锻造，片状颗粒主要引起微切削和挤压锻造。

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引用次数: 0

Modeling structural damage to line/space patterns from high-speed droplet impact in particulate cleaning on patterned wafers 在颗粒清洗过程中，模拟高速液滴冲击对线/空间图案的结构损伤

IF 4.2 2区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Advanced Powder Technology

Pub Date : 2025-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2025.105081

Seungwook Lee, Donggeun Lee

As semiconductor devices scale down to sub-5 nm nodes, the removal of nanoscale contaminants without damaging patterns has become increasingly critical. While physical cleaning methods such as liquid jet spray offer advantages over chemical cleaning, balancing high particle removal efficiency (PRE) with structural integrity remains challenging. In this study, a predictive model was developed for structural damage in silicon line/space patterns subjected to high-speed droplet impact. The model evaluates the principal stress induced in line sidewalls based on pattern geometry and impact conditions, introducing the concept of a damage radius to estimate the extent of damage. Experimental validation was conducted using Ti nanoparticles (10–60 nm) deposited on Si patterns with various geometries and cleaned at droplet velocities of 33–84 m/s. The predicted damage radius showed reasonable agreement with the experimental observations. Among the geometric parameters of line structures, aspect ratio was found to be the dominant factor influencing structural damage, whereas line spacing had minimal effect. In contrast, line spacing significantly affected cleaning performance. Finally, a universal parameter governing damage rate was identified, clarifying its functional dependence on impact and structural parameters.

随着半导体器件缩小到5纳米以下的节点，在不破坏图案的情况下去除纳米级污染物变得越来越重要。虽然液体喷射等物理清洗方法比化学清洗更有优势，但要平衡高颗粒去除效率（PRE）和结构完整性仍然是一个挑战。在这项研究中，建立了一个预测模型，用于预测高速液滴撞击下硅线/空间图案的结构损伤。该模型基于模式几何和冲击条件对直线侧壁产生的主应力进行评估，并引入损伤半径的概念来估计损伤程度。实验验证使用Ti纳米颗粒（10-60 nm）沉积在不同几何形状的Si图案上，并在33-84 m/s的液滴速度下进行清洗。预测损伤半径与实验结果吻合较好。在线形结构的几何参数中，纵横比是影响结构损伤的主要因素，而线形间距影响较小。相反，线间距显著影响清洗性能。最后，确定了控制损伤率的通用参数，阐明了其对冲击和结构参数的功能依赖关系。

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引用次数: 0

Impact of powder properties on the product and process performance of an integrated single-dose manufacturing system 粉末性能对集成单剂量制造系统的产品和工艺性能的影响

IF 4.2 2区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Advanced Powder Technology

Pub Date : 2025-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2025.105078

Kazuya Tanabe , Takuya Nagato , Yusuke Hayashi , Hirokazu Sugiyama , Kohei Tahara

Personalized medicine, which involves manufacturing and providing medications tailored to individual patients, has gained increasing attention in recent years. To support this approach, the authors have developed a compact, modular tablet manufacturing system, which integrates powder dispensing, mixing, compression, and tablet ejection in a single unit. In this study, we evaluated the impact of the powder properties of the pharmaceutical raw materials on the product and process performance of the integrated single-dose manufacturing system. A model study was conducted using vitamin B₂ tablets, with raw vitamin B₂ powder either used as-is or subjected to granulation to modify its properties. By changing the type of granules and powders used in this manufacturing system, tablets with different physical properties were obtained. A comprehensive evaluation of the correlation between powder properties and yield revealed that the particle size distribution and angle of repose were key factors influencing the process yield. We anticipate that these results will show that it is possible to predict the quality of tablets from the physical properties of the raw materials and facilitate the manufacture of high-quality, high-yield, personalized tablets.

近年来，个性化医疗越来越受到人们的关注。个性化医疗指的是为个别患者生产和提供量身定制的药物。为了支持这种方法，作者开发了一种紧凑的模块化片剂制造系统，该系统将粉末分配，混合，压缩和片剂喷射集成在一个单元中。在这项研究中，我们评估了制药原料的粉末特性对集成单剂量制造系统的产品和工艺性能的影响。采用维生素B2片剂进行了模型研究，将维生素B2原料粉末按原样使用或进行造粒以改变其性质。通过改变制造系统中使用的颗粒和粉末的类型，可以获得具有不同物理性质的片剂。综合评价粉体性能与产率的相关性，发现粉体粒度分布和休止角是影响工艺产率的关键因素。我们预计，这些结果将表明，有可能从原料的物理性质来预测片剂的质量，并促进高质量，高产率，个性化片剂的生产。

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引用次数: 0

Investigation of the deformation-induced α′-martensite formation of metastable austenitic stainless steel AISI 347 by high-velocity particle collisions 高速粒子碰撞亚稳奥氏体不锈钢AISI 347变形诱导α′-马氏体形成的研究

IF 4.2 2区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Advanced Powder Technology

Pub Date : 2025-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2025.105085

M. Bozoglu , D. Misiulia , Y. Sinnwell , T. Zhu , M. Smaga , T. Beck , S. Antonyuk

Metastable austenitic stainless steels are well known for their ability to undergo deformation-induced

α'

-martensite formation (DIM), which enhances strength and wear resistance. This study examines DIM in AISI 347 stainless steel under high-velocity particle impacts. Micro-shot peening was performed using a self-developed cold spray setup, where nozzle inlet temperature and line distance were varied to control particle velocity and impact frequency. Surface properties of the peened samples were characterized by confocal microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Particle velocities were determined by high-speed velocimetry and validated against CFD simulations, which incorporated particle shape data from micro-computed tomography. The close agreement between experimental and numerical results confirms the reliability of the modeling approach. Both methods consistently revealed that particle velocity increases with higher nozzle inlet temperatures. However, elevated temperatures led to a reduction in martensite content due to surface heating effects. The highest martensite fractions were observed at lower temperatures (25 and 100 °C), coinciding with increased compressive residual stresses at reduced line distances. At 300 °C, stress relaxation became predominant, resulting in decreased residual stress levels. These findings demonstrate that DIM can be effectively controlled through targeted adjustment of micro-shot peening parameters. This study provides novel insights into martensitic transformation behavior under high-velocity impacts and establishes a foundation for optimizing micro-shot peening modification processes.

亚稳态奥氏体不锈钢具有变形诱导的α′-马氏体形成（DIM）的能力，从而提高了强度和耐磨性。本文研究了aisi347不锈钢在高速颗粒冲击下的DIM。微丸强化采用自行开发的冷喷装置，通过改变喷嘴入口温度和线距来控制颗粒速度和冲击频率。用共聚焦显微镜和x射线衍射对喷丸样品的表面性质进行了表征。颗粒速度由高速测速仪确定，并通过CFD模拟进行验证，CFD模拟结合了来自微计算机断层扫描的颗粒形状数据。实验结果与数值结果吻合较好，验证了模型方法的可靠性。两种方法一致表明，颗粒速度随着喷嘴入口温度的升高而增加。然而，由于表面加热效应，温度升高导致马氏体含量降低。在较低温度（25°C和100°C）下观察到最高的马氏体分数，与减小线距时增加的压缩残余应力相一致。在300°C时，应力松弛成为主导，导致残余应力水平降低。研究结果表明，通过有针对性地调整微丸强化参数，可以有效地控制DIM。该研究为高速冲击下的马氏体相变行为提供了新的见解，并为优化微喷丸强化工艺奠定了基础。

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引用次数: 0

OxDEM: Discrete element method based on strain energy formulation 基于应变能公式的离散元法

IF 4.2 2区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Advanced Powder Technology

Pub Date : 2025-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2025.105082

Fatih Uzun, Alexander M. Korsunsky

This study introduces OxDEM, a novel strain-energy-based formulation of the Discrete Element Method, in which both normal and tangential contact forces are derived exclusively from strain energy. Unlike the widely used Hertz-Mindlin approach that relies on empirically calibrated stiffness and friction parameters, OxDEM eliminates the need for such inputs. Tangential interactions emerge naturally from relative velocities and shear strains, introducing an intrinsic dissipation mechanism without requiring empirical parameters. A series of benchmark simulations, ranging from single-particle impacts to multi-particle settling, demonstrate that OxDEM reproduces physically consistent dynamics, including energy transfer, emergent dissipation through tangential interactions, and collective particle rearrangements, while avoiding artefacts linked to parameter calibration. The present formulation deliberately omits explicit damping forces to isolate the core mechanics, leaving their incorporation for future development. By unifying normal and tangential responses under a common strain energy framework, OxDEM establishes a physically grounded and parameter-efficient pathway for predictive modelling of granular systems, with clear potential for extension to fluid-particle systems and non-spherical discrete element interactions.

本研究引入了一种新的基于应变能的离散元法的OxDEM，其中法向和切向接触力都是由应变能推导出来的。与广泛使用的Hertz-Mindlin方法不同，该方法依赖于经验校准的刚度和摩擦参数，OxDEM消除了此类输入的需要。切向相互作用从相对速度和剪切应变中自然产生，引入了一种不需要经验参数的内在耗散机制。从单粒子碰撞到多粒子沉降的一系列基准模拟表明，OxDEM再现了物理上一致的动力学，包括能量传递、切向相互作用的紧急耗散和集体粒子重排，同时避免了与参数校准相关的伪影。目前的公式故意省略了显式阻尼力，以隔离核心力学，将其纳入未来的发展。通过在共同的应变能框架下统一法向和切向响应，OxDEM为颗粒系统的预测建模建立了物理基础和参数有效的途径，具有扩展到流体-颗粒系统和非球形离散元件相互作用的明显潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Quality and process-performance monitoring in the pharmaceutical continuous manufacturing of oral solid dosage forms with statistical control from process variables and near-infrared spectroscopy 用工艺变量和近红外光谱进行统计控制的口服固体剂型制药连续生产中的质量和工艺性能监测

IF 4.2 2区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Advanced Powder Technology

Pub Date : 2025-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2025.105075

Toshiki Yamaoka , Hideo Takashima , Kohei Tahara

We developed a statistical control approach combining process variables and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to detect deviations in the continuous manufacturing of oral solid dosage forms. Multivariate statistical process control (MSPC) models were independently developed for process variables during wet granulation and drying, as well as for NIR spectral data. Data obtained from a laboratory-scale continuous manufacturing unit (ConsiGma™-1) were used to construct principal component analysis based MSPC models, enabling identification of abnormal batches via calculated Hotelling’s T² and Q statistics. The combined use of NIR and process variable monitoring for the MSPC technique enabled the accurate detection of process deviations and product quality defects, demonstrating its effectiveness. In batches with altered formulation ratios, defects were successfully detected through an MSPC chart from NIR spectra, highlighting the sensitivity of NIR-based analyses. In batches with intentional changes in the process variable settings, deviations were identified by the MSPC of the process variables. This paper presents a robust framework for ensuring the consistent quality of drug products and process performance in continuous manufacturing by leveraging the complementary strengths of NIR and process variable monitoring for MSPC. The proposed method addresses the limitations of traditional batch monitoring and offers improved sensitivity in variation detection.

我们开发了一种结合工艺变量和近红外（NIR）光谱的统计控制方法来检测口服固体剂型连续生产中的偏差。针对湿制粒和干燥过程变量以及近红外光谱数据，独立开发了多元统计过程控制（MSPC）模型。从实验室规模的连续制造单元（conigma™-1）获得的数据用于构建基于主成分分析的MSPC模型，通过计算Hotelling的T2和Q统计量来识别异常批次。结合使用近红外和过程变量监测的MSPC技术，能够准确检测过程偏差和产品质量缺陷，证明其有效性。在配方比例改变的批次中，通过近红外光谱的MSPC图成功检测到缺陷，突出了基于近红外光谱分析的敏感性。在有意改变工艺变量设置的批次中，偏差由工艺变量的MSPC识别。本文提出了一个强大的框架，通过利用NIR和MSPC过程变量监控的互补优势，确保连续生产中药品质量和工艺性能的一致性。该方法解决了传统批量监测的局限性，提高了变异检测的灵敏度。

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引用次数: 0

Rolling friction coefficients: a key factor in the dynamic response of squat silos subjected to grain central discharge 滚动摩擦系数是影响粮仓中心卸料动力响应的关键因素

IF 4.2 2区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Advanced Powder Technology

Pub Date : 2025-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2025.105074

Xu Wang , Libing Jin , Jingjin Zhang , Doudou Zhu , Qiang Wu

Squat silos have the advantages of high space utilization, and good ventilation, which are of great significance to guarantee food security. In this research, a mathematical model was constructed using the discrete element method, and a comparison with Janssen’s theory corroborated its validity. Through the established numerical model, the effects of the rolling friction coefficient between particles (RFp) and rolling friction coefficient between particles with silo wall (RFw) during the discharging were investigated, and the kinetic behaviors of particles as well as the dynamic response between silo and particles were analyzed. The results show that: (1) RFp has a greater influence on the discharging behavior, and the coupling of RFp and RFw significantly affects the discharging process. The engineering recommendation for the overpressure coefficient of squat silo is 3.5. (2) The variations in RFp and RFw influence the uniformity of particle flow and have a significant impact on the vertical contact stress between particles. (3) RFp and RFw contribute to an increase in the rotational kinetic energy and angular velocity of particles while reducing velocity fluctuations. These findings contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the discharging performance of Squat silos and provide valuable insights into optimizing their behavior.

深筒仓具有空间利用率高、通风好等优点，对保障粮食安全具有重要意义。本研究采用离散元法建立了数学模型，并与Janssen理论进行了比较，验证了其有效性。通过建立的数值模型，研究了卸料过程中颗粒间滚动摩擦系数（RFp）和颗粒与筒仓壁滚动摩擦系数（RFw）对卸料过程的影响，分析了颗粒的动力学行为以及筒仓与颗粒之间的动力响应。结果表明：(1)RFp对放电行为影响较大，RFp与RFw的耦合对放电过程影响显著。深仓超压系数的工程建议值为3.5。(2) RFp和RFw的变化影响颗粒流动的均匀性，对颗粒间的垂直接触应力有显著影响。(3) RFp和RFw有助于增加粒子的旋转动能和角速度，同时减小速度波动。这些发现有助于全面了解深蹲筒仓的卸料性能，并为优化其行为提供有价值的见解。

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引用次数: 0

CFD-DEM simulation and experimental study of particle dynamics in a solid-liquid two-phase centrifugal pump 固液两相离心泵颗粒动力学的CFD-DEM模拟与实验研究

IF 4.2 2区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Advanced Powder Technology

Pub Date : 2025-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2025.105077

Lei Jiang , Yuxin Zhao , Zhenjiang Zhao , Tao Guo , Ling Bai , Ling Zhou

Solid-liquid two-phase flow pumps play a critical role in engineering field, and understanding the particle flow mechanism is fundamental to improving the performance. In this study, Computational Fluid Dynamics-Discrete Element Method (CFD-DEM) numerical simulation was employed to analyze the flow field distribution and particle flow in the pump under different inlet flow rates (IFR). High-speed photography visualization experiments and energy characteristic experiments were conducted to verify the accuracy of the numerical simulation. The results show that at a constant particle volume fraction, an increase in IFR enhances the liquid flow angle, which causes the inlet flow to promote the low-velocity vortex at the head of the blade pressure surface. The IFR is positively associated with the rotational velocity of the particles in the impeller. A higher IFR intensifies the forces acting on the particles; the pressure gradient force on the particles is strongest in the impeller, and the normal force is strongest in the volute. The distribution of the force on the particles in the volute exhibits a similar trend, initially decreasing and then stabilizing. This study offers theoretical insights for the solid–liquid two-phase flow in centrifugal pumps.

固液两相流泵在工程领域中占有重要地位，而了解泵的颗粒流动机理是提高泵性能的基础。本研究采用计算流体力学-离散元法（CFD-DEM）数值模拟方法，分析了不同进口流量（IFR）下泵内流场分布和颗粒流动情况。通过高速摄影可视化实验和能量特性实验验证了数值模拟的准确性。结果表明：在颗粒体积分数一定的情况下，IFR的增大增大了液体的流动角，使得进口气流促进了叶片压力面顶部的低速涡；IFR与叶轮中颗粒的旋转速度呈正相关。较高的IFR增强了作用在粒子上的力；颗粒的压力梯度力在叶轮中最强，法向力在蜗壳中最强。蜗壳内颗粒所受作用力的分布也呈现出相似的趋势，先减小后趋于稳定。该研究为离心泵内固液两相流动提供了理论见解。

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引用次数: 0

Entrainment behavior of iron ore particles in a fluidized bed under varying gas properties 不同气体性质下铁矿颗粒在流化床中的夹带行为

IF 4.2 2区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Advanced Powder Technology

Pub Date : 2025-09-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2025.105073

Min Ji Lee , Haeun Son , Suyoung Kim , Sung Won Kim

This study investigates the entrainment characteristics of iron ore particles under varying gas properties, considering the low-density gas conditions of reducing agents in a fluidized bed for hydrogen-based iron reduction. Experiments were conducted in a fluidized bed (0.05 m I.D × 3.05 m high) using iron ore particles (125–2800 μm) and gases of different densities. Iron ore particles were characterized by a high fraction of fines smaller than 45 μm (F₄₅), which adhered to the surfaces of primary coarse particles. The laser diffraction method effectively evaluated the particle size distribution of iron ore. The total entrainment rate (G_s) increased with gas velocity (U_g) and gas density (ρ_g), with the increase being more pronounced at higher F₄₅. The entrainment of coarse particles with terminal velocities (U_t) higher than a given U_g was affected by the entrained flow of fine particles. G_s consistently exhibited an exponential increase with increasing U_g/U_t across varying U_g and gas properties. The size ratio of critical to coarse particles (d_crit/d_p,coarse) was identified as a physical factor to interpret the entrainment of adhered fines from coarse particles. A correlation was proposed to predict G_s by incorporating U_g/U_t, Archimedes number, and particle characteristics such as F₄₅ and d_crit/d_p,coarse.

考虑氢基铁还原流化床还原剂的低密度气体条件，研究了不同气体性质下铁矿颗粒的夹带特性。采用粒度为125 ~ 2800 μm的铁矿颗粒和不同密度的气体，在直径0.05 m ×高3.05 m的流化床中进行了实验。铁矿颗粒的特点是含有大量小于45 μm （F45）的细小颗粒，这些细小颗粒粘附在原生粗颗粒表面。激光衍射法有效地评价了铁矿的粒度分布，总夹带速率（Gs）随气速（Ug）和气密度（ρg）的增大而增大，且在F45较高时增大更为明显。终端速度（Ut）大于给定Ug的粗颗粒的夹带受细颗粒夹带流的影响。在不同的Ug和气体性质下，Gs随Ug/Ut的增加呈指数增长。临界颗粒与粗颗粒的尺寸比（dcrit/dp，粗）被确定为解释粗颗粒粘附细颗粒夹带的物理因素。结合Ug/Ut、阿基米德数、F45、dcrit/dp、coarse等粒子特征，提出了预测Gs的相关性。

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引用次数: 0

Coadsorption behavior of phosphate and carboxyl groups in superplasticizer on sulfoaluminate cement particles 高效减水剂中磷酸和羧基在硫铝酸盐水泥颗粒上的共吸附行为

IF 4.2 2区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Advanced Powder Technology

Pub Date : 2025-09-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2025.105071

Xinxin Li , Xiao Liu , Lei Lu , Xiaokai Niu , Zhitian Xie , Jianrong Song , Ziming Wang , Suping Cui

Conventional superplasticizers are generally applicable to Portland cement but not to sulfoaluminate cement (SAC). In this study, superplasticizers with different ratios of carboxyl to phosphate, which were used acrylic acid (AA), 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphate (MOEP), and isobutylene polyethylene glycol (HPEG) as monomers, were synthesized dedicated to SAC. The initial fluidity and fluidity retention of SAC paste containing superplasticizer were tested, and the coadsorption behavior of phosphate and carboxyl groups of superplasticizer on SAC particles was also evaluated. The results showed that PC35PP65 and PC65PP35 exhibited higher fluidity of SAC paste, greater adsorption capacity (2.74 and 5.17 times greater than that of PC100, respectively), higher adsorption binding energy, and stronger complexation with Ca²⁺ and Al³⁺. The adsorbed layer thickness and hydrodynamic radius (R_h) increased with the increase in phosphate group substitution. Moreover, Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin adsorption models and kinetic fitting, as well as complexing index, were introduced to clarify the coadsorption mechanism and the synergistic adsorption of carboxyl and phosphate groups on the SAC surface. The aim of this study is to reveal the coadsorption behavior of phosphate and carboxyl groups in superplasticizer on SAC particles and their synergistic effect, which can provide guidance for further research on SAC superplasticizers.

传统的高效减水剂一般适用于硅酸盐水泥，但不适用于硫铝酸盐水泥。本研究以丙烯酸（AA）、2-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基磷酸（MOEP）和异丁烯聚乙二醇（HPEG）为单体，合成了SAC专用的羧基与磷酸盐比例不同的高效减水剂。测试了含高效减水剂SAC浆料的初始流动性和流动性保持率，并评价了高效减水剂的磷酸基和羧基在SAC颗粒上的共吸附行为。结果表明，PC35PP65和PC65PP35具有更高的SAC浆料流动性，更大的吸附容量（分别是PC100的2.74倍和5.17倍），更高的吸附结合能，与Ca2+和Al3+的络合作用更强。吸附层厚度和流体动力半径（Rh）随磷酸基取代量的增加而增大。引入Langmuir、Freundlich和Temkin吸附模型和动力学拟合以及络合指数，阐明了SAC表面羧基和磷酸基的共吸附机理和协同吸附。本研究旨在揭示高效减水剂中磷酸、羧基在SAC颗粒上的共吸附行为及其协同作用，为SAC高效减水剂的进一步研究提供指导。

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引用次数: 0