Fungal systematics and evolution最新文献

The rust fungi (Pucciniales) with 7000+ species comprise one of the largest orders of Fungi, and one for which taxonomy at all ranks remains problematic. Here we provide a taxonomic framework, based on 16 years of sampling that includes ca. 80 % of accepted genera including type species wherever possible, and three DNA loci used to resolve the deeper nodes of the rust fungus tree of life. Pucciniales are comprised of seven suborders - Araucariomycetineae subord. nov., Melampsorineae, Mikronegeriineae, Raveneliineae subord. nov., Rogerpetersoniineae subord. nov., Skierkineae subord. nov., and Uredinineae - and 18 families - Araucariomycetaceae fam. nov., Coleosporiaceae, Crossopsoraceae fam. nov., Gymnosporangiaceae, Melampsoraceae, Milesinaceae fam. nov., Ochropsoraceae fam. & stat. nov., Phakopsoraceae, Phragmidiaceae, Pileolariaceae, Pucciniaceae, Pucciniastraceae, Raveneliaceae, Rogerpetersoniaceae fam. nov., Skierkaceae fam. & stat. nov., Sphaerophragmiaceae, Tranzscheliaceae fam. & stat. nov., and Zaghouaniaceae. The new genera Araucariomyces (for Aecidium fragiforme and Ae. balansae), Neoolivea (for Olivea tectonae), Rogerpetersonia (for Caeoma torreyae), and Rossmanomyces (for Chrysomyxa monesis, Ch. pryrolae, and Ch. ramischiae) are proposed. Twenty-one new combinations and one new name are introduced for: Angiopsora apoda, Angiopsora chusqueae, Angiopsora paspalicola, Araucariomyces balansae, Araucariomyces fragiformis, Cephalotelium evansii, Cephalotelium neocaledoniense, Cephalotelium xanthophloeae, Ceropsora weirii, Gymnotelium speciosum, Lipocystis acaciae-pennatulae, Neoolivea tectonae, Neophysopella kraunhiae, Phakopsora pipturi, Rogerpetersonia torreyae, Rossmanomyces monesis, Rossmanomyces pryrolae, Rossmanomyces ramischiae, Thekopsora americana, Thekopsora potentillae, Thekopsora pseudoagrimoniae, and Zaghouania notelaeae. Higher ranks are newly defined with consideration of morphology, host range and life cycle. Finally, we discuss the evolutionary and diversification trends within Pucciniales. Citation: Aime MC, McTaggart AR (2020). A higher-rank classification for rust fungi, with notes on genera. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 7: 21-47. doi: 10.3114/fuse.2021.07.02.

Crown decline and mortality associated with collar lesions were observed on Carya cathayensis (Chinese hickory) trees in a plantation in Zhejiang province, China. Examination of active lesions resulted in the isolation of a homothallic, papillate Phytophthora sp. Detailed morphological and physiological studies and phylogenetic analysis, using ITS, beta-tubulin, cytochrome oxidase I, and heat shock protein 90 gene regions, revealed that all isolates belonged to an undescribed species residing in phylogenetic Clade 4, which is described here as Phytophthora cathayensis sp. nov. Inoculation trials were conducted under greenhouse conditions on C. cathayensis and C. illinoensis (pecan) plants to fulfill Koch postulates and hypothesize a possible pathway of the incursion. An existing report of a Phytophthora species with the same ITS sequence was reported on C. illinoensis from the USA in 2009. The difference in susceptibility of the two inoculated Carya species, and the report from the USA, suggest a possible introduction with plant material from the USA to China. Citation: Morales-Rodríguez C, Wang Y, Martignoni D, Vannini A (2020). Phytophthora cathayensis sp. nov., a new species pathogenic to Chinese Hickory (Carya cathayensis) in southeast China. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 7: 99-111. doi: 10.3114/fuse.2021.07.05.

The taxonomy of Oculimacula, Rhynchosporium and Spermospora is re-evaluated, along with that of phylogenetically related genera. Isolates are identified using comparisons of DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer ribosomal RNA locus (ITS), partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1), actin (act), DNA-directed RNA polymerase II largest (rpb1) and second largest subunit (rpb2) genes, and the nuclear ribosomal large subunit (LSU), combined with their morphological characteristics. Oculimacula is restricted to two species, O. acuformis and O. yallundae, with O. aestiva placed in Cyphellophora, and O. anguioides accommodated in a new genus, Helgardiomyces. Rhynchosporium s. str. is restricted to species with 1-septate conidia and hooked apical beaks, while Rhynchobrunnera is introduced for species with 1-3-septate, straight conidia, lacking any apical beak. Rhynchosporium graminicola is proposed to replace the name R. commune applied to the barley scald pathogen based on nomenclatural priority. Spermospora is shown to be paraphyletic, representing Spermospora (type: S. subulata), with three new species, S. arrhenatheri, S. loliiphila and S. zeae, and Neospermospora gen. nov. (type: N. avenae). Ypsilina (type: Y. graminea), is shown to be monophyletic, but appears to be of minor importance on cereals. Finally, Vanderaaea gen. nov. (type: V. ammophilae), is introduced as a new coelomycetous fungus occurring on dead leaves of Ammophila arenaria. Citation: Crous PW, Braun U, McDonald BA, Lennox CL, Edwards J, Mann RC, Zaveri A, Linde CC, Dyer PS, Groenewald JZ (2020). Redefining genera of cereal pathogens: Oculimacula, Rhynchosporium and Spermospora. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 7: 67-98. doi: 10.3114/fuse.2021.07.04.

The leaf spot disease of Pongamia pinnata caused by an asperisporium-like asexual morph, which is usually referred to as Asperisporium pongamiae, is quite common during monsoon seasons in India. Phylogenetic analyses, based on LSU and rpb2 sequence data, and blast searches using ITS sequence data, revealed that this ascomycete forms a lineage within Mycosphaerellaceae distant from all other generic lineages. Pedrocrousiella gen. nov., with P. pongamiae comb. nov., based on Fusicladium pongamiae (≡ A. pongamiae), as type species is introduced for this lineage. This species has been considered the asexual morph of Mycosphaerella pongamiae (≡ Stigmatea pongamiae). However, this connection is unproven and was just based on the occasional association of the two taxa in some collections. Several attempts to induce the formation of a sexual morph in culture failed, therefore the putative connection between these morphs could not be confirmed. Asperisporium pongamiae-pinnatae is reduced to synonymy with P. pongamiae. Asperisporium pongamiae-pinnatae was introduced because of the wrong assumption that F. pongamiae had been described on another host, Pongamia globosa. But Fusicladium pongamiae was actually described in India on Pongamia glabra, which is a synonym of P. pinnata, and hence on the same host as Asperisporium pongamiae-pinnatae. Pedrocrousiella pongamiae clusters in a clade containing Distocercospora, Clypeosphaerella, and "Pseudocercospora" nephrolepidicola, a species which is not congeneric with Pseudocercospora. Phylogenetically, Pedrocrousiella is distant from the Asperisporium s. str. clade (type species A. caricae), which is more closely related to Amycosphaerella, Pseudocercosporella, Distomycovellosiella and Nothopassalora. Citation: Rajeshkumar KC, Braun U, Groenewald JZ, Lad SS, Ashtekar N, Fatima S, Anand G (2021). Phylogenetic placement and reassessment of Asperisporium pongamiae as Pedrocrousiella pongamiae gen. et comb. nov. (Mycosphaerellaceae). Fungal Systematics and Evolution 7: 165-176. doi: 10.3114/fuse.2021.07.08.

The genus Sirolpidium (Sirolpidiaceae) of the Oomycota includes several species of holocarpic obligate aquatic parasites. These organisms are widely occurring in marine and freshwater habitats, mostly infecting filamentous green algae. Presently, all species are only known from their morphology and descriptive life cycle traits. None of the seven species classified in Sirolpidium, including the type species, S. bryopsidis, has been rediscovered and studied for their molecular phylogeny, so far. Originally, the genus was established to accommodate all parasites of filamentous marine green algae. In the past few decades, however, Sirolpidium has undergone multiple taxonomic revisions and several species parasitic in other host groups were added to the genus. While the phylogeny of the marine rhodophyte- and phaeophyte-infecting genera Pontisma and Eurychasma, respectively, has only been resolved recently, the taxonomic placement of the chlorophyte-infecting genus Sirolpidium remained unresolved. In the present study, we report the phylogenetic placement of Sirolpidium bryopsidis infecting the filamentous marine green algae Capsosiphon fulvescens sampled from Skagaströnd in Northwest Iceland. Phylogenetic reconstructions revealed that S. bryopsidis is either conspecific or at least very closely related to the type species of Pontisma, Po. lagenidioides. Consequently, the type species of genus Sirolpidium, S. bryopsidis, is reclassified to Pontisma. Further infection trials are needed to determine if Po. bryopsidis and Po. lagenidioides are conspecific or closely related. In either case, the apparently recent host jump from red to green algae is remarkable, as it opens the possibility for radiation in a largely divergent eukaryotic lineage. Citation: Buaya AT, Scholz B, Thines M (2021). Sirolpidium bryopsidis, a parasite of green algae, is probably conspecific with Pontisma lagenidioides, a parasite of red algae. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 7: 223-231. doi: 10.3114/fuse.2021.07.11.

Four new Hydnellum species are described. Hydnellum roseoviolaceum sp. nov. grows in dry pine heaths on acidic, sandy soil. It is close to H. fuligineoviolaceum, another pine-associated species, but differs by smaller spores, an initially rose-coloured instead of violet flesh in fresh basidiomata and a mild taste. Hydnellum scabrosellum sp. nov. grows in coniferous forests on calcareous soil. It shares a general morphology with H. scabrosum, which also is its closest relative. It differs by having smaller and slenderer basidiomata and by the yellowish ochraceous colour of flesh and spines in dried specimens compared to the whitish or reddish brown colour seen in H. scabrosum. Hydnellum fagiscabrosum sp. nov. is another species with morphological and phylogenetic affinities to H. scabrosum. However, it is associated with trees from Fagales whereas H. scabrosum is associated with Pinaceae. Hydnellum nemorosum sp. nov. is yet another species that associates with broadleaved trees. It seems to be a rare species, morphologically reminiscent of H. fuligineoviolaceum, H. ioeides and H. scabrosum, but it is phylogenetically close to H. fennicum. Sequences from the type specimens of H. glaucopus, H. lepidum, H. scabrosum, Sarcodon illudens and S. regalis are included in the analyses. Specimens given the provisional name "Sarcodon pseudoglaucopus" in Sweden are now shown to be referable to S. illudens. The analyses further showed that S. illudens is close to H. lepidum. The new combination Hydnellum illudens is proposed. Sarcodon regalis and H. lepidum are shown to be conspecific and, although their basionyms were simultaneously published, the name S. regalis was only validated in a later publication. Hydnellum lepidum therefore takes priority and S. regalis becomes a synonym. Citation: Nitare J, Ainsworth AM, Larsson E, Parfitt D, Suz LM, Svantesson S, Larsson K-H (2021). Four new species of Hydnellum (Thelephorales, Basidiomycota) with a note on Sarcodon illudens. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 7: 233-254. doi: 10.3114/fuse.2021.07.12.

In the present study six species of Arthrinium (including a new taxon, Ar. crenatum) are described and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. The analysis of ITS and 28S rDNA, as well as sequences of tef1 and tub2 exons suggests that Arthrinium s. str. and Apiospora represent independent lineages within Apiosporaceae. Morphologically, Arthrinium and Apiospora do not seem to have clear diagnostic features, although species of Arthrinium often produce variously shaped conidia (navicular, fusoid, curved, polygonal, rounded), while most species of Apiospora have rounded (face view) / lenticular (side view) conidia. Ecologically, most sequenced collections of Arthrinium were found on Cyperaceae or Juncaceae in temperate, cold or alpine habitats, while those of Apiospora were collected mainly on Poaceae (but also many other plant host families) in a wide range of habitats, including tropical and subtropical regions. A lectotype for Sphaeria apiospora (syn.: Ap. montagnei, type species of Apiospora) is selected among the original collections preserved at the PC fungarium, and the putative identity of this taxon, found on Poaceae in Mediterranean lowland habitats, is discussed. Fifty-five species of Arthrinium are combined to Apiospora, and a key to species of Arthrinium s. str. is provided. Citation: Pintos Á, Alvarado P (2021). Phylogenetic delimitation of Apiospora and Arthrinium. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 7: 197-221. doi: 10.3114/fuse.2021.07.10.

The taxonomy of the genus Hormomyces, typified by Hormomyces aurantiacus, which based on circumstantial evidence was long assumed to be the hyphomycetous asexual morph of Tremella mesenterica (Tremellales, Tremellomycetes) or occasionally Dacrymyces (Dacrymycetales, Dacrymycetes), is revised. Phylogenies based on the three nuc rDNA markers [internal transcribed spacers (ITS), 28S large ribosomal subunit nrDNA (28S) and 18S small ribosomal subunit nrDNA (18S)], based on cultures from Canada and the United States, suggest that the genus is synonymous with Tulasnella (Cantharellales, Agaricomycetes) rather than Tremella or Dacrymyces. Morphological studies of 38 fungarium specimens of Hormomyces, including the type specimens of H. callorioides, H. fragiformis, H. paridiphilus and H. peniophorae and examination of the protologues of H. abieticola, H. aurantiacus and H. pezizoideus suggest that H. callorioides and H. fragiformis are conspecific with H. aurantiacus while the remaining species are unlikely to be related to Tulasnella. The conidial chains produced by H. aurantiacus are similar to monilioid cells of asexual morphs of Tulasnella species formerly referred to the genus Epulorhiza. The new combination Tulasnella aurantiaca is proposed and the species is redescribed, illustrated and compared with similar fungi. The ecological niche of T. aurantiaca and its possible relationship to orchid root endophytes is discussed. A key to asexual genera with similar conidium ontogeny to T. aurantiaca is provided. Citation: Mack J, Assabgui RA, Seifert KA (2021). Taxonomy and phylogeny of the basidiomycetous hyphomycete genus Hormomyces. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 7: 177-196. doi: 10.3114/fuse.2021.07.09.

An order, family and genus are validated, seven new genera, 35 new species, two new combinations, two epitypes, two lectotypes, and 17 interesting new host and / or geographical records are introduced in this study. Validated order, family and genus: Superstratomycetales and Superstratomycetaceae (based on Superstratomyces ). New genera: Haudseptoria (based on Haudseptoria typhae); Hogelandia (based on Hogelandia lambearum); Neoscirrhia (based on Neoscirrhia osmundae); Nothoanungitopsis (based on Nothoanungitopsis urophyllae); Nothomicrosphaeropsis (based on Nothomicrosphaeropsis welwitschiae); Populomyces (based on Populomyces zwinianus); Pseudoacrospermum (based on Pseudoacrospermum goniomae). New species: Apiospora sasae on dead culms of Sasa veitchii (Netherlands); Apiospora stipae on dead culms of Stipa gigantea (Spain); Bagadiella eucalyptorum on leaves of Eucalyptus sp. (Australia); Calonectria singaporensis from submerged leaf litter (Singapore); Castanediella neomalaysiana on leaves of Eucalyptus sp. (Malaysia); Colletotrichum pleopeltidis on leaves of Pleopeltis sp. (South Africa); Coniochaeta deborreae from soil (Netherlands); Diaporthe durionigena on branches of Durio zibethinus (Vietnam); Floricola juncicola on dead culm of Juncus sp. (France); Haudseptoria typhae on leaf sheath of Typha sp. (Germany); Hogelandia lambearum from soil (Netherlands); Lomentospora valparaisensis from soil (Chile); Neofusicoccum mystacidii on dead stems of Mystacidium capense (South Africa); Neomycosphaerella guibourtiae on leaves of Guibourtia sp. (Angola); Niesslia neoexosporioides on dead leaves of Carex paniculata (Germany); Nothoanungitopsis urophyllae on seed capsules of Eucalyptus urophylla (South Africa); Nothomicrosphaeropsis welwitschiae on dead leaves of Welwitschia mirabilis (Namibia); Paracremonium bendijkiorum from soil (Netherlands); Paraphoma ledniceana on dead wood of Buxus sempervirens (Czech Republic); Paraphoma salicis on leaves of Salix cf. alba (Ukraine); Parasarocladium wereldwijsianum from soil (Netherlands); Peziza ligni on masonry and plastering (France); Phyllosticta phoenicis on leaves of Phoenix reclinata (South Africa); Plectosphaerella slobbergiarum from soil (Netherlands); Populomyces zwinianus from soil (Netherlands); Pseudoacrospermum goniomae on leaves of Gonioma kamassi (South Africa); Pseudopyricularia festucae on leaves of Festuca californica (USA); Sarocladium sasijaorum from soil (Netherlands); Sporothrix hypoxyli in sporocarp of Hypoxylon petriniae on F