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Determination of Regional Stroke Work With High Spatial Resolution in the Isolated Beating Rabbit Heart 兔离体跳动心脏高空间分辨率局部脑卒中功测定
Pub Date : 2001-11-11 DOI: 10.1115/imece2001/bed-23121
G. Gaudette, J. Todaro, E. Azeloglu, I. Krukenkamp, F. Chiang
The determination of regional function in the beating heart necessitates a technique to measure local deformation with high spatial resolution. We have previously reported the ability of computer aided speckle interferometry (CASI) to accurately determine deformation in the non-beating heart. Herein we use this technique to ascertain regional deformation allowing for the determination of regional area-left ventricular pressure loops, also known as regional stroke work. An isolated rabbit heart was placed in a modified Langendorff apparatus that allowed the left ventricle to develop pressure and eject volume into the aorta. CASI was used to determine the simultaneous deformation of over 900 points located in a region approximately 4 × 6 mm on the anterior surface of the left ventricle. The heart was then subjected to regional ischemia and data were again acquired. Over the whole region, the average regional stroke work decreased at both 2 and 5 minutes of regional ischemia, which partially recovered upon reperfusion. In addition, this region was subdivided into 24 areas, and regional stroke work was determined in each area and similar results to that obtained over the whole region were found.
心脏跳动区域函数的确定需要一种高空间分辨率的局部形变测量技术。我们之前已经报道了计算机辅助散斑干涉测量(CASI)准确测定不跳动心脏变形的能力。在这里,我们使用这种技术来确定区域变形,从而确定区域左心室压力循环,也称为区域卒中工作。一个分离的兔子心脏被放置在一个改良的朗根多夫装置中,使左心室产生压力并向主动脉排出体积。CASI用于确定位于左心室前表面约4 × 6 mm区域的900多个点的同时变形。然后对心脏进行局部缺血,再次获得数据。从整个区域来看,局部缺血2分钟和5分钟时平均脑卒中功均下降,再灌注后部分恢复。并将该区域细分为24个区域,在每个区域确定区域脑卒中工作,得到与整个区域相似的结果。
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引用次数: 1
The Effect of Number of Cycles on Microdamage Accumulation in Bovine Trabecular Bone 循环次数对牛骨小梁微损伤积累的影响
Pub Date : 2001-11-11 DOI: 10.1115/imece2001/bed-23026
T. L. Moore, L. Gibson
Microdamage, in the form of small cracks, exists in healthy bone. Microdamage can be created by an overload or by repetitive motion (fatigue) during daily activities. Usually, microdamage is repaired during bone remodeling and a steady state is maintained. However, in cases of excessive microdamage creation or slowed bone remodeling, microdamage can coalesce to create a fracture. Our previous work [1,2] has investigated microdamage accumulation with increasing strain in bovine trabecular bone loaded in monotonic compression and compressive fatigue. Specimens fatigued at relatively high load levels fail after a few loading cycles, while specimens fatigued at lower load levels may undergo thousands of cycles before failure. During high cycle fatigue, microdamage may accumulate by the growth of pre-existing microcracks, as well as by the crack initiation seen in low cycle fatigue.
微损伤,以小裂缝的形式存在于健康的骨骼中。微伤害可以由日常活动中的过载或重复运动(疲劳)产生。通常,骨重塑过程中微损伤得到修复并维持稳定状态。然而,在过度微损伤产生或骨重塑缓慢的情况下,微损伤可以合并形成骨折。我们之前的工作[1,2]已经研究了牛小梁骨在单调压缩和压缩疲劳载荷下随应变增加的微损伤积累。试件在相对较高的荷载水平下疲劳,在几个加载循环后就会失效,而试件在较低的荷载水平下疲劳,可能经历数千次循环才会失效。在高周疲劳过程中,微损伤可以通过原有微裂纹的扩展和低周疲劳中出现的裂纹萌生而累积。
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引用次数: 0
An Experimental Model of Adult-Onset Slip Progression in Isthmic Spondylolisthesis 成人型峡部滑脱滑移进展的实验模型
Pub Date : 2001-11-11 DOI: 10.1115/imece2001/bed-23042
A. Patwardhan, J. Simonds, A. Ghanayem, L. Voronov, Arif Ali, S. Hodges, O. Paxinos, R. Havey, F. Phillips, T. Gavin, K. Meade
Spondylolisthesis is defined as a slippage of a vertebral body on the one below. Isthmic spondylolisthesis, caused by stress fracture or a developmental anomaly at the pars interarticularis, is the most common type of lumbar spondylolisthesis with a 6% incidence in adults. Isthmic lumbar spondylolisthesis is a frequent cause of disabling low-back and leg pain. The goal of this study is to improve the quality of treatment of these patients.
脊椎滑脱被定义为椎体在下面的椎体上的滑动。由应力性骨折或关节间部发育异常引起的峡部性腰椎滑脱是最常见的腰椎滑脱类型,在成人中发病率为6%。峡部性腰椎滑脱是一种常见的致残性腰背部和腿部疼痛的原因。本研究的目的是提高这些患者的治疗质量。
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引用次数: 1
Secondary Flow and Wall Shear Stress in Three-Dimensional Steady Flow AAA Hemodynamics 三维稳定流动中的二次流和壁面剪切应力
Pub Date : 2001-11-11 DOI: 10.1115/imece2001/bed-23013
E. Finol, C. Amon
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (AAAs) are balloon-shaped expansions commonly found in the infrarenal segment of the abdominal aorta, between the renal arteries and the iliac bifurcation. The mean age of patients with AAA is 67 years and males are affected more often than women in a ratio of 4:1. Abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture is the 13th leading cause of death in the United States, affecting 1 in 250 individuals greater than 50 years of age. AAAs usually remain asymptomatic while slowly enlarging over a period of years or even decades. Factors that are known to affect the risk of aneurysm rupture are: maximum transverse dimension of the aneurysm, its expansion rate, its relative size compared to the patient’s body size, smoking, and family history of the patient. The five-year survival rate is only 19% and the overall mortality rate following rupture may exceed 90% [1]. Therefore, aneurysm screening and determination of the factors that may have an important role in aneurysm growth and rupture have become important elements in the investigation of this clinical problem.
腹主动脉瘤(AAAs)是一种球囊状的扩张,常见于腹主动脉肾下段,位于肾动脉和髂分叉之间。AAA患者的平均年龄为67岁,男性多于女性,比例为4:1。腹主动脉瘤破裂是美国第13大死因,50岁以上人群中每250人中就有1人受其影响。AAAs通常没有症状,在几年甚至几十年的时间里慢慢扩大。已知影响动脉瘤破裂风险的因素有:动脉瘤的最大横向尺寸、扩张速度、相对于患者体型的相对大小、吸烟和患者的家族史。5年生存率仅为19%,破裂后的总死亡率可超过90%[1]。因此,动脉瘤筛查和确定可能在动脉瘤生长和破裂中起重要作用的因素已成为研究这一临床问题的重要因素。
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引用次数: 6
Strain and Strain Rate Dependence of Vascular Smooth Muscle Injury 血管平滑肌损伤的应变和应变速率依赖性
Pub Date : 2001-11-11 DOI: 10.1115/imece2001/bed-23155
K. Barbee, Amit Bhavnani
Over 350,000 percutaneous translumenal coronary angioplasty (balloon angioplasty) procedures are performed each year. This procedure offers a less invasive alternative to coronary by-pass surgery for patients whose coronary vessels have become occluded due to the process of atherosclerosis. Its potential has not been fully realized due to the high rate of restenosis — the rapid reocclusion of the vessel due to the pathological growth of the vascular smooth muscle (VSM) in response to the trauma of the balloon inflation. Despite the recognition of smooth muscle injury as an initiating event in the process of restenosis, there has been no systematic study to determine the mechanical loading conditions required to produce VSM injury and elicit the restenosis response. In this study, a cell culture model was developed to define the loading conditions required to produce VSM injury. The model system allows precise control of the applied strain and strain rate and quantification of the injury severity in terms of membrane damage. The determination of the threshold criteria for cell injury will allow the angioplasty procedure to be modified, and possibly automated, to minimize VSM injury and avoid the restenosis response.
每年有超过35万例经皮冠状动脉血管成形术(球囊血管成形术)。对于由于动脉粥样硬化过程导致冠状动脉血管闭塞的患者,该手术为冠状动脉旁路手术提供了一种侵入性较小的选择。由于再狭窄的高发生率,其潜力尚未完全实现-由于血管平滑肌(VSM)的病理生长,以应对气球膨胀的创伤,血管迅速重新闭塞。尽管人们认识到平滑肌损伤是再狭窄过程中的起始事件,但尚未有系统的研究确定产生VSM损伤并引起再狭窄反应所需的机械负荷条件。在本研究中,我们建立了一个细胞培养模型来定义产生VSM损伤所需的加载条件。该模型系统可以精确控制施加的应变和应变速率,并根据膜损伤量化损伤的严重程度。细胞损伤阈值标准的确定将允许血管成形术过程进行修改,并可能实现自动化,以最小化VSM损伤并避免再狭窄反应。
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引用次数: 0
Cell Adhesion to RGD-Alginate Is Modulated by Substrate Mechanics 细胞对rgd -海藻酸盐的粘附受底物力学调节
Pub Date : 2001-11-11 DOI: 10.1115/imece2001/bed-23016
N. Genes, Matthew D. Silva, C. Sotak, L. Bonassar
Alginate in solution is crosslinked in the presence of multivalent cations, making it a useful polymer for drug delivery and tissue engineering. The degree of crosslinking depends on the concentration (Rowley 2000) and chemical identity of the crosslinker (Seely 1974).
海藻酸盐溶液在多价阳离子存在下交联,使其成为一种有用的药物传递和组织工程聚合物。交联的程度取决于交联剂的浓度(Rowley 2000)和化学性质(Seely 1974)。
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引用次数: 0
Hands-on Approaches to Biomechanics Education in a Technologically Connected Classroom 在技术连接的课堂上进行生物力学教育的实践方法
Pub Date : 2001-11-11 DOI: 10.1115/imece2001/bed-23022
D. Vashishth, Winson T. George, Jennifer Smith, J. Brunski, L. Ostrander
In contrast to the traditional classroom environment that promotes passive learning, the multimedia-based studio approach is considered to be a more effective tool for delivering course content as it increases active in-class involvement, teamwork experience and cooperative learning (Wilson 1994). More significantly, the studio environment provides a plethora of opportunities to include case studies that promote hands-on experience and problem-solving, illustrate real-life problems and increase student interest in the course content (Starrett and Morcos 2001). In general, engineering courses benefit from the availability of simulation and analysis software in a multimedia studio environment. Biomedical engineering courses including biomechanics, however, are not always amenable to simulation and often require the setting of complicated and expensive tests involving human subjects and hazardous materials. Furthermore, unlike traditional medical courses, biomedical engineering departments do not have extensive teaching laboratories and students have little or no clinical exposure.
与促进被动学习的传统课堂环境相比,基于多媒体的工作室方法被认为是传递课程内容的更有效的工具,因为它增加了课堂上的主动参与,团队合作经验和合作学习(Wilson 1994)。更重要的是,工作室环境提供了大量的机会,包括案例研究,促进实践经验和解决问题,说明现实生活中的问题,提高学生对课程内容的兴趣(Starrett和Morcos 2001)。一般来说,工程课程受益于多媒体工作室环境中模拟和分析软件的可用性。然而,生物医学工程课程,包括生物力学,并不总是适用于模拟,往往需要设置复杂和昂贵的测试,涉及人体受试者和危险材料。此外,与传统医学课程不同,生物医学工程系没有广泛的教学实验室,学生很少或根本没有临床接触。
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引用次数: 0
Comparison of Upper and Lower Hybrid III Dummy Neck Compression Forces Under Vertical Loading 垂直载荷下上下混合型假颈压缩力的比较
Pub Date : 2001-11-11 DOI: 10.1115/imece2001/bed-23100
K. Friedman
The determination of the relationship of the upper and lower Hybrid III dummy neck transducer loads during vertical drop test loading was of interest in the present study. The anthropometric test device is a tool used in crash analysis. It is typically used for frontal or side crash analysis. It has however been used for vertical drop or rollover studies (1).
在垂直跌落试验加载过程中,确定上下混合型假颈换能器载荷的关系是本研究的重点。人体测量测试装置是一种用于碰撞分析的工具。它通常用于正面或侧面碰撞分析。然而,它已被用于垂直下降或翻转研究(1)。
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引用次数: 2
Precise Quantitative Models of the Equine Articular Carpus Anatomy and Contact Areas 马腕骨关节解剖和接触区域的精确定量模型
Pub Date : 2001-11-11 DOI: 10.1115/imece2001/bed-23054
M. Koff, T. Gardner, E. Balaguer, C. Kawcak, C. McIlwraith, V. Mow
Osteochondral diseases occur within ail bones and cartilages of the equine carpus and can lead to loss of athletic use and occasionally catastrophic injury that necessitate euthanasia. The intensity and direction of stresses that lead to such injuries are unknown. Joint modeling is a commonly used technique in human orthopaedic research that allows investigators to determine the internal stresses of joints. Through the use of computer models, various scenarios, such as ligament damage, can be simulated and changes in the resulting joint surface stresses determined [1]. The purpose of this study was to experimentally obtain precise quantitative contact area data of the articular surfaces of the distal radius, the proximal and distal aspects of the radial carpal bone and the proximal aspect of the 3rd carpal bone of the equine carpus. These data provide normative contact and cartilage thickness values for the equine carpus that will facilitate the use of this joint as a large animal model for osteoarthritis studies. Furthermore, these experimental data will serve as the basis for the development and calibration of an equine carpus whole joint computer model.
骨软骨疾病发生在马腕骨的所有骨骼和软骨内,可导致运动功能丧失,偶尔还会导致灾难性的损伤,需要安乐死。导致这种伤害的压力的强度和方向是未知的。关节建模是人类骨科研究中常用的一种技术,它允许研究人员确定关节的内应力。通过使用计算机模型,可以模拟各种情况,如韧带损伤,并确定由此产生的关节表面应力的变化[1]。本研究的目的是通过实验获得马腕骨桡骨远端关节面、桡骨近端和远端以及第三腕骨近端关节面的精确定量接触面积数据。这些数据为马腕骨提供了规范的接触和软骨厚度值,这将有助于将该关节作为骨关节炎研究的大型动物模型。此外,这些实验数据将作为开发和校准马腕骨全关节计算机模型的基础。
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引用次数: 0
Quantification of Diastolic Viscoelastic Properties of Isolated Cardiac Muscle Cells 离体心肌细胞舒张粘弹性的定量测定
Pub Date : 2001-11-11 DOI: 10.1115/imece2001/bed-23158
C. Baicu, M. Zile
Pathological processes which cause diastolic congestive heart failure (CHF), such as pressure overload hypertrophy (POH), produce abnormalities in the material properties of cardiac muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) and may selectively alter its elastic stiffness, viscosity, or both. Previous methods used to characterize these cardiomyocyte viscoelastic properties were constrained by specific biological and engineering limitations, which prevented testing in conditions that mimic normal physiology. The current study proposes an uniaxial variable-rate stretching method, in which isolated cardiomyocytes embedded in a three-dimensional gel matrix were subjected to stretch. Physiological Ca++ (2.5 mM) and rapid stretch rates up to 100 μm/sec provided experimental conditions parallel to in vivo physiology. The proposed method identified and individually quantified both cellular stiffness and viscosity, and showed that POH increased both elastic and viscous cardiomyocyte diastolic properties.
导致舒张性充血性心力衰竭(CHF)的病理过程,如压力过载肥厚(POH),会导致心肌细胞(心肌细胞)物质特性的异常,并可能选择性地改变其弹性刚度、粘度或两者兼有。以前用于表征这些心肌细胞粘弹性特性的方法受到特定生物学和工程限制的限制,这使得无法在模拟正常生理的条件下进行测试。目前的研究提出了一种单轴可变速率拉伸方法,其中将分离的心肌细胞嵌入三维凝胶基质中进行拉伸。生理Ca++ (2.5 mM)和高达100 μm/sec的快速拉伸速率提供了与体内生理平行的实验条件。所提出的方法识别和单独量化细胞刚度和粘度,并表明POH增加了弹性和粘性心肌细胞舒张特性。
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引用次数: 0
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Advances in Bioengineering
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