Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.18122/ijpah.1.2.46.boisestate
Xizhe Bai, Xiaozan Wang, Meiyuan Chen
The exploration of “Activity Campus” action plan for elementary and middle schools in China has been gradually prevailed, but the impact of this plan on students has not been clarified. Based on this, this study is to explores the impact of the "Activity Campus" action plan on students' physical fitness and sport learning interest through research in “Activity Campus” plan, and provides theoretical support for implementation of the “Activity Campus” plan. 164 fourth-grade students from Shandong Province participate in this experiment, 80 in the experimental group and 84 in the control group. The Primary School Students’ Sports Learning Interest Scale was used to investigate the changes in students' mental health and the Physical Health Test Standard was used to measure students' physical and health levels. The scale and measurement tools have high reliability. At the same time, using independent sample T test analyze the data before and after experiment by spss21.0. For physical fitness level, no significant difference between experimental group and control group in the BMI, 50-meter run, one-minute skipping rope, one-minute sit-ups, and total physical fitness scores before the experiment. After the experiment, the control group had significant differences in vital capacity, 50-meter running, one-minute sit-ups, and total physical fitness for sports learning interest, also no significant difference between experimental group and control group before experiment among the degree of sports participation, positive interest in sports learning, negative interest in sports learning, degree of autonomous learning, and total score in sports learning interest. After experiment, there were significant differences between experimental group and control group in all of above. The research results show that “Activity Campus” plan can effectively improve students' physical fitness and health in terms of speed, strength, endurance, and flexibility, and can effectively improve students' interest in participating in sports and their ability to learn independently. This shows that implementation of the “Activity Campus” action plan in China has certain practical significance.
{"title":"Experimental Study on the Influence of “Active Campus” Plan on Physical Fitness and Sports Interest","authors":"Xizhe Bai, Xiaozan Wang, Meiyuan Chen","doi":"10.18122/ijpah.1.2.46.boisestate","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18122/ijpah.1.2.46.boisestate","url":null,"abstract":"The exploration of “Activity Campus” action plan for elementary and middle schools in China has been gradually prevailed, but the impact of this plan on students has not been clarified. Based on this, this study is to explores the impact of the \"Activity Campus\" action plan on students' physical fitness and sport learning interest through research in “Activity Campus” plan, and provides theoretical support for implementation of the “Activity Campus” plan. 164 fourth-grade students from Shandong Province participate in this experiment, 80 in the experimental group and 84 in the control group. The Primary School Students’ Sports Learning Interest Scale was used to investigate the changes in students' mental health and the Physical Health Test Standard was used to measure students' physical and health levels. The scale and measurement tools have high reliability. At the same time, using independent sample T test analyze the data before and after experiment by spss21.0. For physical fitness level, no significant difference between experimental group and control group in the BMI, 50-meter run, one-minute skipping rope, one-minute sit-ups, and total physical fitness scores before the experiment. After the experiment, the control group had significant differences in vital capacity, 50-meter running, one-minute sit-ups, and total physical fitness for sports learning interest, also no significant difference between experimental group and control group before experiment among the degree of sports participation, positive interest in sports learning, negative interest in sports learning, degree of autonomous learning, and total score in sports learning interest. After experiment, there were significant differences between experimental group and control group in all of above. The research results show that “Activity Campus” plan can effectively improve students' physical fitness and health in terms of speed, strength, endurance, and flexibility, and can effectively improve students' interest in participating in sports and their ability to learn independently. This shows that implementation of the “Activity Campus” action plan in China has certain practical significance.","PeriodicalId":73469,"journal":{"name":"International journal of physical activity and health","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67684380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.18122/ijpah.1.2.34.boisestate
Zhaofei Chen, Hongwei Guan
As an American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) initiative known as Exercise Is Medicine (EIM) is becoming more and more popular globally, FIT Taijipao has been proposed as a new approach to exercise. FIT Taijipao has been introduced as an individualized and dynamic exercise. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of FIT Taijipao on Heart Rate (HR) at different speeds including peak (YANG) and minimum (YIN) points every three months across 15 months of continuous FIT Taijipao exercise, concluding with a follow-up retention test to examine the effects of an 18-month detraining. The participant of the case study was recruited in a college-wide mind & health program. A 48-year-old sedentary Asian female volunteered for this pilot longitudinal study. The participant performed FIT Taijipao on a treadmill two to three times per week in the exercise lab. A Polar HR Monitor (M400 + H10 chest unit) was used to record HR data. According to FIT Taijipao guidelines, HR Average per 200m was used for data analysis. The Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale was used to monitor the participant’s subjective effort and controlled to be no higher than 15. YANG Speed (peak) is attained as RPE reaches 15 or less when HR reaches 145 bpm. The running speed was adjusted according to FIT Taijipao established speed profile. Weekly HR average of YANG (peak) speed decreased by 25.3 bpm (146.3 to 121.0 bpm) after first 3 months of FIT Taijipao; Weekly HR average at the same speed continuously decreased to 117.3, 120.0, 116.0, and 116.3 bpm at 4.5 mph speed. YANG (peak) speed increased gradually from 4.5 mph, to 5.7, 6.0, 6.1, 6.3, and 6.3 mph every three months. After 18 months of detraining, a retention FIT Taijipao test was done to examine the HR change. Weekly HR average at 6.3 mph was 160.6 bpm, and the lap average speed was 5.7 mph when HR was around 145 bpm. The RPE reported was 13. This case study illustrates that regular FIT Taijipao leads to a decreased HR, a useful index for exercise intensity and cardio-respiratory fitness. The participant enjoyed FIT Taijipao, a 40-45 minutes run. FIT Taijipao has a great potential to help general population to gain the benefits of exercise and physical activity without being over stressed.
随着美国运动医学学院(ACSM)提出的“运动即医学”(EIM)倡议在全球范围内越来越受欢迎,FIT旗袍已被提出作为一种新的运动方式。FIT旗袍是一种个性化的动态运动。本研究的目的是检查FIT太极袍在不同速度下对心率(HR)的影响,包括在15个月的连续FIT太极袍运动中每三个月的峰值(YANG)和最低(YIN)点,最后进行随访保留测试,以检查18个月去训练的效果。案例研究的参与者是在大学范围内的心理与健康项目中招募的。一位48岁久坐不动的亚洲女性自愿参加了这项初步的纵向研究。参与者每周在运动实验室的跑步机上进行两到三次FIT太极拳。使用Polar心率监测仪(M400 + H10胸机)记录心率数据。根据FIT太极袍指南,采用HR Average per 200m进行数据分析。采用Borg RPE量表(Borg Rating of Perceived effort, RPE)监测参与者的主观努力程度,控制在不高于15。当心率达到145 bpm时,RPE达到15或更低时达到速度(峰值)。运行速度根据FIT太极袍建立的速度曲线进行调整。FIT太极袍前3个月的周HR平均杨(峰值)速度下降25.3 bpm (146.3 ~ 121.0 bpm);相同速度下的周平均心率连续下降至每分钟117.3、120.0、116.0和116.3。YANG(峰值)速度每三个月从4.5英里/小时逐渐提高到5.7、6.0、6.1、6.3和6.3英里/小时。去训练18个月后,进行保留FIT太极袍测试,观察人力资源变化。6.3英里/小时时的周平均心率为160.6英里/小时,当心率为145英里/小时时的单圈平均速度为5.7英里/小时。报告的RPE为13。本案例研究表明,经常穿FIT太极拳会导致HR下降,HR是运动强度和心肺健康的有用指标。参与者享受FIT太极,40-45分钟的跑步。FIT旗袍有很大的潜力,可以帮助普通人群在没有过度压力的情况下获得锻炼和体育活动的好处。
{"title":"The Effects of FIT Taijipao on Heart Rate","authors":"Zhaofei Chen, Hongwei Guan","doi":"10.18122/ijpah.1.2.34.boisestate","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18122/ijpah.1.2.34.boisestate","url":null,"abstract":"As an American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) initiative known as Exercise Is Medicine (EIM) is becoming more and more popular globally, FIT Taijipao has been proposed as a new approach to exercise. FIT Taijipao has been introduced as an individualized and dynamic exercise. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of FIT Taijipao on Heart Rate (HR) at different speeds including peak (YANG) and minimum (YIN) points every three months across 15 months of continuous FIT Taijipao exercise, concluding with a follow-up retention test to examine the effects of an 18-month detraining. The participant of the case study was recruited in a college-wide mind & health program. A 48-year-old sedentary Asian female volunteered for this pilot longitudinal study. The participant performed FIT Taijipao on a treadmill two to three times per week in the exercise lab. A Polar HR Monitor (M400 + H10 chest unit) was used to record HR data. According to FIT Taijipao guidelines, HR Average per 200m was used for data analysis. The Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale was used to monitor the participant’s subjective effort and controlled to be no higher than 15. YANG Speed (peak) is attained as RPE reaches 15 or less when HR reaches 145 bpm. The running speed was adjusted according to FIT Taijipao established speed profile. Weekly HR average of YANG (peak) speed decreased by 25.3 bpm (146.3 to 121.0 bpm) after first 3 months of FIT Taijipao; Weekly HR average at the same speed continuously decreased to 117.3, 120.0, 116.0, and 116.3 bpm at 4.5 mph speed. YANG (peak) speed increased gradually from 4.5 mph, to 5.7, 6.0, 6.1, 6.3, and 6.3 mph every three months. After 18 months of detraining, a retention FIT Taijipao test was done to examine the HR change. Weekly HR average at 6.3 mph was 160.6 bpm, and the lap average speed was 5.7 mph when HR was around 145 bpm. The RPE reported was 13. This case study illustrates that regular FIT Taijipao leads to a decreased HR, a useful index for exercise intensity and cardio-respiratory fitness. The participant enjoyed FIT Taijipao, a 40-45 minutes run. FIT Taijipao has a great potential to help general population to gain the benefits of exercise and physical activity without being over stressed.","PeriodicalId":73469,"journal":{"name":"International journal of physical activity and health","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67684455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.18122/ijpah.1.2.11.boisestate
Mingming Guo, Xiaozan Wang
The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between the Physical Fitness of Chinese college students and their daily Running Habits (RH). A total of 718 college students from East China Normal University participated in this study (385 boys and 333 girls). Each participant participated in the Chinese Students’ Physical Fitness Test (CSPFT) during the 2018-2019 school year. In addition, each student was also required to use the APP to record all their running results during each run during the 2018-2019 school year. Researchers queried and exported all running records through the app's management platform. Correlation analysis was performed on all CSPFT results and RH using Pearson correlation. It was found that the total number of kilometers run by the students had a significant negative correlation with their Vital Capacity (VC), Sitting Body Flexion (SBF), and Long Jump (LJ) (rVC = -.08, pVC < 0.05; rSBF = -.08, pSBF < 0.05; rLJ = -.09, pLJ < 0.05), and a significant positive correlation with their 50-Meter Running (50R) (r50R = .11, p50R < 0.01); the overall number of times students run had a significant positive correlation with their endurance performance (1000-meters running for boys and 800-meters running for girls, r = .08, p < 0.05); The average number of kilometers per run was significantly negatively related to the VC, SBF, and strength scores (pull-up for boys, girl sit-ups for girls) (rVC = -.17, pVC < 0.01; rSBF = -.14, pSBF < 0.01; rstrength = -.33, pstrength < 0.01), and showing a significant positive correlation with its 50R (r50R = .33, p50R < 0.01); there was no significant correlation between each CSPFT results and overall running time or average running time; meanwhile, there was no significant correlation between the other CSPFT results and RH results. This study supports that there is a positive correlation between distance run by college students and their speed, and a negative correlation with flexibility, strength, and VC. students with good endurance might prefer running, but not necessarily to long distance.
{"title":"Correlation Between College Students' Physical Fitness and Running Habits","authors":"Mingming Guo, Xiaozan Wang","doi":"10.18122/ijpah.1.2.11.boisestate","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18122/ijpah.1.2.11.boisestate","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between the Physical Fitness of Chinese college students and their daily Running Habits (RH). A total of 718 college students from East China Normal University participated in this study (385 boys and 333 girls). Each participant participated in the Chinese Students’ Physical Fitness Test (CSPFT) during the 2018-2019 school year. In addition, each student was also required to use the APP to record all their running results during each run during the 2018-2019 school year. Researchers queried and exported all running records through the app's management platform. Correlation analysis was performed on all CSPFT results and RH using Pearson correlation. It was found that the total number of kilometers run by the students had a significant negative correlation with their Vital Capacity (VC), Sitting Body Flexion (SBF), and Long Jump (LJ) (rVC = -.08, pVC < 0.05; rSBF = -.08, pSBF < 0.05; rLJ = -.09, pLJ < 0.05), and a significant positive correlation with their 50-Meter Running (50R) (r50R = .11, p50R < 0.01); the overall number of times students run had a significant positive correlation with their endurance performance (1000-meters running for boys and 800-meters running for girls, r = .08, p < 0.05); The average number of kilometers per run was significantly negatively related to the VC, SBF, and strength scores (pull-up for boys, girl sit-ups for girls) (rVC = -.17, pVC < 0.01; rSBF = -.14, pSBF < 0.01; rstrength = -.33, pstrength < 0.01), and showing a significant positive correlation with its 50R (r50R = .33, p50R < 0.01); there was no significant correlation between each CSPFT results and overall running time or average running time; meanwhile, there was no significant correlation between the other CSPFT results and RH results. This study supports that there is a positive correlation between distance run by college students and their speed, and a negative correlation with flexibility, strength, and VC. students with good endurance might prefer running, but not necessarily to long distance.","PeriodicalId":73469,"journal":{"name":"International journal of physical activity and health","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67682869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.18122/ijpah.1.2.2.boisestate
Xueling. Pang, Z. Zhang
Curling is a sport combining skill and intelligence. Athletes should not only have proficient physical fitness, technical and tactical level, but they also need strong psychological ability. This study attempts to build a special psychological ability system for curling athletes, to provide guidance for the athlete selection and training. In this study, 13 male athletes of Heilongjiang curling team were recruited. HengChan Yin 's attention scale, Dr. Ping Ye's competitive motivation scale, XiaoChuan Yin 's excellent athlete's will quality evaluation scale, Vealey's athlete's trait self-confidence scale, Martens's sports competition state anxiety scale, LiWei Zhang's pre competition emotion scale-t scale, electronic stopwatch and other equipment were used for the test. In order to determine the constituent factors of curling athletes' specialized psychological ability, 11 psychological indexes, such as time and space judgment, speed perception, attention distribution, attention transfer, competitive motivation, will quality, sports competition anxiety, cognitive trait anxiety, self-confidence, attention stability, emotional stability, were analyzed by factor analysis method. The characteristic value, contribution rate and fatigue of the factors were calculated. The results suggested that the first four factors whose characteristic value are greater than 1 and cumulative contribution rate is greater than 80% are selected as the main factors. According to the characteristic value of the first four main factors, the initial factor load matrix is obtained, and the orthogonal factor matrix after rotation is obtained by using variance maximization. The system of special mental ability of curling male athletes consists of four aspects: mental preparation ability, mental state ability, attention ability and space-time judgment ability. There are significant differences in mental preparation ability and mental state ability between the main players and the substitutes. The main players are better than the substitutes.
{"title":"A Comparative Study on the Construction of Special Psychological Ability Indexes of Curling Male Athletes","authors":"Xueling. Pang, Z. Zhang","doi":"10.18122/ijpah.1.2.2.boisestate","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18122/ijpah.1.2.2.boisestate","url":null,"abstract":"Curling is a sport combining skill and intelligence. Athletes should not only have proficient physical fitness, technical and tactical level, but they also need strong psychological ability. This study attempts to build a special psychological ability system for curling athletes, to provide guidance for the athlete selection and training. In this study, 13 male athletes of Heilongjiang curling team were recruited. HengChan Yin 's attention scale, Dr. Ping Ye's competitive motivation scale, XiaoChuan Yin 's excellent athlete's will quality evaluation scale, Vealey's athlete's trait self-confidence scale, Martens's sports competition state anxiety scale, LiWei Zhang's pre competition emotion scale-t scale, electronic stopwatch and other equipment were used for the test. In order to determine the constituent factors of curling athletes' specialized psychological ability, 11 psychological indexes, such as time and space judgment, speed perception, attention distribution, attention transfer, competitive motivation, will quality, sports competition anxiety, cognitive trait anxiety, self-confidence, attention stability, emotional stability, were analyzed by factor analysis method. The characteristic value, contribution rate and fatigue of the factors were calculated. The results suggested that the first four factors whose characteristic value are greater than 1 and cumulative contribution rate is greater than 80% are selected as the main factors. According to the characteristic value of the first four main factors, the initial factor load matrix is obtained, and the orthogonal factor matrix after rotation is obtained by using variance maximization. The system of special mental ability of curling male athletes consists of four aspects: mental preparation ability, mental state ability, attention ability and space-time judgment ability. There are significant differences in mental preparation ability and mental state ability between the main players and the substitutes. The main players are better than the substitutes.","PeriodicalId":73469,"journal":{"name":"International journal of physical activity and health","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67683556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.18122/ijpah.1.2.20.boisestate
Yehui Zhang, Jian Yang, Ming-Xia Wu, Yu-Yu Yuan
Procrastination is prevalent in the study and life of the college student population. There is evidence suggesting that procrastination can have a negative impact on mood and behavior. However, in the field of exercise, the effects and mechanisms of procrastination on exercise have not been widely studied. Therefore, this study investigates the relationship between procrastination and exercise volume of college students, and discusses the mediation effect of time efficiency. The sample comprised 910 university students from 5 provinces(female: 509, male: 401)who completed inventories assessing their procrastination, time efficiency and exercise volume, and the relationships between these variables were examined using a model of mediation. In the present study, the appropriate IRB approval has been obtained from East China Normal University. There are significant differences in procrastination (t = 2.43, p < 0.05) and exercise volume (t = 7.42, p < 0.01) among college students of different genders and no difference in the sense of time efficiency. The body mass index is classified as lean (BMI < 18.5), normal (18.5 ≤ BMI ≤ 23.9), overweight (24.0 ≤ BMI ≤ 27.9) and obese (BMI ≥ 28) by standard, and there are significant differences between body mass index and exercise volume (F = 7.51, p < 0.01). Procrastination was negatively correlated with time efficiency (r = -0.525, p < 0.01) and exercise volume (r = -0.159, p < 0.01), and there was a significant positive correlation between time efficiency and exercise volume (r = 0.164, p < 0.01). Mediating effect test shows that the time efficiency has a certain intermediary effect between procrastination and exercise volume (indirect effect = -0.090, LLCI = -0.163, ULCI = -0.012). Findings provide support that procrastination affects college students' physical exercise through time efficiency. We can start with improving college students' time efficiency to promote the participation of physical activities. Future research needs more attention to overweight and obese college students.
拖延症在大学生群体的学习和生活中普遍存在。有证据表明,拖延症会对情绪和行为产生负面影响。然而,在运动领域,拖延症对运动的影响和机制尚未得到广泛的研究。因此,本研究考察了大学生拖延症与运动量的关系,并探讨了时间效率的中介作用。样本包括来自5个省的910名大学生(女性509人,男性401人),他们完成了拖延症、时间效率和运动量的问卷调查,并使用中介模型检验了这些变量之间的关系。在本研究中,已获得华东师范大学适当的审查委员会批准。不同性别大学生在拖延症(t = 2.43, p < 0.05)和运动量(t = 7.42, p < 0.01)上存在显著差异,在时间效率感上无显著差异。体质指数按标准分为瘦(BMI < 18.5)、正常(18.5≤BMI≤23.9)、超重(24.0≤BMI≤27.9)、肥胖(BMI≥28),体质指数与运动量差异有统计学意义(F = 7.51, p < 0.01)。拖延与时间效率(r = -0.525, p < 0.01)、运动量(r = -0.159, p < 0.01)呈负相关,时间效率与运动量(r = 0.164, p < 0.01)呈显著正相关。中介效应检验表明,时间效率在拖延症与运动量之间具有一定的中介效应(间接效应= -0.090,LLCI = -0.163, ULCI = -0.012)。研究结果支持拖延症通过时间效率影响大学生体育锻炼。我们可以从提高大学生的时间效率入手,促进体育活动的参与。未来的研究需要更多地关注超重和肥胖的大学生。
{"title":"Relationship Between Procrastination and Exercise Behavior Among College Students","authors":"Yehui Zhang, Jian Yang, Ming-Xia Wu, Yu-Yu Yuan","doi":"10.18122/ijpah.1.2.20.boisestate","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18122/ijpah.1.2.20.boisestate","url":null,"abstract":"Procrastination is prevalent in the study and life of the college student population. There is evidence suggesting that procrastination can have a negative impact on mood and behavior. However, in the field of exercise, the effects and mechanisms of procrastination on exercise have not been widely studied. Therefore, this study investigates the relationship between procrastination and exercise volume of college students, and discusses the mediation effect of time efficiency. The sample comprised 910 university students from 5 provinces(female: 509, male: 401)who completed inventories assessing their procrastination, time efficiency and exercise volume, and the relationships between these variables were examined using a model of mediation. In the present study, the appropriate IRB approval has been obtained from East China Normal University. There are significant differences in procrastination (t = 2.43, p < 0.05) and exercise volume (t = 7.42, p < 0.01) among college students of different genders and no difference in the sense of time efficiency. The body mass index is classified as lean (BMI < 18.5), normal (18.5 ≤ BMI ≤ 23.9), overweight (24.0 ≤ BMI ≤ 27.9) and obese (BMI ≥ 28) by standard, and there are significant differences between body mass index and exercise volume (F = 7.51, p < 0.01). Procrastination was negatively correlated with time efficiency (r = -0.525, p < 0.01) and exercise volume (r = -0.159, p < 0.01), and there was a significant positive correlation between time efficiency and exercise volume (r = 0.164, p < 0.01). Mediating effect test shows that the time efficiency has a certain intermediary effect between procrastination and exercise volume (indirect effect = -0.090, LLCI = -0.163, ULCI = -0.012). Findings provide support that procrastination affects college students' physical exercise through time efficiency. We can start with improving college students' time efficiency to promote the participation of physical activities. Future research needs more attention to overweight and obese college students.","PeriodicalId":73469,"journal":{"name":"International journal of physical activity and health","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67683569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.18122/ijpah.1.2.27.boisestate
G. Guo, Yan Zhou
As the highest award platform in cheerleading competitions, the World Cheerleading Championship is participated by the elite teams and international judges and experts from all over the world. This paper aims to explore the similarities and differences between excellent teams from the aspects of complete sets of dance movements, difficult movements, complete sets of music, and stage visual effects. To collect data, we searched relevant documents and materials through China Knowledge Net, Wanfang data periodical net, and other information networks. Meanwhile, we watched videos of the top eight teams that participated in the 2019 World Cheerleading Championship. In addition, we conducted face-to-face and telephone interviews with cheerleading field senior experts. Comparative analysis was conducted to analyze the data. The analysis revealed a few patterns. First, almost all teams used a large number of collective movements and rich formation changes to give the audience a visual impact. Second, the choreographers made reasonable arrangements for difficult movements based on the team members’ abilities. Third, most teams chose the classical or current popular songs to arouse the audience. Fourth, choreographers decided on the theme of the music before choreographing dance moves and difficult moves, and how the set would be displayed at the climax of the program. Based on the results, we recommend Jazz cheerleading teams to consider adjusting the frequency of formation changes to stage space. Difficult movements should be chosen based on appropriateness and quality under the rules of collective jazz events. We also recommend using appropriate arrangement styles to showcase the physical qualities of athletes.
{"title":"Analysis on the Choreographic Characteristics of the Top Eight Jazz Cheerleading Events in the 2019 World Cheerleading Championship","authors":"G. Guo, Yan Zhou","doi":"10.18122/ijpah.1.2.27.boisestate","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18122/ijpah.1.2.27.boisestate","url":null,"abstract":"As the highest award platform in cheerleading competitions, the World Cheerleading Championship is participated by the elite teams and international judges and experts from all over the world. This paper aims to explore the similarities and differences between excellent teams from the aspects of complete sets of dance movements, difficult movements, complete sets of music, and stage visual effects. To collect data, we searched relevant documents and materials through China Knowledge Net, Wanfang data periodical net, and other information networks. Meanwhile, we watched videos of the top eight teams that participated in the 2019 World Cheerleading Championship. In addition, we conducted face-to-face and telephone interviews with cheerleading field senior experts. Comparative analysis was conducted to analyze the data. The analysis revealed a few patterns. First, almost all teams used a large number of collective movements and rich formation changes to give the audience a visual impact. Second, the choreographers made reasonable arrangements for difficult movements based on the team members’ abilities. Third, most teams chose the classical or current popular songs to arouse the audience. Fourth, choreographers decided on the theme of the music before choreographing dance moves and difficult moves, and how the set would be displayed at the climax of the program. Based on the results, we recommend Jazz cheerleading teams to consider adjusting the frequency of formation changes to stage space. Difficult movements should be chosen based on appropriateness and quality under the rules of collective jazz events. We also recommend using appropriate arrangement styles to showcase the physical qualities of athletes.","PeriodicalId":73469,"journal":{"name":"International journal of physical activity and health","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67683885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.18122/ijpah.1.2.17.boisestate
Zhongting He, Xiaozan Wang, Jiarong Zhong
Nowadays, due to factors such as long teaching time of the teacher, students often show problems of inattention. The purpose of this article is to explore whether innovative after-class activities can significantly improve the attention level of third-grade primary students. Through teaching experiment intervention, the attention levels of boys and girls in the experimental group and the control group were compared. According to the principle of no significant difference in the previous test, four classes of the third grade of Xiangtan Road Primary School in Qingdao, Shandong Province were selected, two as experimental classes (60 students, including 30 boys and 30 girls) and two as control classes (60 students, including 30 boys and 30 girls). Students in the experimental class conducted half-hour innovative after-class activities, including youth boxing competitions, and football, basketball and volleyball competitions etc.; the control class only conducted regular 800-meter running exercises. The D2 attention test tool was used to test the students' attention level before and after the experiment. The intervention lasted 8 months, and in the present study, the appropriate IRB approval has been obtained from East China Normal University. Using SPSS23.0 data analysis software, the independent sample T test was used to analyze the difference in attention levels between the experimental group and the control group before and after the experiment. This article only presents results with significant differences. The experimental group was significantly higher in processing speed (TN) and anti-interference ability (E1 E2) than the control group [(TN) T = -1.851 P = 0.003 < 0.01] [(E1 E2) T = 2.842 P = 0.005 < 0.01]; the processing speed (TN) of the boys in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group (T = -2.490 P = 0.016 < 0.05); the girls in the experimental group were able to resist interference with the distractions (E1 E2) higher than the control group (T = 2.842 P = 008 < 0.01). Innovative after-class activities include a wide range of sports events, especially based on competitions can significantly improve the attention level of third-grade students. Boys are more focused on quick tasks, and girls are more focused on noisy tasks. Schools should carry out more innovative after-class activities to enrich the student's learning life and improve students' level of attention.
现在,由于老师讲课时间长等因素,学生经常出现注意力不集中的问题。本文旨在探讨创新课外活动是否能显著提高小学三年级学生的注意力水平。通过教学实验干预,比较实验组和对照组男生、女生的注意水平。根据前一次测试无显著差异的原则,选取山东省青岛市湘潭路小学三年级四个班,两个为实验班(60名学生,男30名,女30名),两个为对照班(60名学生,男30名,女30名)。实验班学生进行了半小时的创新课外活动,包括青少年拳击比赛、足球、篮球、排球比赛等;对照组只进行定期的800米跑步练习。采用D2注意测试工具对实验前后学生的注意水平进行测试。干预持续了8个月,在本研究中,已获得华东师范大学适当的IRB批准。采用SPSS23.0数据分析软件,采用独立样本T检验分析实验组与对照组在实验前后的注意水平差异。本文只给出了有显著差异的结果。试验组处理速度(TN)和抗干扰能力(E1 E2)显著高于对照组[(TN) T = -1.851 P = 0.003 < 0.01] [(E1 E2) T = 2.842 P = 0.005 < 0.01];实验组男生的加工速度(TN)显著高于对照组(T = -2.490 P = 0.016 < 0.05);实验组女生对干扰(E1 E2)的抵抗能力高于对照组(T = 2.842 P = 008 < 0.01)。创新的课外活动包括了广泛的体育项目,特别是以比赛为基础的活动,可以显著提高三年级学生的注意力水平。男孩更专注于快速的任务,而女孩更专注于嘈杂的任务。学校应该开展更多创新的课外活动,丰富学生的学习生活,提高学生的注意力水平。
{"title":"Experimental Research on the Influence of Innovative After-Class Activities on Primary Students’ Attention","authors":"Zhongting He, Xiaozan Wang, Jiarong Zhong","doi":"10.18122/ijpah.1.2.17.boisestate","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18122/ijpah.1.2.17.boisestate","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, due to factors such as long teaching time of the teacher, students often show problems of inattention. The purpose of this article is to explore whether innovative after-class activities can significantly improve the attention level of third-grade primary students. Through teaching experiment intervention, the attention levels of boys and girls in the experimental group and the control group were compared. According to the principle of no significant difference in the previous test, four classes of the third grade of Xiangtan Road Primary School in Qingdao, Shandong Province were selected, two as experimental classes (60 students, including 30 boys and 30 girls) and two as control classes (60 students, including 30 boys and 30 girls). Students in the experimental class conducted half-hour innovative after-class activities, including youth boxing competitions, and football, basketball and volleyball competitions etc.; the control class only conducted regular 800-meter running exercises. The D2 attention test tool was used to test the students' attention level before and after the experiment. The intervention lasted 8 months, and in the present study, the appropriate IRB approval has been obtained from East China Normal University. Using SPSS23.0 data analysis software, the independent sample T test was used to analyze the difference in attention levels between the experimental group and the control group before and after the experiment. This article only presents results with significant differences. The experimental group was significantly higher in processing speed (TN) and anti-interference ability (E1 E2) than the control group [(TN) T = -1.851 P = 0.003 < 0.01] [(E1 E2) T = 2.842 P = 0.005 < 0.01]; the processing speed (TN) of the boys in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group (T = -2.490 P = 0.016 < 0.05); the girls in the experimental group were able to resist interference with the distractions (E1 E2) higher than the control group (T = 2.842 P = 008 < 0.01). Innovative after-class activities include a wide range of sports events, especially based on competitions can significantly improve the attention level of third-grade students. Boys are more focused on quick tasks, and girls are more focused on noisy tasks. Schools should carry out more innovative after-class activities to enrich the student's learning life and improve students' level of attention.","PeriodicalId":73469,"journal":{"name":"International journal of physical activity and health","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67683936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.18122/ijpah.1.2.29.boisestate
Han Meng, Z. Yin
In recent decades, the frequent occurrence of public health crises has brought great challenges to teaching school physical education (PE). This study aims to improve the quality of PE online courses in China and provide effective support for PE teachers to carry out online teaching by learning from the experiences of how to effectively conduct online physical education in America when schools are closed. This study reviewed the relevant policy documents and literature of online physical education courses in America, including theoretical and practical studies. Furthermore, available data stemming from semi-structured interviews and focus groups with eleven PE teachers were presented. Teachers discussed the difficulties faced by Chinese PE teachers in online physical education. Strategies to promote online physical education in the United States include: macro-level: establishing a comprehensive theoretical and practical database for teachers; medium-level: providing online HPE course teaching cases and guidance; and micro-level: Providing a teaching resource package that can be used directly by teachers. Features of the American approach to promote online physical education include: providing systematic online physical education curriculum theory and practical foundation; providing continuous resources and technical support; and establishing an extensive cooperation network; Providing specific guidance for PE teachers. The focus of this research was to provide solutions to the problems encountered by Chinese PE teachers in teaching online physical education. However, there were two limitations. First, we provided a limited literature review on online physical education in the United States. The second limitation is that this study did not fully show the difficulties faced by PE teachers in carrying out online physical education in China, which needs a further investigation. PE teachers pointed out that they received little support for teaching online physical education courses, neither in theory nor in practices. In the future, it is suggested that China need to establish a systematic online physical education guidance system. In the process of online physical education, we should pay more attention to the cultivation of students' health literacy, accelerate the transformation of physical education concept of physical and mental health in China, and strengthen the ability of PE teachers to design the online teaching content.
{"title":"International Experience and Inspiration of Online Physical Education in America Under the Crisis of Public Health Emergencies","authors":"Han Meng, Z. Yin","doi":"10.18122/ijpah.1.2.29.boisestate","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18122/ijpah.1.2.29.boisestate","url":null,"abstract":"In recent decades, the frequent occurrence of public health crises has brought great challenges to teaching school physical education (PE). This study aims to improve the quality of PE online courses in China and provide effective support for PE teachers to carry out online teaching by learning from the experiences of how to effectively conduct online physical education in America when schools are closed. This study reviewed the relevant policy documents and literature of online physical education courses in America, including theoretical and practical studies. Furthermore, available data stemming from semi-structured interviews and focus groups with eleven PE teachers were presented. Teachers discussed the difficulties faced by Chinese PE teachers in online physical education. Strategies to promote online physical education in the United States include: macro-level: establishing a comprehensive theoretical and practical database for teachers; medium-level: providing online HPE course teaching cases and guidance; and micro-level: Providing a teaching resource package that can be used directly by teachers. Features of the American approach to promote online physical education include: providing systematic online physical education curriculum theory and practical foundation; providing continuous resources and technical support; and establishing an extensive cooperation network; Providing specific guidance for PE teachers. The focus of this research was to provide solutions to the problems encountered by Chinese PE teachers in teaching online physical education. However, there were two limitations. First, we provided a limited literature review on online physical education in the United States. The second limitation is that this study did not fully show the difficulties faced by PE teachers in carrying out online physical education in China, which needs a further investigation. PE teachers pointed out that they received little support for teaching online physical education courses, neither in theory nor in practices. In the future, it is suggested that China need to establish a systematic online physical education guidance system. In the process of online physical education, we should pay more attention to the cultivation of students' health literacy, accelerate the transformation of physical education concept of physical and mental health in China, and strengthen the ability of PE teachers to design the online teaching content.","PeriodicalId":73469,"journal":{"name":"International journal of physical activity and health","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67683954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.18122/ijpah.1.2.35.boisestate
Jianpeng Wu, Xiaozan Wang, Mingming Guo, Tao Li
The purpose of this study is to investigate the current situation of physical education and health curriculum in primary and secondary schools in Guizhou Province, and to provide reference for promoting the better implementation of physical education and health curriculum in Guizhou Province. In the form of questionnaires, 1549 parents' questionnaires and 254 teachers' questionnaires were collected and statistically analyzed in Guizhou Province, China. Use Excel to summarize and analyze the collected questionnaires. The results found the teaching content could basically meet the needs of students. The satisfaction of primary school students, junior high school students and senior high school students with physical education and health curriculum evaluation was 71.6%, 68.4% and 63.6%, respectively. Students' satisfaction with the content of physical education and health curriculum in senior high school decreased; both students and teachers believed that all students had the opportunity to participate in sports activities in physical education and health classes, but the time for skill learning and physical training in PE classes in primary and secondary schools was less than 20 minutes. The intensity of classroom exercise in 60% of primary and secondary schools was less than 75%. 94.1% of teachers control exercise load according to experience, and only 3.9% of schools use intelligent monitoring devices to monitor. 50.9% of primary and junior high school physical education classes did not meet the required number of class hours. 69.6% of the students were satisfied with the elective items in the physical education courses offered, but their satisfaction with the senior high school dropped to 61.6%. Primary and secondary schools in Guizhou Province should continue to increase the construction and investment of physical education and health curriculum venues, equipment and facilities, and optimize the use and development of existing physical education curriculum resources. Physical education teachers should constantly update teaching concepts, improve teaching methods and improve course teaching ability. Schools and teachers should carry out physical education and health courses according to the requirements of physical Education and Health Curriculum Standards, and actively promote the "Chinese Health physical Education Curriculum Model" put forward by JI Liu professor to ensure a certain exercise load and exercise density.
{"title":"Investigation and Research on Physical Education and Health Curriculum of K-12 School in Guizhou Province","authors":"Jianpeng Wu, Xiaozan Wang, Mingming Guo, Tao Li","doi":"10.18122/ijpah.1.2.35.boisestate","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18122/ijpah.1.2.35.boisestate","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study is to investigate the current situation of physical education and health curriculum in primary and secondary schools in Guizhou Province, and to provide reference for promoting the better implementation of physical education and health curriculum in Guizhou Province. In the form of questionnaires, 1549 parents' questionnaires and 254 teachers' questionnaires were collected and statistically analyzed in Guizhou Province, China. Use Excel to summarize and analyze the collected questionnaires. The results found the teaching content could basically meet the needs of students. The satisfaction of primary school students, junior high school students and senior high school students with physical education and health curriculum evaluation was 71.6%, 68.4% and 63.6%, respectively. Students' satisfaction with the content of physical education and health curriculum in senior high school decreased; both students and teachers believed that all students had the opportunity to participate in sports activities in physical education and health classes, but the time for skill learning and physical training in PE classes in primary and secondary schools was less than 20 minutes. The intensity of classroom exercise in 60% of primary and secondary schools was less than 75%. 94.1% of teachers control exercise load according to experience, and only 3.9% of schools use intelligent monitoring devices to monitor. 50.9% of primary and junior high school physical education classes did not meet the required number of class hours. 69.6% of the students were satisfied with the elective items in the physical education courses offered, but their satisfaction with the senior high school dropped to 61.6%. Primary and secondary schools in Guizhou Province should continue to increase the construction and investment of physical education and health curriculum venues, equipment and facilities, and optimize the use and development of existing physical education curriculum resources. Physical education teachers should constantly update teaching concepts, improve teaching methods and improve course teaching ability. Schools and teachers should carry out physical education and health courses according to the requirements of physical Education and Health Curriculum Standards, and actively promote the \"Chinese Health physical Education Curriculum Model\" put forward by JI Liu professor to ensure a certain exercise load and exercise density.","PeriodicalId":73469,"journal":{"name":"International journal of physical activity and health","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67684009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.18122/ijpah.1.2.8.boisestate
Yuanpei Chen, Jingyu Li
In order to raise the international attention and gain more competitive advantages, many Chinese cities are aiming at holding international sport events to promote urban development. However, previous studies indicated that international sport events have attracted international attention for hosting cities, but only stay at theoretical level of interpretation, empirical studies are scarce and needed. Therefore, the major purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of international sport events on urban development from the perspective of cities’ international attention, and to provide new dimensions and ideas for the relationship between sport events and urban development. This study used Google Trends corpus as the data source and used the Google Trends Index to measure five cities’ (Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, Chengdu, Wuhan) international attention in order to analyze the impact of international sport events on hosting cities in China. Through data mining, this study collected weekly data of international attention (time range is from January 1st, 2014 to December 31th, 2018) of five cities and compared with major media events in the corresponding period when highest international attention appeared in each city. Using Pearson Correlation, correlation analysis of international attention (all categories) and international attention (sports categories) of five cities was tested. Valuable information was obtained through the relevant keyword search function of the search volume ranking to provide more comprehensive evidence for the empirical results. There was a significant correlation between the international attention (all categories) and international attention (sports categories) in these five cities, and Nanjing's data were the strongest (P=0.987). Through empirical analysis, the peak time of international attention in Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, Chengdu and Wuhan in recent five years was highly consistent with the major international sport events (Beijing IAAF World Championships, 2015; ATP1000 Shanghai Masters, 2018; Nanjing Summer Youth Olympics, 2014; ATP250 Chengdu Open ,2018; Wuhan Open ,2018), but the effect was negligible as the events ended. International sport events are an important dynamic attraction for hosting cities to gain more international attention, which can produce intense impulsive impact on each city's international attention. The effect of international sport events on hosting city's international attention is relatively short and concentrated, and there is no obvious long term effect. Finally, the international attention of cities has a relatively stable level from a long time perspective.
{"title":"Impact of International Sport Events in Promoting International Attention of Cities","authors":"Yuanpei Chen, Jingyu Li","doi":"10.18122/ijpah.1.2.8.boisestate","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18122/ijpah.1.2.8.boisestate","url":null,"abstract":"In order to raise the international attention and gain more competitive advantages, many Chinese cities are aiming at holding international sport events to promote urban development. However, previous studies indicated that international sport events have attracted international attention for hosting cities, but only stay at theoretical level of interpretation, empirical studies are scarce and needed. Therefore, the major purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of international sport events on urban development from the perspective of cities’ international attention, and to provide new dimensions and ideas for the relationship between sport events and urban development. This study used Google Trends corpus as the data source and used the Google Trends Index to measure five cities’ (Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, Chengdu, Wuhan) international attention in order to analyze the impact of international sport events on hosting cities in China. Through data mining, this study collected weekly data of international attention (time range is from January 1st, 2014 to December 31th, 2018) of five cities and compared with major media events in the corresponding period when highest international attention appeared in each city. Using Pearson Correlation, correlation analysis of international attention (all categories) and international attention (sports categories) of five cities was tested. Valuable information was obtained through the relevant keyword search function of the search volume ranking to provide more comprehensive evidence for the empirical results. There was a significant correlation between the international attention (all categories) and international attention (sports categories) in these five cities, and Nanjing's data were the strongest (P=0.987). Through empirical analysis, the peak time of international attention in Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, Chengdu and Wuhan in recent five years was highly consistent with the major international sport events (Beijing IAAF World Championships, 2015; ATP1000 Shanghai Masters, 2018; Nanjing Summer Youth Olympics, 2014; ATP250 Chengdu Open ,2018; Wuhan Open ,2018), but the effect was negligible as the events ended. International sport events are an important dynamic attraction for hosting cities to gain more international attention, which can produce intense impulsive impact on each city's international attention. The effect of international sport events on hosting city's international attention is relatively short and concentrated, and there is no obvious long term effect. Finally, the international attention of cities has a relatively stable level from a long time perspective.","PeriodicalId":73469,"journal":{"name":"International journal of physical activity and health","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67684040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}