PEC innovation最新文献

{"title":"The acceptability, adoption and feasibility of mobile health interventions for diabetes and hypertension care among Ghanaian healthcare workers","authors":"Pearl Aovare ,&nbsp;Erik Beune ,&nbsp;Felix P. Chilunga ,&nbsp;Nicolas Moens ,&nbsp;Eric P. Moll van Charante ,&nbsp;Charles Agyemang","doi":"10.1016/j.pecinn.2026.100456","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pecinn.2026.100456","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The study explored healthcare workers' experiences using the AfyaPro Connected Care app and identified key enablers and barriers to its adoption for diabetes and hypertension care in Ghana. The study applied the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to examine how perceptions of usefulness and ease of use of the app influence adoption and to address the gap in evidence on mHealth uptake by frontline providers in low- and middle-income country (LMIC) health systems.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A qualitative study was conducted with 20 healthcare workers from two healthcare facilities. Semi-structured interviews, guided by the TAM, explored perceptions of the app's usefulness, ease of use, and behavioral intention. The framework was appropriate for examining individual and contextual drivers of technology adoption in resource-constrained healthcare settings. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Participants reported positive experiences with the app, noting reduced administrative burden, workflow integration, stronger patient-provider interaction and improved continuity of follow-up. The app enhanced access to specialist care, supported self-monitoring of blood pressure and glucose, and boosted confidence through its intuitive design and structured training. However, challenges persisted, including unstable power and internet connectivity, increased data entry workload, limited patient access and digital literacy, and restricted roles for junior staff. Participants recommended clearer roles, regular supervision, refresher training, and decision-support tools to improve sustainability and equitable adoption.</div></div><div><h3>Innovation</h3><div>This study adopts a user-centered and context-sensitive approach based on provider experiences. It shows how mHealth tools can be fitted into Ghana's healthcare system, where challenges like limited infrastructure and digital literacy affect use. Innovation is seen as adapting tools and systems through digital literacy training, decision-support in provider workflows, and blended care models, helping to build a fairer and more sustainable health system.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Healthcare workers found the mHealth app feasible and acceptable. The findings highlight the potential of digital tools to improve chronic disease care in resource-limited settings. The study demonstrates how contextual factors in LMIC settings reshape key TAM constructs, with clear implications for mHealth policy, scale-up strategies, and refinement of technology adoption theory.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":74407,"journal":{"name":"PEC innovation","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100456"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Piloting short empathetic refutational interview modules in clinical training: Two UK studies","authors":"Dawn Holford ,&nbsp;Emma C. Anderson ,&nbsp;Harriet Fisher ,&nbsp;Virginia C. Gould ,&nbsp;Frederike Taubert ,&nbsp;Linda C. Karlsson ,&nbsp;Stephan Lewandowsky","doi":"10.1016/j.pecinn.2026.100455","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pecinn.2026.100455","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Our objective was to introduce training in the Empathetic Refutational Interview (ERI), a novel framework for improving vaccine conversations and addressing vaccine misconceptions, as continuing medical education to improve HCPs' vaccine communication confidence.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We introduced a short-form (60–90 min) ERI training module in two different UK clinical training settings: within a full-length immunisation training day (compared with a control communication module of the same length; Study 1) and as a stand-alone session (Study 2). We conducted a mixed-methods evaluation of training impact on participants' vaccine communication confidence.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Participants were HCPs who attended the training (Study 1: <em>n</em> = 61; Study 2: <em>n</em> = 98). Participants significantly improved their vaccine conversations after training. Control group participants described improved knowledge of information sources as supporting their confidence, while ERI group participants described improved communication skills and techniques. Participants reported that the ERI provided a conversation structure.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Short training modules can improve HCPs' confidence in vaccine communication.</div></div><div><h3>Innovation</h3><div>Our research applied an innovative new framework for vaccine communication training and produced novel insight on how this evidence-based communication structure helps HCPs gain awareness of effective vaccine communication skills, not just knowledge around signposting patients to information.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":74407,"journal":{"name":"PEC innovation","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100455"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145976754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and validation of a questionnaire to assess primary health professional's knowledge of weight management counseling of adolescents in Indonesia","authors":"Fransisca Handy Agung ,&nbsp;Rini Sekartini ,&nbsp;Nani Cahyani Sudarsono ,&nbsp;Aryono Hendarto ,&nbsp;Retno Asti Werdhani ,&nbsp;Meita Dhamayanti ,&nbsp;Sri Retno Pudjiati ,&nbsp;Lathifah Hanum ,&nbsp;Khairunisa Mubarokah ,&nbsp;Astrid Setyannisa ,&nbsp;Affan Naufal ,&nbsp;Susan M. Sawyer","doi":"10.1016/j.pecinn.2026.100454","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pecinn.2026.100454","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study set out to develop and validate a measure of primary health professionals' knowledge of counseling for weight management in adolescent patients in Indonesia.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A literature review informed the development of an initial set of items. These were refined following content and face validity testing from expert panels. Item Difficulty Index and Discrimination Index were used to perform item analysis, and reliability (Cronbach α) was tested with 67 primary care practitioners from 30 out of Indonesia's 34 provinces.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>An initial set of 114 questions was identified and arranged within three sections (healthy eating, physical activity, and behavioral change counseling skills). A series of validation processes resulted in 47 items with an acceptable Item Difficulty Index and Discrimination Index (0.2–0.9), and with sound internal consistency (Cronbach α coefficient 0.786).</div></div><div><h3>Innovation</h3><div>This measure lays a foundation to evaluate future interventions to improve health professionals' capacity to address obesity within clinical practice.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The developed questionnaire is a valid and reliable 47-item instrument to measure primary health professionals' knowledge of weight management counseling for adolescent patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":74407,"journal":{"name":"PEC innovation","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100454"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145976750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a multimedia informed consent tool for fixed prosthodontic treatment: A cognitive theory-based approach to enhance patient understanding","authors":"Barbara Ndagire ,&nbsp;Sudeshni Naidoo ,&nbsp;John Barugahare ,&nbsp;Joseph Kibombo Balikuddembe ,&nbsp;Joaniter Nankabirwa ,&nbsp;Annet Nakiggudde ,&nbsp;Jovan Mugerwa ,&nbsp;Margaret Wandera ,&nbsp;Charles Mugisha Rwenyonyi","doi":"10.1016/j.pecinn.2025.100453","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pecinn.2025.100453","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>To develop and test a multimedia informed consent tool for fixed prosthodontic treatment among patients attending Makerere University Dental Hospital. The tool was designed to support verbal dentist-patient discussions, provide standardized treatment information, and enhance patient understanding in a low health literacy context.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The multimedia tool was developed using content-validated informed consent specifications for fixed prosthodontic treatment. Design and development of the tool were guided by principles of the cognitive theory of multimedia learning. The tool was tested among 20 patients to solicit feedback on acceptability and assess their understanding of fixed prosthodontic treatment after viewing it. It was also tested by 12 dentists to determine its acceptability and usability.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The patients had a median age (range), 28.5 (18–52) years, and 65.5 % were male. Dentists had a mean (SD) age of 34.3 (9.67) years, and about one-third (33.3 %) had more than 5 years of work experience. Overall, both groups of participants found the tool to be user-friendly and provided comprehensive information. The majority (85.0 %) of patients had an adequate understanding of fixed prosthodontic treatment after viewing the tool. Suggestions for improvement included making the tool more accessible by placing it online and translating it into local languages.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The multimedia informed consent tool developed using the cognitive theory of learning was user-friendly, offered comprehensive treatment information, and aided patients' understanding of treatment information.</div></div><div><h3>Innovation</h3><div>Using a cognitive theory of learning-grounded development process, the study developed a multimedia informed consent tool to support verbal dentist-patient discussions in a low health literacy context.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":74407,"journal":{"name":"PEC innovation","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100453"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring empathy in OSCEs: A comparison of student, standardized patient, and observer rating tools","authors":"A. Hepner ,&nbsp;B. Cerutti ,&nbsp;R. Lüchinger ,&nbsp;N. Junod Perron","doi":"10.1016/j.pecinn.2025.100452","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pecinn.2025.100452","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aim</h3><div>During objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs), perceived empathy can be rated by medical students, simulated patients (SPs) or external observers. This study aimed to examine how different ratings of medical students' perceived empathy correlate with each other, as well as with measures of behavioral empathy using a standardized coding system.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Voluntary medical students who participated to a formative OSCE self-rated their empathy using a global empathy score. SPs and an external observer rated students' perceived empathy using the Jefferson Scale of Patient's Perceptions of Physician Empathy (JSPPPE-Patient; JSPPE-Observer) and global scores. The Verona Coding System (VR-CoDES) captured patients' emotions and students' responses (verbal empathy). Non-verbal behavior and five sub-behaviors were assessed via an ordinal scale (1–5). Associations were calculated using correlation analyses.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>56 medical students participated. There was no significant association between students' self-perceived empathy and other measures of perceived empathy. Global SPs' and observer's measures of perceived empathy as well as JSPPPE scales correlated with verbal empathy (VR-CoDES) (global ρ =0.27 <em>p</em> &lt; .05; respectively 0.56, <em>p</em> &lt; .01), JSPPPE-P (ρ = 0.34, p &lt; .05), and JSPPPE-O (ρ = 0.41, <em>p</em> &lt; .01). Non-verbal behavior correlated with global scores (SP ρ = 0.39 <em>p</em> &lt; .01; observer ρ = 0.66, p &lt; .01) and verbal empathy (VR-CoDES) (ρ = 0.38, p &lt; .01).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>SPs and observers' ratings of perceived empathy using global scores as well as measurement of non-verbal behavior are valid ways to assess medical students' behavioral empathy.</div></div><div><h3>Innovation</h3><div>Standardized coding systems are useful to assess which measures of medical students' perceived empathy used in OSCEs best correlate with behavioral empathy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":74407,"journal":{"name":"PEC innovation","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100452"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Medical students' perspectives of patient-centered communication skills training during clinical education: A longitudinal mixed-methods survey study","authors":"Anna M. Kerr ,&nbsp;Mackenzie Atwell ,&nbsp;Samantha Galiffo ,&nbsp;Andrew Fernandez ,&nbsp;Charee M. Thompson","doi":"10.1016/j.pecinn.2025.100451","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pecinn.2025.100451","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Using repeated measures, we examined third-year medical students' perceptions of communication skills training (CST) during clinical rotations, focusing on dimensions of patient-centered communication most salient in each subspecialty.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>273 third-year students at a large Midwestern medical school completed a four-phase longitudinal mixed-methods survey.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>By the end of their third year, students reported more confidence in their communication skills, particularly question asking and answering. They reported the most direct communication with patients and the most communication training satisfaction during emergency medicine, primary care, and family medicine rotations. These evaluations were lowest during general surgery rotations. <em>Fostering healing relationships</em> and <em>exchanging information</em> were considered the most salient dimensions of patient-centered communication, particularly during primary care rotations. Conversely, during surgical rotations, time management and efficiency were heavily reinforced. Unsuccessful interactions with patients were often attributed to incompatible goals, expectancy violations, unpredictable interactions, and time constraints.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Students would benefit from CST related to advanced patient-centered communication skills such as adapting to challenging interactions and remaining patient-centered within clinical time constraints. Future research can use these results to develop communication curricula that is discipline-specific, focuses on multiple dimensions of patient-centered communication, and reinforces the behaviors most salient during students' current or upcoming clinical tasks.</div></div><div><h3>Innovation</h3><div>This study extends previous work by focusing on student-centered and discipline-specific aspects of CST. Centering the behaviors students consider most relevant is a novel approach to medical education that can increase students' attitudes toward the value of communication skills training, make them more confident, and improve care for their future patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":74407,"journal":{"name":"PEC innovation","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100451"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metaphors in cancer care: Cultural insights from Spanish and Mexican physician–patient interactions","authors":"Dalia Magaña","doi":"10.1016/j.pecinn.2025.100449","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pecinn.2025.100449","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This qualitative study examines the use of metaphors in Spanish-language oncology consultations, highlighting differences between Mexican Spanish and peninsular Spanish and exploring how metaphor use varies between physicians and patients.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Metaphors are common across languages and offer insight into how people conceptualize illness, treatment, and emotional experience. This study analyzed 50 audio-recorded, real-time oncology consultations—25 from Mexico and 25 from Spain—drawn from a corpus of naturally occurring physician–patient interactions. Using the Metaphor Identification Procedure, we systematically coded cancer-related metaphors, such as referring to treatment as a “path” or medication as something that “fights” the disease.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Patients use slightly more metaphorical expressions than their physicians. Journey metaphors were the most frequently used across all groups. Battle metaphors were the second most common, though their use varied: doctors primarily used metaphors to explain treatment and motivate patients, while patients often used them to express emotional and physical vulnerability. Differences between varieties of Spanish also revealed culturally specific metaphorical language.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Metaphor use is a plain language strategy in oncology. Recognizing how metaphors are used in different Spanish-speaking contexts can enhance culturally and linguistically responsive care. Greater practitioner awareness of metaphorical language can improve patient understanding, reduce confusion, and foster more empathetic, person-centered communication.</div></div><div><h3>Practical value</h3><div>Incorporating culturally appropriate metaphors—tailored to specific language varieties and patient experiences—can support clearer communication, especially in oncology care. This study provides practical examples that can inform training for healthcare providers working with Spanish-speaking populations in the U.S., particularly those of Mexican origin.</div></div><div><h3>Innovation</h3><div>This study is innovative in highlighting cultural differences between two Spanish-speaking cultures, showing that while battle and journey metaphors are the most common, patients primarily use them to express pain, struggle, and vulnerability rather than resilience or strength.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":74407,"journal":{"name":"PEC innovation","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100449"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HoloVAD; A feasibility study of a new patient education tool for patients with a left ventricular assist device","authors":"Sofie E. Bresser,&nbsp;Linda M. de Heer,&nbsp;Irene Louwerse-van Kan,&nbsp;Faiz Ramjankhan,&nbsp;Manon G. van der Meer,&nbsp;Saskia W.M. Weldam","doi":"10.1016/j.pecinn.2025.100450","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pecinn.2025.100450","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Patient education for patients with a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) and their loved ones is crucial for improving adherence and reducing complications. HoloVAD is an innovative virtual education tool, which offers a preimplantation experience of life with an LVAD (Holomoves ©, The Netherlands). Our objective is <em>to</em> assess the feasibility, defined as acceptability, usability, and tolerability, of HoloVAD.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>A cross-sectional, quantitative feasibility study was conducted among patients with an LVAD, and their loved ones.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In total 45 participants were included. Six out of the seven acceptability domains of the Unified Theory of Acceptance (UTAUT) were scored positively. With an excellent overall SUS-score (82.5) the HoloVAD application is assessed as usable for both groups, and tolerability is scored as positive at every point of the Virtual Reality Sickness Questionnaire (VRSQ), for both groups.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>HoloVAD is feasible - defined as being acceptable, usable, and tolerable -and represents a promising and helpful new education tool for the study population.</div></div><div><h3>Innovation</h3><div>An LVAD is life-changing with high complication risks. HoloVAD is innovative because it integrates visualization and interaction through mixed reality, enabling a deeper understanding of life with an LVAD. This study highlights the feasibility of HoloVAD as a novel educational tool for patients and their loved ones.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":74407,"journal":{"name":"PEC innovation","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100450"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to ‘Harnessing storytelling with medical students and community members to build curiosity and trust: A mixed methods evaluation of a pilot intervention’ [PEC Innovation 7 (2025) 100420]","authors":"Rebecca K. Rudel ,&nbsp;Nicole D. Kaufmann ,&nbsp;Shana A.B. Burrowes ,&nbsp;Cheryl Harding ,&nbsp;Cara Solomon ,&nbsp;Benjamin P. Linas ,&nbsp;Mari-Lynn Drainoni ,&nbsp;Katherine Gergen Barnett","doi":"10.1016/j.pecinn.2025.100447","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pecinn.2025.100447","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74407,"journal":{"name":"PEC innovation","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100447"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145624882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feasibility evaluation of large language models in anesthesia-specific post-operative care instructions for total knee arthroplasty","authors":"Dhruv Nagesh,&nbsp;Donald P. Keating,&nbsp;Raghu V. Divakaruni,&nbsp;Bryan G. Beutel","doi":"10.1016/j.pecinn.2025.100444","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pecinn.2025.100444","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly applied in medicine, but their role in peri-operative education is underexplored. This pilot feasibility study compared four LLMs in producing post-operative care instructions for total knee arthroplasty (TKA).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>OpenAI GPT-4o, Claude 3.7 Sonnet, DeepSeek R1, and Gemini 2.0 Flash generated instructions from a standardized prompt. Outputs were scored (0 = does not meet, 1 = partially meets, 2 = fully meets) for accuracy, clarity, relevance, consistency, and readability. Accuracy was benchmarked against ERAS, ASA guidelines, and UpToDate. Readability was assessed using Flesch-Kincaid indices.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Within this limited sample, Claude, GPT-4o, and DeepSeek R1 demonstrated higher observed accuracy than Gemini, with Claude and GPT-4o showing full alignment with reference standards. Clarity scores were comparable across models. All achieved high relevance and internal consistency. Readability varied, with Gemini generating less readable text and GPT-4o and DeepSeek R1 producing more accessible content.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>LLMs can generate accurate, relevant, and consistent instructions, supporting their potential use in anesthesia education. Attention to readability and plain-language prompting may further enhance clinical utility.</div></div><div><h3>Innovation</h3><div>This study provides one of the first anesthesia-specific evaluations of multiple LLMs, showing feasibility and opportunities for AI-driven patient communication.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":74407,"journal":{"name":"PEC innovation","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100444"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145624883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}