Pub Date : 2025-09-05DOI: 10.1109/LMWT.2025.3603604
Xuan Li;Mai Luo;Hai Ye;Fanyi Meng
This letter presents a mm-wave variable gain amplifier (VGA) supporting the fifth-generation (5G) new radio frequency range 2 (NR FR2), implemented in an 180-nm silicon-germanium (SiGe) bipolar complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (BiCMOS) technology. To reduce gain and phase errors within the wideband range, a resistor–capacitor (RC) feedback-based phase compensation technique is proposed. The proposed circuit architecture comprises a cascode low-noise amplifier (LNA) stage cascaded with a current-steering VGA stage. Measurement results demonstrate that the circuit achieves a gain adjustment range of −4.1 to 15.9 dB across 12 to 47 GHz, with a 3-dB fractional bandwidth of up to 118.6%. The measured root-mean-square (rms) phase and gain errors are less than 4.5° and 0.67 dB, respectively, while occupying a core area of merely 0.1 mm2.
{"title":"A Compact 12 to 47 GHz Variable Gain Amplifier With Low Gain/Phase Errors for 5G NR FR2","authors":"Xuan Li;Mai Luo;Hai Ye;Fanyi Meng","doi":"10.1109/LMWT.2025.3603604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWT.2025.3603604","url":null,"abstract":"This letter presents a mm-wave variable gain amplifier (VGA) supporting the fifth-generation (5G) new radio frequency range 2 (NR FR2), implemented in an 180-nm silicon-germanium (SiGe) bipolar complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (BiCMOS) technology. To reduce gain and phase errors within the wideband range, a resistor–capacitor (<italic>RC</i>) feedback-based phase compensation technique is proposed. The proposed circuit architecture comprises a cascode low-noise amplifier (LNA) stage cascaded with a current-steering VGA stage. Measurement results demonstrate that the circuit achieves a gain adjustment range of −4.1 to 15.9 dB across 12 to 47 GHz, with a 3-dB fractional bandwidth of up to 118.6%. The measured root-mean-square (rms) phase and gain errors are less than 4.5° and 0.67 dB, respectively, while occupying a core area of merely 0.1 mm<sup>2</sup>.","PeriodicalId":73297,"journal":{"name":"IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters","volume":"35 12","pages":"2069-2072"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145766192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This letter presents a D-band frequency doubler employing a novel single-waveguide single-substrate (SWSS) structure, integrating two vertically mirrored Schottky barrier diode (SBD) chips on a 50-$mu $ m quartz substrate for low-loss power combining. The optimal diode embedding impedance is extracted using broadband load-pull techniques and transformed through a hybrid waveguide-microstrip matching network. Independent bias control for the two SBD chips enables partial compensation for performance degradation caused by the SBD chip imbalance. For verification, the proposed SWSS doubler is fabricated and measured with an output power of 12–14 dBm and an efficiency of 10%–15.8% across 120–158 GHz. Compared with similar reports, this work exhibits superior overall performance in bandwidth, output power, and efficiency.
{"title":"A D-Band Single-Waveguide Single-Substrate Doubler Using Vertically Mirrored Schottky Diodes for Low-Loss Power Combining","authors":"Xiang Wu;Yang Liu;Xun Xiong;Fan Yang;Hao Jiang;Feiliang Chen;Mo Li;Jian Zhang","doi":"10.1109/LMWT.2025.3601002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWT.2025.3601002","url":null,"abstract":"This letter presents a D-band frequency doubler employing a novel single-waveguide single-substrate (SWSS) structure, integrating two vertically mirrored Schottky barrier diode (SBD) chips on a 50-<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m quartz substrate for low-loss power combining. The optimal diode embedding impedance is extracted using broadband load-pull techniques and transformed through a hybrid waveguide-microstrip matching network. Independent bias control for the two SBD chips enables partial compensation for performance degradation caused by the SBD chip imbalance. For verification, the proposed SWSS doubler is fabricated and measured with an output power of 12–14 dBm and an efficiency of 10%–15.8% across 120–158 GHz. Compared with similar reports, this work exhibits superior overall performance in bandwidth, output power, and efficiency.","PeriodicalId":73297,"journal":{"name":"IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters","volume":"35 12","pages":"2073-2076"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145766202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-22DOI: 10.1109/LMWT.2025.3597259
Quang-Huy Do;Dinh-Nhan Pham;Sang-Woong Yoon
We present a two-port phase conjugator with excellent isolation for retro-directive short-range wireless power transfer (WPT) applications within the 2.4–2.5-GHz frequency range, including the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band. The phase conjugator employs a Gilbert-cell mixer with a leakage power cancellation technique to enhance isolation and improve beamforming accuracy. The leakage power canceller consists of a power divider/combiner, a phase shifter, and an attenuator. A voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) was incorporated to generate the switching signal for the mixer’s local oscillator (LO) port. The phase conjugator was implemented using Samsung’s 28-nm CMOS IC technology. At 2.5 GHz, measurement results show a maximum isolation of 73.9 dB, a conversion gain of −2.5 dB, an input 1-dB compression point (IP1dB) of −2 dBm, and a noise figure of 20 dB. The chip occupies an area of $1.3times 1.65$ mm, excluding bonding pads.
{"title":"Isolation-Enhanced Phase Conjugator Design for Retro-Directive Wireless Power Transfer System","authors":"Quang-Huy Do;Dinh-Nhan Pham;Sang-Woong Yoon","doi":"10.1109/LMWT.2025.3597259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWT.2025.3597259","url":null,"abstract":"We present a two-port phase conjugator with excellent isolation for retro-directive short-range wireless power transfer (WPT) applications within the 2.4–2.5-GHz frequency range, including the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band. The phase conjugator employs a Gilbert-cell mixer with a leakage power cancellation technique to enhance isolation and improve beamforming accuracy. The leakage power canceller consists of a power divider/combiner, a phase shifter, and an attenuator. A voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) was incorporated to generate the switching signal for the mixer’s local oscillator (LO) port. The phase conjugator was implemented using Samsung’s 28-nm CMOS IC technology. At 2.5 GHz, measurement results show a maximum isolation of 73.9 dB, a conversion gain of −2.5 dB, an input 1-dB compression point (IP1dB) of −2 dBm, and a noise figure of 20 dB. The chip occupies an area of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.3times 1.65$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm, excluding bonding pads.","PeriodicalId":73297,"journal":{"name":"IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters","volume":"35 12","pages":"2081-2084"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145766208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-19DOI: 10.1109/LMWT.2025.3599392
Youngseok Bae;Hyug Su Kwon;Minji Hyun
In this letter, we present an ultrawideband (UWB) photonic radar transceiver designed to penetrate obstacles and obtain images of targets hidden behind them. The proposed system uses a 2-GHz mode-locked laser (MLL), and its repetition rate is doubled by a pulse repetition rate multiplier (PRRM). Photonics-based frequency downconversion is employed to create UWB L-band linear frequency modulation (LFM) waveforms by mixing the MLL’s rate-multiplied pulses with an X-band LFM signal. With this photonic downconversion, the fractional bandwidth was increased from 9.52% to 62.07%, approximately a 6.5-fold improvement. A Sagnac loop interferometer facilitates the sensitive detection of received signals and enhances the beat signal power. This characteristic is important for detecting weak signals from targets hidden by obstacles. The feasibility of the proposed system to detect hidden threats was confirmed through a field experiment, in which high-resolution inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) images of a drone concealed by a dense, foliage-simulating obstacle were acquired.
{"title":"A Novel Ultrawideband Photonic Radar for High-Resolution ISAR Imaging of Concealed Targets in a Field Experiment","authors":"Youngseok Bae;Hyug Su Kwon;Minji Hyun","doi":"10.1109/LMWT.2025.3599392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWT.2025.3599392","url":null,"abstract":"In this letter, we present an ultrawideband (UWB) photonic radar transceiver designed to penetrate obstacles and obtain images of targets hidden behind them. The proposed system uses a 2-GHz mode-locked laser (MLL), and its repetition rate is doubled by a pulse repetition rate multiplier (PRRM). Photonics-based frequency downconversion is employed to create UWB L-band linear frequency modulation (LFM) waveforms by mixing the MLL’s rate-multiplied pulses with an X-band LFM signal. With this photonic downconversion, the fractional bandwidth was increased from 9.52% to 62.07%, approximately a 6.5-fold improvement. A Sagnac loop interferometer facilitates the sensitive detection of received signals and enhances the beat signal power. This characteristic is important for detecting weak signals from targets hidden by obstacles. The feasibility of the proposed system to detect hidden threats was confirmed through a field experiment, in which high-resolution inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) images of a drone concealed by a dense, foliage-simulating obstacle were acquired.","PeriodicalId":73297,"journal":{"name":"IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters","volume":"35 12","pages":"2089-2092"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145765631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-18DOI: 10.1109/LMWT.2025.3597414
Jeong-Hun Park;Seon-Hwa Yun;Moon-Que Lee
In this letter, a new electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure application adopting the chamber of a coaxial line at 433 MHz designed for eight Alzheimer’s transgenic mice. Its structure consists of three types of coaxial lines: the first is standard coaxial line (e.g., N-type) for RF signal input or dummy load termination; the second has a characteristic impedance of $50~Omega $ for mode-matching between both standard coaxial line and chamber; and the third is used for the EMF exposure chamber. The mode-matching coaxial line features its dielectric diameter comparable to that of the chamber coaxial line. The EMF exposure chamber based on the coaxial line has the advantages of the wide impedance bandwidth and no external EMF emissions. The measured return loss for the system with eight phantoms was demonstrated as 20.9 dB at 433 MHz with a wide bandwidth. The estimated SAR at the target region was achieved as 0.051 W/kg/Winc.
{"title":"EMF Exposure Application Using the Chamber of a Coaxial Line for 433-MHz ISM Band","authors":"Jeong-Hun Park;Seon-Hwa Yun;Moon-Que Lee","doi":"10.1109/LMWT.2025.3597414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWT.2025.3597414","url":null,"abstract":"In this letter, a new electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure application adopting the chamber of a coaxial line at 433 MHz designed for eight Alzheimer’s transgenic mice. Its structure consists of three types of coaxial lines: the first is standard coaxial line (e.g., N-type) for RF signal input or dummy load termination; the second has a characteristic impedance of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$50~Omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula> for mode-matching between both standard coaxial line and chamber; and the third is used for the EMF exposure chamber. The mode-matching coaxial line features its dielectric diameter comparable to that of the chamber coaxial line. The EMF exposure chamber based on the coaxial line has the advantages of the wide impedance bandwidth and no external EMF emissions. The measured return loss for the system with eight phantoms was demonstrated as 20.9 dB at 433 MHz with a wide bandwidth. The estimated SAR at the target region was achieved as 0.051 W/kg/W<sub>inc</sub>.","PeriodicalId":73297,"journal":{"name":"IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters","volume":"35 12","pages":"2093-2096"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145766182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-05DOI: 10.1109/LMWT.2025.3591716
Xu Zhu;Shaoyue Wang;Da He;Liping Yan;Jianan Hu;Changjun Liu
Conventional microwave heating techniques are limited due to inherent thermal point residency effects and inadequate control over the heating process. A novel method is proposed to enhance microwave heating uniformity using the injection-pulling technique. In this method, the injection-pulling technique is used to achieve simultaneous modulation of both the output phase and frequency of the magnetron, thereby extending the locking bandwidth of the injection-locking technique. The output characteristics of the injection-pulled magnetron were validated through numerical calculations and experiments. Microwave heating experiments were conducted under both a five-cup water load and an absorbent paper load. Compared with conventional injection-locking frequency sweeping, the proposed method not only expands the sweeping bandwidth from 8 to 18 MHz but also further improves heating uniformity, offering more options for magnetron applications in microwave heating.
{"title":"Study on Improving Microwave Heating Uniformity Based on Phase–Frequency Simultaneous Modulation Technique","authors":"Xu Zhu;Shaoyue Wang;Da He;Liping Yan;Jianan Hu;Changjun Liu","doi":"10.1109/LMWT.2025.3591716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWT.2025.3591716","url":null,"abstract":"Conventional microwave heating techniques are limited due to inherent thermal point residency effects and inadequate control over the heating process. A novel method is proposed to enhance microwave heating uniformity using the injection-pulling technique. In this method, the injection-pulling technique is used to achieve simultaneous modulation of both the output phase and frequency of the magnetron, thereby extending the locking bandwidth of the injection-locking technique. The output characteristics of the injection-pulled magnetron were validated through numerical calculations and experiments. Microwave heating experiments were conducted under both a five-cup water load and an absorbent paper load. Compared with conventional injection-locking frequency sweeping, the proposed method not only expands the sweeping bandwidth from 8 to 18 MHz but also further improves heating uniformity, offering more options for magnetron applications in microwave heating.","PeriodicalId":73297,"journal":{"name":"IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters","volume":"35 11","pages":"1871-1874"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145455858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-04DOI: 10.1109/LMWT.2025.3591250
Mattia Mengozzi;Wissam Saabe;Alberto M. Angelotti;Wafae El Fennouri;Christophe Mazière;Tony Gasseling;Gian Piero Gibiino
This work validates a behavioral modeling and measurement-based emulation framework for active phased arrays (APAs). Dataset collection time for power amplifier (PA) modeling is minimized using fast active load–pull, while validation employs measurement-based APA emulation to replicate beam steering operating conditions. Simulations closely match the measurement-based emulation of a $2 times 2$ patch-antenna APA for a 64-QAM orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) signal at 27 GHz across a wide range of beam angles, demonstrating the framework’s effectiveness for APA design and analysis.
{"title":"Experimental Validation of a System-Level Model for Active Arrays Under Emulated Beam Steering","authors":"Mattia Mengozzi;Wissam Saabe;Alberto M. Angelotti;Wafae El Fennouri;Christophe Mazière;Tony Gasseling;Gian Piero Gibiino","doi":"10.1109/LMWT.2025.3591250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWT.2025.3591250","url":null,"abstract":"This work validates a behavioral modeling and measurement-based emulation framework for active phased arrays (APAs). Dataset collection time for power amplifier (PA) modeling is minimized using fast active load–pull, while validation employs measurement-based APA emulation to replicate beam steering operating conditions. Simulations closely match the measurement-based emulation of a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2 times 2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> patch-antenna APA for a 64-QAM orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) signal at 27 GHz across a wide range of beam angles, demonstrating the framework’s effectiveness for APA design and analysis.","PeriodicalId":73297,"journal":{"name":"IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters","volume":"35 11","pages":"1863-1866"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145455872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-01DOI: 10.1109/LMWT.2025.3592473
Bangji Wang;Xin Li;Song Qiu;Yuping Shang
Traditional chokes in high-power microwaves (HPMs) often suffer from electromagnetic resonances and strict shape dependence. A conformal and miniaturized choke incorporating special slot structures is proposed in this letter. The narrow Slot 1 loaded perpendicular to the noncontact gap forms a surface with resonance suppression capabilities. In addition, the introduction of Slot 2 establishes an electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) with high-power handling capabilities, effectively preventing leakage. More importantly, the conformal and miniaturized design schemes of the proposed choke were analyzed and developed. A practical implementation case was evaluated through simulations and experiments, confirming its significant performance. Compared to conventional designs, this choke exhibits significant advantages in adapting complex geometrical configurations of HPM.
{"title":"A Conformal and Miniaturized Choke for Resonance Suppression and Leakage Prevention in High-Power Microwaves","authors":"Bangji Wang;Xin Li;Song Qiu;Yuping Shang","doi":"10.1109/LMWT.2025.3592473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWT.2025.3592473","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional chokes in high-power microwaves (HPMs) often suffer from electromagnetic resonances and strict shape dependence. A conformal and miniaturized choke incorporating special slot structures is proposed in this letter. The narrow Slot 1 loaded perpendicular to the noncontact gap forms a surface with resonance suppression capabilities. In addition, the introduction of Slot 2 establishes an electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) with high-power handling capabilities, effectively preventing leakage. More importantly, the conformal and miniaturized design schemes of the proposed choke were analyzed and developed. A practical implementation case was evaluated through simulations and experiments, confirming its significant performance. Compared to conventional designs, this choke exhibits significant advantages in adapting complex geometrical configurations of HPM.","PeriodicalId":73297,"journal":{"name":"IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters","volume":"35 9","pages":"1332-1335"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145078627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-30DOI: 10.1109/LMWT.2025.3592189
Jingzhan Shi;Zeyu Wang;Dan Zhu;Qiang Liu;Dongdong Lin;Na Zhang;Bindong Gao;Yiping Cui;Yiping Wang
Microwave photonic frequency-to-phase-slope mapping (FTPSM) is susceptible to frequency measurement errors, primarily induced by delay-rate uncertainty and fluctuations. To address this limitation, we propose a novel frequency-to-phase-slope-ratio mapping (FTPSRM) method that incorporates a reference signal sharing the same time-varying delay path as the signal under test (SUT). By leveraging the phase-slope ratio, this approach eliminates the need for delay-rate calibration while mitigating the impact of delay-rate fluctuations on measurement accuracy. The FTPSRM is implemented in a microwave photonic system utilizing polarization-division multiplexing of time-varying delay. The experimental results demonstrate that the FTPSRM reduces the maximum frequency error from 602 to 234 MHz and the standard deviation from 743 to 301 MHz across the 1–10-GHz range, significantly improving both accuracy and stability under delay fluctuations.
{"title":"Microwave Frequency-to-Phase-Slope-Ratio Mapping via Photonic Polarization-Division Multiplexing of Time-Varying Delay","authors":"Jingzhan Shi;Zeyu Wang;Dan Zhu;Qiang Liu;Dongdong Lin;Na Zhang;Bindong Gao;Yiping Cui;Yiping Wang","doi":"10.1109/LMWT.2025.3592189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWT.2025.3592189","url":null,"abstract":"Microwave photonic frequency-to-phase-slope mapping (FTPSM) is susceptible to frequency measurement errors, primarily induced by delay-rate uncertainty and fluctuations. To address this limitation, we propose a novel frequency-to-phase-slope-ratio mapping (FTPSRM) method that incorporates a reference signal sharing the same time-varying delay path as the signal under test (SUT). By leveraging the phase-slope ratio, this approach eliminates the need for delay-rate calibration while mitigating the impact of delay-rate fluctuations on measurement accuracy. The FTPSRM is implemented in a microwave photonic system utilizing polarization-division multiplexing of time-varying delay. The experimental results demonstrate that the FTPSRM reduces the maximum frequency error from 602 to 234 MHz and the standard deviation from 743 to 301 MHz across the 1–10-GHz range, significantly improving both accuracy and stability under delay fluctuations.","PeriodicalId":73297,"journal":{"name":"IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters","volume":"35 11","pages":"1867-1870"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145455870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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