In this study, protein oxidation and subsequent changes were evaluated during the long-term frozen storage of chicken meat cuts. Boneless and skinless chicken breast and thigh meat cuts were packaged, frozen, and stored at −18 °C for 6 months, whereas physicochemical analysis and electrophoretic protein profile were evaluated every 1 month. In breast and thigh meats, carbonyl content was noted to increase, whereas sulphydryl content decreased during frozen storage (p<0.05). A significant decrease in protein solubility and water holding capacity (p<0.05) was also determined due to denaturation and aggregation of proteins as a result of protein oxidation. Myofibrillar proteins, particularly myosin heavy chain, were identified to be more susceptible to oxidation although no notable changes were determined in sarcoplasmic protein pattern. In general, significant proteolytic changes were particularly noted from the third month of storage onward. This could be a useful finding in order to make a decision for shelf life and thus minimize undesirable quality changes in chicken meats. Additionally, strong correlations were noted between the examined quality parameters.
{"title":"Protein oxidation and subsequent changes in chicken breast and thigh meats during long-term frozen storage","authors":"Eda Demirok Soncu","doi":"10.23986/afsci.97338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.97338","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, protein oxidation and subsequent changes were evaluated during the long-term frozen storage of chicken meat cuts. Boneless and skinless chicken breast and thigh meat cuts were packaged, frozen, and stored at −18 °C for 6 months, whereas physicochemical analysis and electrophoretic protein profile were evaluated every 1 month. In breast and thigh meats, carbonyl content was noted to increase, whereas sulphydryl content decreased during frozen storage (p<0.05). A significant decrease in protein solubility and water holding capacity (p<0.05) was also determined due to denaturation and aggregation of proteins as a result of protein oxidation. Myofibrillar proteins, particularly myosin heavy chain, were identified to be more susceptible to oxidation although no notable changes were determined in sarcoplasmic protein pattern. In general, significant proteolytic changes were particularly noted from the third month of storage onward. This could be a useful finding in order to make a decision for shelf life and thus minimize undesirable quality changes in chicken meats. Additionally, strong correlations were noted between the examined quality parameters.","PeriodicalId":7393,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Food Science","volume":"3 1","pages":"505-514"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75532807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Stenberg, A. Karlsson, Camilla Öghren, K. A. Segerkvist
This study evaluated the effects of different lamb production systems on live weight gain (LWG), carcass quality and meat quality. Four production systems for weaned intact male lambs were examined: indoor feeding with grass silage and concentrate (group 1), grazing on cultivated pasture with (group 2) or without (group 3) concentrate, and grazing on semi-natural pasture (group 4). Live weight, carcass weight, dressing percentage, carcass conformation, fatness and pH decline were recorded at slaughter, and M. longissimus thoracis et lumborum was analysed for colour, thawing and cooking loss, pH after 24 hours and 6 days, and Warner-Bratzler shear force. LWG was strongly affected by production system, being highest for group 1 and lowest for group 4 (p<0.001). Group 4 had the lowest conformation (p=0.002) and fat scores (p<0.001). Hence, production system affected age at slaughter, live weight gain, weight at slaughter, carcass conformation and fatness scores, but caused no differences in meat quality attributes in intact male lambs.
{"title":"Carcass characteristics and meat quality attributes in lambs reared indoors, on cultivated pasture, or on semi-natural pasture","authors":"E. Stenberg, A. Karlsson, Camilla Öghren, K. A. Segerkvist","doi":"10.23986/afsci.91706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.91706","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluated the effects of different lamb production systems on live weight gain (LWG), carcass quality and meat quality. Four production systems for weaned intact male lambs were examined: indoor feeding with grass silage and concentrate (group 1), grazing on cultivated pasture with (group 2) or without (group 3) concentrate, and grazing on semi-natural pasture (group 4). Live weight, carcass weight, dressing percentage, carcass conformation, fatness and pH decline were recorded at slaughter, and M. longissimus thoracis et lumborum was analysed for colour, thawing and cooking loss, pH after 24 hours and 6 days, and Warner-Bratzler shear force. LWG was strongly affected by production system, being highest for group 1 and lowest for group 4 (p<0.001). Group 4 had the lowest conformation (p=0.002) and fat scores (p<0.001). Hence, production system affected age at slaughter, live weight gain, weight at slaughter, carcass conformation and fatness scores, but caused no differences in meat quality attributes in intact male lambs.","PeriodicalId":7393,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Food Science","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88147064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Persson, W. Szulc, B. Rutkowska, M. Höglind, H. M. Hanslin, A. Sæbø
Organic amendments can improve grassland productivity. Timothy and tall fescue were sown on a sandy loam and a coarse sand at Særheim, Norway, in September 2016 and on a loamy sand at Skierniewice, Poland, in April 2017, and cut and fertilised according to normal practices for the two regions from 2017 to 2019. At both sites, 0.75 kg DM m-2 of either digested or undigested manure (the latter with or without 2.9 kg biochar m-2) were incorporated prior to sowing. On the coarse sand at Særheim, total seasonal tall fescue yield in 2018 was 46–60% higher in the organic amendment treatments, and total seasonal timothy yield in the digestate treatment was 97% higher, than in the control treatment for the same species with only mineral fertiliser. On the sandy loam at Særheim and the loamy sand at Skierniewice, none of the amendments resulted in significant yield increments. These results indicate a clear effect on soil type on grassland biomass response to organic amendments.
有机改良剂能提高草地生产力。2016年9月，在挪威Særheim的沙质壤土和粗砂上播种蒂莫西和高羊茅，2017年4月在波兰Skierniewice的壤土上播种，并根据2017年至2019年两个地区的正常做法进行切割和施肥。在这两个地点，播种前施用0.75 kg DM -2消化或未消化的粪便(后者含或不含2.9 kg生物炭m-2)。在粗砂年代ærheim,季节性高羊茅总收益率在2018年46 -有机修正案治疗高60%,产量和总季节性盖digestate治疗高97%,比控制治疗相同的物种只有矿物肥料。在Særheim的砂质壤土和Skierniewice的壤土上，没有任何一种改良措施能显著提高产量。这些结果表明，土壤类型对草地生物量对有机修正的响应有明显影响。
{"title":"Impacts of organic soil amendments on forage grass production under different soil conditions","authors":"T. Persson, W. Szulc, B. Rutkowska, M. Höglind, H. M. Hanslin, A. Sæbø","doi":"10.23986/afsci.95778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.95778","url":null,"abstract":"Organic amendments can improve grassland productivity. Timothy and tall fescue were sown on a sandy loam and a coarse sand at Særheim, Norway, in September 2016 and on a loamy sand at Skierniewice, Poland, in April 2017, and cut and fertilised according to normal practices for the two regions from 2017 to 2019. At both sites, 0.75 kg DM m-2 of either digested or undigested manure (the latter with or without 2.9 kg biochar m-2) were incorporated prior to sowing. On the coarse sand at Særheim, total seasonal tall fescue yield in 2018 was 46–60% higher in the organic amendment treatments, and total seasonal timothy yield in the digestate treatment was 97% higher, than in the control treatment for the same species with only mineral fertiliser. On the sandy loam at Særheim and the loamy sand at Skierniewice, none of the amendments resulted in significant yield increments. These results indicate a clear effect on soil type on grassland biomass response to organic amendments.","PeriodicalId":7393,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Food Science","volume":"4 1","pages":"482-493"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90496200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-23DOI: 10.20469/ijhss.6.20004-6
Shivneil Kumar Raj, Navjeet. Singh
McDonald’s Corporation is one of the largest fast-food industries in the world. McDonald’s has always been successful through its franchising model and continuous innovation in its business strategies. This researched case study paper aims to highlight various strategies used by McDonald’s to drive success including the application of Michael Porters Dynamic Theory of Strategy and Five forces model and develop a sustainable balanced scorecard for McDonald’s Corporation. The methodology used is an archival analysis and use of published secondary resources. The findings indicate that if McDonald’s wants to continue through the path of success, they need to be changing their core values, strategies to keep up with the pace in changing global demands and complex business environments.
{"title":"Strategizing of Fast Food Industries using A Balanced Scorecard Approach: A Case Study of McDonald’s Corporation","authors":"Shivneil Kumar Raj, Navjeet. Singh","doi":"10.20469/ijhss.6.20004-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20469/ijhss.6.20004-6","url":null,"abstract":"McDonald’s Corporation is one of the largest fast-food industries in the world. McDonald’s has always been successful through its franchising model and continuous innovation in its business strategies. This researched case study paper aims to highlight various strategies used by McDonald’s to drive success including the application of Michael Porters Dynamic Theory of Strategy and Five forces model and develop a sustainable balanced scorecard for McDonald’s Corporation. The methodology used is an archival analysis and use of published secondary resources. The findings indicate that if McDonald’s wants to continue through the path of success, they need to be changing their core values, strategies to keep up with the pace in changing global demands and complex business environments.<br>","PeriodicalId":7393,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Food Science","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83938600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-16DOI: 10.15587/1729-4061.2020.217159
G. Golub, M. Trehub, A. Holubenko, N. Tsyvenkova, V. Chuba, M. Tereshchuk
One of the issues related to the fermentation of substrates made from biological raw materials in drum-type reactors is the difficulty of ensuring uniform mixing of their components, which adversely affects the quality of the compost produced. Uniform mixing is achieved if the components of the material are fully dispersed at the free surface of the substrate segment. It was established that in order to fully disperse the particles of the substrate by a descending flow, it is necessary that the particles, which last fall from the blade, should reach the contact point of the drum’s shell and the free surface of the substrate. To describe the established conditions, a mathematical model has been built, which links the equation of the boundary of the blockage of substrate particles in the drum and their fall along a parabolic trajectory. The equations are given to determine the kinematic parameters of the mixing process, provided that the substrate particles are dispersed in the transverse and longitude cross-sections of the drum. The result of solving the differential equations is the equation of the linear speed of particle movement on the curved surface of the drum blade at which their full dispersal at the free surface of the substrate segment is achieved. In order to conduct this research, an experimental drum reactor was designed and manufactured. It was experimentally determined at which humidity values of the substrate and the angular velocity of the reactor drum the uniformity of the distribution of components in the substrate reaches maximum values while the resulting compost meets the acting requirements in terms of microbiological indicators. The adequacy of the mathematical model to the experimental data has been confirmed. The reported results are important because knowing the physicochemical properties of the substrate makes it possible to set such parameters of the process and equipment at which the high uniformity of mixing of substrate components is ensured, which affects the compost quality
{"title":"Determining of the Influence of Reactor Parameters on the Uniformity of Mixing Substrate Components","authors":"G. Golub, M. Trehub, A. Holubenko, N. Tsyvenkova, V. Chuba, M. Tereshchuk","doi":"10.15587/1729-4061.2020.217159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2020.217159","url":null,"abstract":"One of the issues related to the fermentation of substrates made from biological raw materials in drum-type reactors is the difficulty of ensuring uniform mixing of their components, which adversely affects the quality of the compost produced. Uniform mixing is achieved if the components of the material are fully dispersed at the free surface of the substrate segment. It was established that in order to fully disperse the particles of the substrate by a descending flow, it is necessary that the particles, which last fall from the blade, should reach the contact point of the drum’s shell and the free surface of the substrate. To describe the established conditions, a mathematical model has been built, which links the equation of the boundary of the blockage of substrate particles in the drum and their fall along a parabolic trajectory. The equations are given to determine the kinematic parameters of the mixing process, provided that the substrate particles are dispersed in the transverse and longitude cross-sections of the drum. The result of solving the differential equations is the equation of the linear speed of particle movement on the curved surface of the drum blade at which their full dispersal at the free surface of the substrate segment is achieved. In order to conduct this research, an experimental drum reactor was designed and manufactured. It was experimentally determined at which humidity values of the substrate and the angular velocity of the reactor drum the uniformity of the distribution of components in the substrate reaches maximum values while the resulting compost meets the acting requirements in terms of microbiological indicators. The adequacy of the mathematical model to the experimental data has been confirmed. The reported results are important because knowing the physicochemical properties of the substrate makes it possible to set such parameters of the process and equipment at which the high uniformity of mixing of substrate components is ensured, which affects the compost quality","PeriodicalId":7393,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Food Science","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84895363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-30DOI: 10.15587/1729-4061.2020.213365
G. Deinychenko, T. Lystopad, A. Novik, Line Chernushenko, A. Farisieiev, Y. Matsuk, T. Kolisnychenko
This paper has substantiated the possibility of using an IR spectroscopy method to study patterns in the chemical composition of wild and cultivated raw materials with the addition of algae as iodine-containing supplements. It has been found that the IR spectra of sauces based on the mashed blueberry and sea buckthorn or cranberry with or without algae demonstrate a set of absorption bands attributed to the respective types of oscillations. The valence fluctuations in the hydroxyl groups in the molecules of organic acids, carbohydrates, flavonoids are observed at 3,365 cm -1 to 3,400 cm -1 ν(ОН). The bands of valence and deformation fluctuations of the ‒CH double bond of polyunsaturated fatty acids manifest themselves in the range of 3,005 cm -1 and722 cm -1 . The bands of 2,925 cm -1 , 2,855 cm -1 belong to the asymmetric and symmetric valence oscillations of the n(С–Н) carbon skeleton in -CH 2 -. The presence of the carboxylic, amino-, and fatty acids is indicated by the following absorption bands: 1,746 cm -1 ‒ ν (C=O) valence fluctuations in the protonated carboxyl group ‒COOH; 1,545 cm –1 ‒ ν as (C=O; 1,415 cm –1 ‒ ν s (C=O) ‒ the asymmetric and symmetric valence fluctuations of the СОО - groups; and 1,240 cm –1 ‒ the valence fluctuations of ν(C‒O). The presence of flavonoids is confirmed by the presence of bands at 1,380 cm -1 and 1,050 cm -1 ‒ the deformation δ(O‒H) and symmetrical fluctuations of O‒H groups. The fluctuations of pyranose cycles of pectins are manifested in the range of 1,163 cm – 1 . It is noted that the composition of berry raw materials and sauces include polyunsaturated fatty acids, anthocyanins, flavonoids, organic acids, and pectin substances. An analysis of the IR spectra of berry sauce samples with the addition of algae has shown that the use of these additives in sauce technologies ensures a significant increase in the content of the physiological and functional ingredients and improves the hydrophobic properties of the raw materials
本文证实了用红外光谱法研究添加藻类作为含碘补剂的野生和栽培原料的化学组成规律的可能性。研究发现，以蓝莓和沙棘或蔓越莓泥为原料，添加或不添加藻类的酱料的红外光谱显示出一组属于各自振荡类型的吸收带。有机酸、碳水化合物、类黄酮分子中羟基的价涨落在3,365 cm -1至3,400 cm -1 ν处(ОН)。多不饱和脂肪酸-CH双键的价态谱带和变形波动谱带主要出现在3005 cm -1和722 cm -1范围内。2,925 cm -1和2,855 cm -1波段属于- ch2 -中n(С -Н)碳骨架的不对称和对称价振荡。羧酸、氨基酸和脂肪酸的存在由以下吸收带表示:质子化羧基- cooh的1746 cm -1 ν (C=O)价波动;- 1 - ν as (C=O;1415 cm - 1 - ν s (C=O) - СОО -基团的不对称和对称价涨落;和1,240 cm - 1 - ν(C-O)的价涨落。黄酮类化合物的存在通过在1,380 cm -1和1,050 cm -1处的形变δ(O-H)和O-H基团的对称波动得到证实。果胶的吡喃糖循环在1163 cm - 1范围内表现出波动。值得注意的是，浆果原料和酱料的组成包括多不饱和脂肪酸、花青素、类黄酮、有机酸和果胶物质。对添加藻类的浆果酱样品的红外光谱分析表明，在酱料技术中使用这些添加剂可以确保生理和功能成分的含量显著增加，并改善原料的疏水性
{"title":"Determining the Content of Macronutrients in Berry Sauces Using a Method of IR-Spectroscopy","authors":"G. Deinychenko, T. Lystopad, A. Novik, Line Chernushenko, A. Farisieiev, Y. Matsuk, T. Kolisnychenko","doi":"10.15587/1729-4061.2020.213365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2020.213365","url":null,"abstract":"This paper has substantiated the possibility of using an IR spectroscopy method to study patterns in the chemical composition of wild and cultivated raw materials with the addition of algae as iodine-containing supplements. It has been found that the IR spectra of sauces based on the mashed blueberry and sea buckthorn or cranberry with or without algae demonstrate a set of absorption bands attributed to the respective types of oscillations. The valence fluctuations in the hydroxyl groups in the molecules of organic acids, carbohydrates, flavonoids are observed at 3,365 cm -1 to 3,400 cm -1 ν(ОН). The bands of valence and deformation fluctuations of the ‒CH double bond of polyunsaturated fatty acids manifest themselves in the range of 3,005 cm -1 and722 cm -1 . The bands of 2,925 cm -1 , 2,855 cm -1 belong to the asymmetric and symmetric valence oscillations of the n(С–Н) carbon skeleton in -CH 2 -. The presence of the carboxylic, amino-, and fatty acids is indicated by the following absorption bands: 1,746 cm -1 ‒ ν (C=O) valence fluctuations in the protonated carboxyl group ‒COOH; 1,545 cm –1 ‒ ν as (C=O; 1,415 cm –1 ‒ ν s (C=O) ‒ the asymmetric and symmetric valence fluctuations of the СОО - groups; and 1,240 cm –1 ‒ the valence fluctuations of ν(C‒O). The presence of flavonoids is confirmed by the presence of bands at 1,380 cm -1 and 1,050 cm -1 ‒ the deformation δ(O‒H) and symmetrical fluctuations of O‒H groups. The fluctuations of pyranose cycles of pectins are manifested in the range of 1,163 cm – 1 . It is noted that the composition of berry raw materials and sauces include polyunsaturated fatty acids, anthocyanins, flavonoids, organic acids, and pectin substances. An analysis of the IR spectra of berry sauce samples with the addition of algae has shown that the use of these additives in sauce technologies ensures a significant increase in the content of the physiological and functional ingredients and improves the hydrophobic properties of the raw materials","PeriodicalId":7393,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Food Science","volume":"206 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85076387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 2008, an unknown author publishing under the name Satoshi Nakamoto released a white paper describing Bitcoin, a peer-to-peer version of electronic cash, and the corresponding software that facilitates online payments directly between counterparties without the need for a financial intermediary. In the decade that has followed, Bitcoin and countless other open-source, decentralised protocols inspired by Bitcoin (for example, Ethereum) have come to represent a $300 billion-plus market of alternative assets, commonly referred to as “digital assets”, which are typically traded over the internet using online exchange platforms.
The digital asset market extends beyond the assets themselves. Other participants, including online exchanges, payment processors and mining companies, compose the broader digital asset industry. And as this industry continues to grow, it has captured the attention of retail and institutional investors alike, including asset managers seeking to develop investment strategies and products involving these emerging assets and companies. Some strategies resemble early-stage growth strategies, featuring long-term investments either directly in certain digital assets or in start-up ventures developing complementary goods and services for the industry.
Other strategies include hedge fund strategies, such as long/short funds, which often use derivatives, or arbitrage strategies, which seek to capitalise on the price fragmentation across the hundreds of global online exchanges. Additionally, during periods of weak or middling performance in the cryptocurrency markets – for example, during the so-called “crypto winter” of 2018–19 – fund managers began experimenting with novel revenue-generation strategies, such as staking cryptocurrencies, adopting credit fund-type strategies (e.g., distressed debt), engaging in market-making and executing venture capital investments.
This chapter outlines the current U.S. regulatory and tax framework applicable to cryptocurrency and other digital asset investment funds offered to U.S. investors and how those regulatory and tax considerations affect fund-structuring decisions.
{"title":"Cryptocurrency and Other Digital Assets for U.S. Investors (2021 ed.)","authors":"Trevor Kiviat","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3813376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3813376","url":null,"abstract":"In 2008, an unknown author publishing under the name Satoshi Nakamoto released a white paper describing Bitcoin, a peer-to-peer version of electronic cash, and the corresponding software that facilitates online payments directly between counterparties without the need for a financial intermediary. In the decade that has followed, Bitcoin and countless other open-source, decentralised protocols inspired by Bitcoin (for example, Ethereum) have come to represent a $300 billion-plus market of alternative assets, commonly referred to as “digital assets”, which are typically traded over the internet using online exchange platforms.<br><br>The digital asset market extends beyond the assets themselves. Other participants, including online exchanges, payment processors and mining companies, compose the broader digital asset industry. And as this industry continues to grow, it has captured the attention of retail and institutional investors alike, including asset managers seeking to develop investment strategies and products involving these emerging assets and companies. Some strategies resemble early-stage growth strategies, featuring long-term investments either directly in certain digital assets or in start-up ventures developing complementary goods and services for the industry.<br><br>Other strategies include hedge fund strategies, such as long/short funds, which often use derivatives, or arbitrage strategies, which seek to capitalise on the price fragmentation across the hundreds of global online exchanges. Additionally, during periods of weak or middling performance in the cryptocurrency markets – for example, during the so-called “crypto winter” of 2018–19 – fund managers began experimenting with novel revenue-generation strategies, such as staking cryptocurrencies, adopting credit fund-type strategies (e.g., distressed debt), engaging in market-making and executing venture capital investments.<br><br>This chapter outlines the current U.S. regulatory and tax framework applicable to<br>cryptocurrency and other digital asset investment funds offered to U.S.<br>investors and how those regulatory and tax considerations affect fund-structuring decisions.","PeriodicalId":7393,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Food Science","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85237039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-23DOI: 10.15587/1729-4061.2020.213968
S. Korniievych, V. Zhelezny, O. Khliyeva, Mykola Shymchuk, N. Volgusheva
The optimal choice of compressor oil and the use of nanoparticles as additives are a promising way to improve the efficiency of vapor compression refrigeration systems. The main barrier for the practical implementation of this approach in the industry is the impossibility of the theoretical prediction of the expected effects on the performance parameters of the refrigeration system. Experimental data for the cooling capacity, compressor power consumption and coefficient of performance (COP) during operation of the experimental setup (refrigeration system with Embraco Aspera EMT6152U compressor) have been obtained. R290 refrigerant and four different compressor oils (RENISO SP46 alkylbenzene oil with the viscosity of 46 mm 2 ·s -1 at 40 °С, and the same oil containing 0.223·10 -4 kg·kg -1 of fullerene C 60 , ProEco® RF22S polyester oil with the viscosity of 22.26 mm 2 ·s -1 at 40 °С and the same oil containing 6.837·10 -4 kg·kg -1 of fullerene C 60 ) have been used. The experiment was performed at the refrigerant condensing temperature of 318.5±1.0 K and in the evaporating temperature range of 252…271 K. When using the two pure oils, the compressor power varied by 2...3 %. The effect of the presence of fullerene C 60 on the compressor power was different for different oils. The use of a more viscous oil, as well as the presence of fullerene C 60 in the oil, leads to an increase in cooling capacity. The application of the less viscous oil ProEco® RF22S contributes to an increase in COP (up to 20 %) at the evaporating temperatures near 270 K and has no effect on the COP at low temperatures in comparison with RENISO SP46 oil. The presence of fullerene C 60 in both oils contributes to an increase in COP up to 15...20 % in the whole range of the studied evaporating temperatures. Therefore, the expediency of adding the fullerene C 60 into compressor oils in order to increase the energy efficiency of the vapor compression refrigeration system without its modernization has been confirmed
{"title":"A Study of the Influence of the Fullerene C 60 Additives in Compressor Oils of Various Viscosities on the Refrigerator Performance Parameters","authors":"S. Korniievych, V. Zhelezny, O. Khliyeva, Mykola Shymchuk, N. Volgusheva","doi":"10.15587/1729-4061.2020.213968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2020.213968","url":null,"abstract":"The optimal choice of compressor oil and the use of nanoparticles as additives are a promising way to improve the efficiency of vapor compression refrigeration systems. The main barrier for the practical implementation of this approach in the industry is the impossibility of the theoretical prediction of the expected effects on the performance parameters of the refrigeration system. Experimental data for the cooling capacity, compressor power consumption and coefficient of performance (COP) during operation of the experimental setup (refrigeration system with Embraco Aspera EMT6152U compressor) have been obtained. R290 refrigerant and four different compressor oils (RENISO SP46 alkylbenzene oil with the viscosity of 46 mm 2 ·s -1 at 40 °С, and the same oil containing 0.223·10 -4 kg·kg -1 of fullerene C 60 , ProEco® RF22S polyester oil with the viscosity of 22.26 mm 2 ·s -1 at 40 °С and the same oil containing 6.837·10 -4 kg·kg -1 of fullerene C 60 ) have been used. The experiment was performed at the refrigerant condensing temperature of 318.5±1.0 K and in the evaporating temperature range of 252…271 K. When using the two pure oils, the compressor power varied by 2...3 %. The effect of the presence of fullerene C 60 on the compressor power was different for different oils. The use of a more viscous oil, as well as the presence of fullerene C 60 in the oil, leads to an increase in cooling capacity. The application of the less viscous oil ProEco® RF22S contributes to an increase in COP (up to 20 %) at the evaporating temperatures near 270 K and has no effect on the COP at low temperatures in comparison with RENISO SP46 oil. The presence of fullerene C 60 in both oils contributes to an increase in COP up to 15...20 % in the whole range of the studied evaporating temperatures. Therefore, the expediency of adding the fullerene C 60 into compressor oils in order to increase the energy efficiency of the vapor compression refrigeration system without its modernization has been confirmed","PeriodicalId":7393,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Food Science","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84187912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-13DOI: 10.15587/1729-4061.2020.212517
V. Pastukhov, V. Boĭko, H. Tesliuk, Vasyl Ulexin, R. Kyrychenko
One of the most responsible operations in the cultivation of vegetables includes seeding. Its timing and quality largely determine the quality of sprouts, yield and crop morbidity. The emergence of sprouts can be accelerated and their uniformity can be improved by using hydraulic seeding of germinated seeds. The operation of hydraulic seeders can be divided into main stages: agitation of seeds in a liquid, selection, and dosage of seeds, seeding in the seedbed. The process of seed agitation in a liquid, that is, obtaining a fluidized bed with required seed concentration in the intake chamber of the hydropneumatic precision seeder was considered. The process of seed agitation in the liquid is performed in different ways: bubbling or the use of mechanical stirrers. Each of them requires the use of energy-intensive actuators. A method of seed agitation in a liquid was proposed. It makes it possible to reduce energy consumption by means of agitation, not the entire volume but just the part that is in the zone of seed intake to the seed duct. According to the results of theoretical studies, it has been established that to ensure reliable and accurate seeding, the seed concentration should be in the range of 0.2–0.65 pcs/ml. Under such conditions, the charging process takes place without clogging the seed duct and at an acceptable speed of the seeder. The main factors influencing the formation of a set seed concentration were established: seed diameter, the height of the fluidized bed, flow speed in the intake chamber, the angle between walls of the intake chamber, fluid flow rate. According to the results of theoretical studies of the process of formation of a set seed concentration, limits of existence of the fluidized bed (h 2 =0.014 m, h 1 =0.07 m) and height of the seed duct (h H ≈0.015–0.02 m) which will ensure reliable and prompt taking of seeds from the intake chamber for their further dosage and seeding. The main provisions of theoretical studies of the agitation process and formation of a set seed concentration were confirmed by experimental studies in a laboratory
在蔬菜种植中最负责任的操作之一就是播种。它的时机和质量在很大程度上决定了芽的质量、产量和作物发病率。发芽种子采用水力播种法可加快发芽，提高芽的均匀性。液压播种机的操作可分为几个主要阶段:在液体中搅拌种子，选择和给药种子，在苗床上播种。考虑了种子在液体中的搅拌过程，即在液压气动精密播种机的进气室中获得符合要求的种子浓度的流化床。种子在液体中搅拌的过程以不同的方式进行:鼓泡或使用机械搅拌器。每一个都需要使用能源密集型的执行器。提出了一种在液体中搅拌种子的方法。它可以通过搅拌的方式来减少能量消耗，而不是整个体积，而只是在种子进入到种子管道的区域的一部分。根据理论研究结果，确定为保证播种可靠、准确，种子浓度应在0.2 ~ 0.65 pcs/ml范围内。在这样的条件下，装药过程在不堵塞种子管道的情况下进行，并且以播种机可接受的速度进行。确定了影响固定种子浓度形成的主要因素:种子直径、流化床高度、进气室流速、进气室壁间夹角、流体流量。根据既定种子浓度形成过程的理论研究结果，流化床的存在极限(h 2 =0.014 m, h 1 =0.07 m)和种子管道的高度(h h≈0.015-0.02 m)将确保可靠和迅速地从进气室取出种子进行进一步的加药和播种。通过实验室的实验研究，证实了搅拌过程和固定种子浓度形成的理论研究的主要规定
{"title":"Study of Seed Agitation in the Fluid of a Hydropneumatic Precision Seeder","authors":"V. Pastukhov, V. Boĭko, H. Tesliuk, Vasyl Ulexin, R. Kyrychenko","doi":"10.15587/1729-4061.2020.212517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2020.212517","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most responsible operations in the cultivation of vegetables includes seeding. Its timing and quality largely determine the quality of sprouts, yield and crop morbidity. The emergence of sprouts can be accelerated and their uniformity can be improved by using hydraulic seeding of germinated seeds. The operation of hydraulic seeders can be divided into main stages: agitation of seeds in a liquid, selection, and dosage of seeds, seeding in the seedbed. The process of seed agitation in a liquid, that is, obtaining a fluidized bed with required seed concentration in the intake chamber of the hydropneumatic precision seeder was considered. The process of seed agitation in the liquid is performed in different ways: bubbling or the use of mechanical stirrers. Each of them requires the use of energy-intensive actuators. A method of seed agitation in a liquid was proposed. It makes it possible to reduce energy consumption by means of agitation, not the entire volume but just the part that is in the zone of seed intake to the seed duct. According to the results of theoretical studies, it has been established that to ensure reliable and accurate seeding, the seed concentration should be in the range of 0.2–0.65 pcs/ml. Under such conditions, the charging process takes place without clogging the seed duct and at an acceptable speed of the seeder. The main factors influencing the formation of a set seed concentration were established: seed diameter, the height of the fluidized bed, flow speed in the intake chamber, the angle between walls of the intake chamber, fluid flow rate. According to the results of theoretical studies of the process of formation of a set seed concentration, limits of existence of the fluidized bed (h 2 =0.014 m, h 1 =0.07 m) and height of the seed duct (h H ≈0.015–0.02 m) which will ensure reliable and prompt taking of seeds from the intake chamber for their further dosage and seeding. The main provisions of theoretical studies of the agitation process and formation of a set seed concentration were confirmed by experimental studies in a laboratory","PeriodicalId":7393,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Food Science","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78720352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Effects of biochar addition on litter decomposition rates, nutrient leaching and soil moisture were tested in two boreal agricultural soils; a sandy till and a medium fine sand. Three litter bags were buried in soil basins, which were stored in the dark for 31 and 19 weeks in the sandy till experiment and medium fine sand experiment, respectively. Once per each temperature period, the soil was saturated in order to collect excess water for nutrient analyses. Biochar increased the decomposition rate of N-rich litter but did not affect the decomposition of N-poor litter. PO43--P and NO2--N were released from the biochar to the leached water and thus leaching of PO43--P, NO2--N and total P was increased in the soil with the finer texture. However, biochar retained water after heavy irrigation and leaching of PO43--P and total P was not increased on the coarser soil. Although pure biochar adsorbed NH4+-N from nutrient solutions, NH4+-N leaching from both soil types was generally not affected by biochar. Leaching of nitrate NO3--N and total N was decreased on both soils due to retention by the biochar.
{"title":"Biochar addition affected nutrient leaching and litter decomposition rates in boreal sandy soils","authors":"S. Saarnio, R. Kettunen","doi":"10.23986/AFSCI.89559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23986/AFSCI.89559","url":null,"abstract":"Effects of biochar addition on litter decomposition rates, nutrient leaching and soil moisture were tested in two boreal agricultural soils; a sandy till and a medium fine sand. Three litter bags were buried in soil basins, which were stored in the dark for 31 and 19 weeks in the sandy till experiment and medium fine sand experiment, respectively. Once per each temperature period, the soil was saturated in order to collect excess water for nutrient analyses. Biochar increased the decomposition rate of N-rich litter but did not affect the decomposition of N-poor litter. PO43--P and NO2--N were released from the biochar to the leached water and thus leaching of PO43--P, NO2--N and total P was increased in the soil with the finer texture. However, biochar retained water after heavy irrigation and leaching of PO43--P and total P was not increased on the coarser soil. Although pure biochar adsorbed NH4+-N from nutrient solutions, NH4+-N leaching from both soil types was generally not affected by biochar. Leaching of nitrate NO3--N and total N was decreased on both soils due to retention by the biochar.","PeriodicalId":7393,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Food Science","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87770100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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