Energy and climate change最新文献

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Green hydrogen production via a photocatalyst-enabled optical fiber system: A promising route to net-zero emissions 通过光催化光纤系统生产绿色氢：一条实现净零排放的有希望的途径

IF 5.8 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy and climate change

Pub Date : 2025-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.egycc.2025.100175

Han Fu , Zhenhua Pan , Yen-Jung Sean Lai , Jirapat Ananpattarachai , Michael Serpa , Nora Shapiro , Zhe Zhao , Paul Westerhoff

Achieving zero emissions is a critical goal in combating climate change. Hydrogen is a versatile energy carrier contributing to this objective. Green hydrogen production via photocatalytic (PC) and photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is promising due to its potential to utilize renewable energy (direct solar, photovoltaics, wind, hydropower). However, current PC and PEC water splitting systems face challenges such as low light utilization efficiency and high operational costs related to both catalyst selection and reactor designs. This study presents a novel photocatalytic hydrogen production system, POF-STO, by attaching a modified strontium titanate (STO) onto thin polymer optical fibers (POF). Light launched from 365 nm LED into the POF lumen is side-emitted and excites STO in a porous layer on the POF surface. This PC system improves upon our previous PEC-POF-ITO/g-C₃N₄ system, which required dual nanoparticles of indium tin oxide (ITO) to make the POF optoelectrodes conductive plus graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) photocatalysts. Our innovative inside-out light delivery mechanism with the POF ensures efficient photon confinement and energy transfer to the STO surface, maximizing light utilization. The chemically stable STO with up to 7-fold H₂ production rates than the PEC-POF-ITO/g-C₃N₄ system was observed. Our POF-STO system produced stable H₂ production rates in both acidic and alkaline environments, with <10 % reduction in hydrogen generation when using tap water and seawater. Eliminating complex electrical setups, potentiostats, electrodes, and aqueous electrolytes significantly reduces system costs. Using bundles with multiple POF-STOs and utilizing heat from LEDs allowed operation at higher water temperatures, further increasing H₂ production efficiency. Compared with other reactor designs, the POF-STO emerges as an innovative approach with potential to achieve ambitious global net-zero emission goals.

实现零排放是应对气候变化的关键目标。氢是一种多功能的能量载体，有助于实现这一目标。通过光催化（PC）和光电化学（PEC）水分解的绿色制氢是有前途的，因为它有利用可再生能源（直接太阳能、光伏、风能、水力发电）的潜力。然而，目前的PC和PEC水分解系统面临着诸如催化剂选择和反应器设计相关的低光利用率和高运行成本等挑战。本研究提出了一种新型光催化制氢体系POF-STO，该体系将改性钛酸锶（STO）附着在薄聚合物光纤（POF）上。从365 nm LED发射到POF流明的光是侧发射的，并在POF表面的多孔层中激发STO。这种PC系统改进了我们之前的PEC-POF-ITO/g-C3N4系统，该系统需要双纳米氧化铟锡（ITO）和石墨化碳氮化（g-C3N4）光催化剂来使POF光电极具有导电性。我们创新的POF由内到外的光传输机制确保了高效的光子约束和能量传递到STO表面，最大限度地提高了光利用率。结果表明，该体系的H2产率是PEC-POF-ITO/g-C3N4体系的7倍。我们的POF-STO系统在酸性和碱性环境下都能产生稳定的氢气产量，在使用自来水和海水时，产氢量减少了10%。消除了复杂的电气装置、电位器、电极和水溶液电解质，大大降低了系统成本。使用带有多个pof - sto的束，并利用led的热量，可以在更高的水温下运行，进一步提高H2的生产效率。与其他反应堆设计相比，POF-STO是一种创新的方法，有可能实现雄心勃勃的全球净零排放目标。

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引用次数: 0

Stranded assets and compensation in oil and gas upstream projects: Conceptual and practical issues 油气上游项目中的搁浅资产和补偿：概念和实际问题

IF 5.8 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy and climate change

Pub Date : 2025-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.egycc.2025.100178

Julia Paletta, Bruno SL Cunha, Rebecca Draeger, Roberto Schaeffer, Alexandre Szklo

Due to the strict remaining carbon budgets, the need to raise the ambition to phase out oil and gas (O&G) production can lead to the cessation of exploration and production (E&P) projects that might become stranded. This study discusses the definition of stranded assets and its misleading interpretations regarding asset compensation. The compensation here pertains to a situation in which O&G upstream activities (exploration, development, or extraction) are stopped without pre-existing provisions for that in contracts. Speculatively speaking, this halt could be justified by the imperative to decarbonize the economy. Compensation methodologies based on valuation approaches and applied to owners of E&P rights are discussed. Findings show that resources and reserves cannot be mandatorily considered assets, as per the accounting definition. Hence, naming them stranded assets could pose a “bias threat” in the selection of a valuation model in the event of compensation. There is a wide gap difference between discounted cash flow (DCF) and asset-based valuation models to compensate for O&G phase-out. The DCF approach leads to values of such magnitude that could challenge State's capacity to promote environmental regulatory changes while asset-based compensation amounts are straighter forward and make O&G phase-out more feasible especially if cancelled at early or later stages.

由于严格的剩余碳预算，需要提高逐步淘汰石油和天然气（O&；G）生产的雄心，这可能导致勘探和生产（E&；P）项目的停止，这些项目可能会陷入困境。本研究讨论了搁浅资产的定义及其对资产补偿的误导性解释。这里的补偿适用于油气上游活动（勘探、开发或开采）在合同中没有预先规定的情况下停止的情况。从投机的角度来看，经济脱碳的必要性可以证明这一停顿是合理的。基于评估方法的补偿方法，并适用于勘探开发权的所有者进行了讨论。调查结果表明，根据会计定义，资源和储备不能被强制视为资产。因此，将它们命名为搁浅资产可能会在选择补偿情况下的估值模型时构成“偏见威胁”。贴现现金流（DCF）和基于资产的估值模型之间存在很大的差距，以补偿O&；G的逐步淘汰。DCF方法产生的价值如此之大，可能会挑战国家促进环境监管变化的能力，而基于资产的补偿金额则更直接，使淘汰o&g更加可行，特别是在早期或后期阶段取消时。

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引用次数: 0

Welfare and inequality impacts of carbon pricing and compensation schemes on fuel poor households in Styria, Austria 奥地利施蒂里亚州碳定价和补偿计划对燃料贫乏家庭的福利和不平等影响

IF 5.8 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy and climate change

Pub Date : 2025-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.egycc.2025.100177

Veronika Kulmer , Dominik Kortschak , Judith Köberl , Sebastian Seebauer

Carbon pricing is a core pillar in the policy mix required for the transition to carbon neutrality. Carbon pricing raises energy prices and related service costs, but distributes the burden unequally among the population, which though can be mitigated by accompanying compensation schemes. For the example of the Austrian Province of Styria, we analyze the impacts of national carbon pricing for heating and motor fuels. Using the Exact Affine Stone Index (EASI) demand system and applying different definitions of fuel poverty, we compare how five compensation schemes mitigate impacts on fuel poor households. Uncompensated carbon pricing has nearly twice the negative welfare impacts on fuel poor households than on the average Styrian household, in particular if they live in rural regions and if the fuel poverty definition includes transport expenditures. All analyzed compensation schemes achieve similar carbon emission reductions as uncompensated carbon pricing, but additionally reduce inequality and increase overall welfare. In particular, they increase welfare among poor households and dampen the negative welfare impacts of uncompensated carbon pricing on the wealthiest. Accounting for low income in fuel poverty definitions and compensation schemes yields the highest welfare benefits. Price changes in motor fuels are the dominant impact channel, emphasizing the importance of considering transport in the debate on vulnerability to carbon pricing.

碳定价是向碳中和过渡所需政策组合的核心支柱。碳定价提高了能源价格和相关服务成本，但在人口中分配的负担不均衡，尽管可以通过附带的补偿计划来减轻这种负担。以奥地利施蒂里亚省为例，我们分析了供暖和汽车燃料的国家碳定价的影响。使用精确仿射石指数（EASI）需求系统并应用不同的燃料贫困定义，我们比较了五种补偿方案如何减轻对燃料贫困家庭的影响。无补偿碳定价对燃料贫乏家庭的负面福利影响几乎是对普通Styrian家庭的两倍，特别是如果他们生活在农村地区，并且燃料贫乏的定义包括运输支出。所分析的所有补偿方案所实现的碳排放减少与无补偿的碳定价相似，但额外减少了不平等并增加了整体福利。特别是，它们增加了贫困家庭的福利，并抑制了无补偿碳定价对最富裕家庭的负面福利影响。在燃料贫穷的定义和补偿方案中考虑低收入可产生最高的福利。汽车燃料的价格变化是主要的影响渠道，这强调了在关于碳定价脆弱性的辩论中考虑运输的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Perspectives of electrochemical and photocatalytic technologies for the water-energy nexus potential of water splitting of brines 电化学与光催化技术对卤水分解水-能联系电位的研究进展

IF 5.8 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy and climate change

Pub Date : 2025-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.egycc.2025.100176

Andrea N. Arias-Sanchez, Kenneth Flores, Han Fu, Thais Betoni, Paul Westerhoff, Sergi Garcia-Segura

The economic, environmental, technological and social development of society are linked with two crucial resources: energy and water. The increasing energy costs and the scarcity of fresh water have caused concern across the globe due to limited access to these resources. Consequently, academia and industry are combining efforts to enhance technological processes, optimize resources, and valorize waste management by improving the water-energy nexus. In this context, brine waters from ocean, brackish groundwater and industrial desalination have been identified as potential waste from which value-added products can be sourced. In this perspective paper, firstly, an overview of the main current treatment methods for brines and their chemical composition is presented. Most processes solely focus on the recovery of water, being over 70 %, with energy consumption from 2 to 100 kWh/m³. The high variability is based upon disposal costs of concentrated brines – with the highest associated with zero liquid discharge (ZLD) plus salt disposal. The salinity, concentration of ions, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of brines differ depending on their respective sources. Second, the water-energy potential nexus of the water splitting of brines was contextualized. The perspective proposed herein is based on the integration of the production of H₂ through water splitting using renewable energy and the subsequent H₂ oxidation in a fuel cell to produce energy (recirculated within the process) and water (for drinking or industrial use). Finally, the prospects of electrochemical and photocatalytic technologies for water splitting of brines are outlined. Reactor designs and the influence of brine composition are considered the main aspects to be compared, identifying important advantages and challenges for a sustainable water-energy nexus in the treatment of brines.

社会的经济、环境、技术和社会发展与两种关键资源：能源和水联系在一起。能源成本的增加和淡水的短缺已经引起了全球的关注，因为这些资源的获取有限。因此，学术界和工业界正在联合努力，通过改善水-能源关系来加强技术进程、优化资源和促进废物管理。在这方面，来自海洋的盐水、微咸地下水和工业脱盐已被确定为可从中获得增值产品的潜在废物。本文首先概述了目前卤水处理的主要方法及其化学成分。大多数工艺只关注水的回收，回收率超过70%，能耗从2到100千瓦时/立方米。高可变性是基于浓缩盐水的处理成本——最高的是零液体排放（ZLD）加盐处理。盐水的盐度、离子浓度和化学需氧量（COD）因其各自的来源而异。其次，分析了盐水水分解的水能关系。本文提出的观点是基于通过使用可再生能源的水分解和随后在燃料电池中氧化H2以产生能量（在该过程中再循环）和水（用于饮用或工业用途）的整合。最后，展望了电化学和光催化技术在卤水分解中的应用前景。反应器设计和卤水成分的影响被认为是要进行比较的主要方面，确定了在卤水处理中可持续水-能源联系的重要优势和挑战。

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引用次数: 0

Macroeconomic effects of achieving Carbon Neutrality in France 在法国实现碳中和的宏观经济效应

IF 5.8 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy and climate change

Pub Date : 2025-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.egycc.2025.100174

Gaël Callonnec , Hervé Gouëdard , Meriem Hamdi-Cherif , Gissela Landa , Paul Malliet , Frédéric Reynès , Aurélien Saussay

In alignment with the Paris Agreement's objectives and the global commitment to limit global warming to +2 °C, France is committed to achieving Carbon Neutrality by 2050. To pave the way towards this ambitious goal, France has drawn up a roadmap known as the National Low-Carbon Strategy (NLCS). This paper aims to assess the macroeconomic impacts of the NLCS scenario. We use a Computable General Equilibrium model to assess the economic impacts of an energy transition scenario aiming for Carbon Neutrality in France by 2050. Our simulations show that climate change policies to reach carbon neutrality, including carbon taxation with full redistribution, could lead to an economic dividend. We find an increase in investments and jobs creations in green industries that are much higher than job destruction in fossil fuel intensive industries and energy sectors. Despite higher prices, demand increases, and GDP is higher than in the reference scenario. Ultimately, the energy transition induces a 3.4 % increase in GDP and a 2.8 % increase in employment compared to the baseline scenario in 2050.

根据《巴黎协定》的目标和将全球变暖限制在2°C以内的全球承诺，法国致力于到2050年实现碳中和。为了实现这一雄心勃勃的目标，法国制定了一份名为“国家低碳战略”（NLCS）的路线图。本文旨在评估低收入国家情景的宏观经济影响。我们使用可计算一般均衡模型来评估能源转型情景的经济影响，目标是到2050年在法国实现碳中和。我们的模拟表明，实现碳中和的气候变化政策，包括全面再分配的碳税，可能会带来经济红利。我们发现，绿色产业的投资和就业创造的增长，远远高于化石燃料密集型产业和能源部门的就业破坏。尽管价格上涨，但需求增加，GDP高于参考情景。最终，与2050年的基线情景相比，能源转型导致GDP增长3.4%，就业增长2.8%。

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引用次数: 0

IF 5.6 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy and climate change

Pub Date : 2025-01-01

引用次数: 0

IF 5.6 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy and climate change

Pub Date : 2025-01-01

引用次数: 0

IF 5.6 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy and climate change

Pub Date : 2025-01-01

引用次数: 0

IF 5.6 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy and climate change

Pub Date : 2025-01-01

引用次数: 0

IF 5.6 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy and climate change

Pub Date : 2025-01-01

引用次数: 0

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Energy and climate change

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