Pub Date : 2025-01-10DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2025.103904
Shailesh Kumar Patidar
Microalgae in nature facilitate the harboring of a unique niche for the bacteria living in their immediate surroundings, contain an organic carbon-rich environment called the phycosphere. This review revisited microalgal-bacterial interactions and metabolic exchange by covering various examples and identifying gaps in our understanding and implications of algal-bacterial interactions across a broad spectrum from ecology to biotechnology. There is a wide diversity in the types of interactions (positive and negative) between microalgae and bacteria, the nature of exo-metabolites, and the ecological functions of metabolic exchange. In addition, host specificity of the phycospheric bacteria and the mediation of phages in the algal-bacterial interactions are some of the fascinating questions wherein more research is needed. Some of these interactions have implications that could be harnessed to improve competence for biofuels (electro-biofuel, biohydrogen, bioethanol, and biodiesel) production, stress mitigation, and the repertoire of bioremediation strategies for pollutants. Beside these, advanced omics technologies and synthetic ecology provide solutions not only to understand the vivid exometabolic and algal-bacterial interactions for devising new applications but also to unfold the multi-functions of metabolites in varying ecological settings.
{"title":"Metabolic interactions between microalgae and bacteria: Multifunctional ecological interplay and environmental applications","authors":"Shailesh Kumar Patidar","doi":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.103904","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.103904","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microalgae in nature facilitate the harboring of a unique niche for the bacteria living in their immediate surroundings, contain an organic carbon-rich environment called the phycosphere. This review revisited microalgal-bacterial interactions and metabolic exchange by covering various examples and identifying gaps in our understanding and implications of algal-bacterial interactions across a broad spectrum from ecology to biotechnology. There is a wide diversity in the types of interactions (positive and negative) between microalgae and bacteria, the nature of exo-metabolites, and the ecological functions of metabolic exchange. In addition, host specificity of the phycospheric bacteria and the mediation of phages in the algal-bacterial interactions are some of the fascinating questions wherein more research is needed. Some of these interactions have implications that could be harnessed to improve competence for biofuels (electro-biofuel, biohydrogen, bioethanol, and biodiesel) production, stress mitigation, and the repertoire of bioremediation strategies for pollutants. Beside these, advanced omics technologies and synthetic ecology provide solutions not only to understand the vivid exometabolic and algal-bacterial interactions for devising new applications but also to unfold the multi-functions of metabolites in varying ecological settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7855,"journal":{"name":"Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 103904"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143144504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-10DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2025.103907
M. Maghimaa , Suresh Sagadevan , Is Fatimah , J. Anita Lett , Seema Garg
There has been a high demand for sustainable and nutrient-rich protein sources due to the increase in global population. In the search of protein source, algae have emerged as a promising nutrient-rich protein source with abundance, high-value nutritional components, and environmental sustainability. This review investigates the diverse nutritional potential of algae, focusing on their importance to human health and nutrition. Algal biomass, encompassing both microalgae and macroalgae, is rich in essential nutrients such as proteins, vitamins, lipids, minerals and bioactive compounds. Microalgae, notable for their high biomass productivity and resilience to various environmental conditions, are particularly valued for their nutritional benefits. Macroalgae offer distinct nutritional advantages, making them as a popular dietary staple. The review highlights the critical role of algae in addressing malnutrition and managing lifestyle-related disorders, including cardiovascular health and immune function enhancement, as evidenced by marine algal polysaccharides from species like Porphyra haitanensis, Enteromorpha prolifera, Enteromorpha clathrata, which demonstrate the cardioprotective effects through gut microbiota modulation. Sustainable production and harvesting techniques further highlight their potential as a viable, eco-friendly protein source for the future.
{"title":"Exploring algal diversity for enhanced nutrition: Implications for human health and sustainability","authors":"M. Maghimaa , Suresh Sagadevan , Is Fatimah , J. Anita Lett , Seema Garg","doi":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.103907","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.103907","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There has been a high demand for sustainable and nutrient-rich protein sources due to the increase in global population. In the search of protein source, algae have emerged as a promising nutrient-rich protein source with abundance, high-value nutritional components, and environmental sustainability. This review investigates the diverse nutritional potential of algae, focusing on their importance to human health and nutrition. Algal biomass, encompassing both microalgae and macroalgae, is rich in essential nutrients such as proteins, vitamins, lipids, minerals and bioactive compounds. Microalgae, notable for their high biomass productivity and resilience to various environmental conditions, are particularly valued for their nutritional benefits. Macroalgae offer distinct nutritional advantages, making them as a popular dietary staple. The review highlights the critical role of algae in addressing malnutrition and managing lifestyle-related disorders, including cardiovascular health and immune function enhancement, as evidenced by marine algal polysaccharides from species like <em>Porphyra haitanensis, Enteromorpha prolifera, Enteromorpha clathrata,</em> which demonstrate the cardioprotective effects through gut microbiota modulation. Sustainable production and harvesting techniques further highlight their potential as a viable, eco-friendly protein source for the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7855,"journal":{"name":"Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 103907"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143144512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-10DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2025.103902
Zhaowen Hu , Xiahui Hao , Yufang Pan , Hanhua Hu
Nannochloropsis oceanica, an industrially important single-cell factory for lipid production, can accumulate a vast amount of triacylglycerol (TAG) due to multiple acyl CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferases and a single-copy phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (NoPDAT). NoPDAT uses mainly phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylglycerol with 16:0, 16:1, and 18:1 as acyl-donors so that only trace eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is transferred from the polar lipids to TAG. In this study, a Phaeodactylum tricornutum PDAT (PtPDAT) was heterologously expressed in N. oceanica to increase the EPA content in TAG. Heterologous expression of PtPDAT did not disturb the growth of the transgenic lines while enhancing the TAG content by 28–30 % as quantified by the acyl chains on day 10. Heterologously expressed PtPDAT was localized in the plastid inner membrane of N. oceanica, consistent with its original localization in P. tricornutum. However, the substrate preference of PtPDAT was changed from phosphatidylcholine to EPA-enriched PE in N. oceanica, thus increasing the EPA content in TAG by 20–51 % in the transgenic lines. This study demonstrates the potential of an efficient acyl editing in N. oceanica by heterologous PDAT gene.
{"title":"Heterologous phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase enhances triacylglycerol accumulation without compromising growth in Nannochloropsis oceanica","authors":"Zhaowen Hu , Xiahui Hao , Yufang Pan , Hanhua Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.103902","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.103902","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Nannochloropsis oceanica</em>, an industrially important single-cell factory for lipid production, can accumulate a vast amount of triacylglycerol (TAG) due to multiple acyl CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferases and a single-copy phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (NoPDAT). NoPDAT uses mainly phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylglycerol with 16:0, 16:1, and 18:1 as acyl-donors so that only trace eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is transferred from the polar lipids to TAG. In this study, a <em>Phaeodactylum tricornutum</em> PDAT (PtPDAT) was heterologously expressed in <em>N. oceanica</em> to increase the EPA content in TAG. Heterologous expression of <em>PtPDAT</em> did not disturb the growth of the transgenic lines while enhancing the TAG content by 28–30 % as quantified by the acyl chains on day 10. Heterologously expressed PtPDAT was localized in the plastid inner membrane of <em>N. oceanica</em>, consistent with its original localization in <em>P. tricornutum</em>. However, the substrate preference of PtPDAT was changed from phosphatidylcholine to EPA-enriched PE in <em>N. oceanica</em>, thus increasing the EPA content in TAG by 20–51 % in the transgenic lines. This study demonstrates the potential of an efficient acyl editing in <em>N. oceanica</em> by heterologous <em>PDAT</em> gene.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7855,"journal":{"name":"Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 103902"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bread is a staple food in almost every culture. However, the inadequate micronutrient profile, high glycemic index and low protein content of the gluten-free option have made it necessary to modify bread. Recently, microalgae have come to the fore in enriching the nutrient profile of bread. This study was carried out to investigate the changes in the nutrient profile of whole wheat and gluten-free bread formulations, including psychrotolerant Chlorella vulgaris ASYA27, Micractinium simplicissimum ASYA46 or a mesophilic Chlorella vulgaris ARAS102. Adding microalgae increased the ash, mineral and total protein content but decreased the moisture profile due to the water retention property of soluble proteins. Reflected by their rich nutritional profile, microalgae addition also improved the antioxidant profile, Vitamin B and amino acid composition of the bread formulation. The mesophilic C. vulgaris ARAS102 was most pronounced for its contribution to increased histidine, valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, threonine, and Vitamin B6 levels, while psychrotolerant M. simplicissimum ASYA46 mainly improved leucine, tryptophan, and vitamin B1 levels. Psychrotolerant microalgae were more effective in increasing the fiber content, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid levels, and lowering the glycemic index value of the bread formulations. This study demonstrates the value of psychrotolerant microalgae as a functional ingredient and an effective tool to increase the nutritional content of bread to fill dietary gaps for sustainable food production and functional food trends.
{"title":"Nutritional and functional assessment of fortified bread with psychrotolerant and mesophilic microalgae","authors":"Mihraç Görünmek , Aytunga Arık Kibar , Zeynep Elibol Çakmak , Turgay Çakmak","doi":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.103900","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.103900","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bread is a staple food in almost every culture. However, the inadequate micronutrient profile, high glycemic index and low protein content of the gluten-free option have made it necessary to modify bread. Recently, microalgae have come to the fore in enriching the nutrient profile of bread. This study was carried out to investigate the changes in the nutrient profile of whole wheat and gluten-free bread formulations, including psychrotolerant <em>Chlorella vulgaris</em> ASYA27, <em>Micractinium simplicissimum</em> ASYA46 or a mesophilic <em>Chlorella vulgaris</em> ARAS102. Adding microalgae increased the ash, mineral and total protein content but decreased the moisture profile due to the water retention property of soluble proteins. Reflected by their rich nutritional profile, microalgae addition also improved the antioxidant profile, Vitamin B and amino acid composition of the bread formulation. The mesophilic <em>C. vulgaris</em> ARAS102 was most pronounced for its contribution to increased histidine, valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, threonine, and Vitamin B6 levels, while psychrotolerant <em>M. simplicissimum</em> ASYA46 mainly improved leucine, tryptophan, and vitamin B1 levels. Psychrotolerant microalgae were more effective in increasing the fiber content, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid levels, and lowering the glycemic index value of the bread formulations. This study demonstrates the value of psychrotolerant microalgae as a functional ingredient and an effective tool to increase the nutritional content of bread to fill dietary gaps for sustainable food production and functional food trends.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7855,"journal":{"name":"Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 103900"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2025.103892
Qiuna Zhu , Parizat Asimtul , Jinyu Bai , Fengyang Sui , Xinxin Lu , Xiaoxue Mei , Yan Liu , Chunyu Jiang , Xuesong Wang , Chunhua Song , Yawen Fan
This study investigates the acute toxicity effects and apoptosis mechanisms of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) on Nitzschia palea (N. palea), aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for the joint risk assessment of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in aquatic ecosystems. N. palea was exposed to PFOA concentrations ranging from 0 to 320 mg·L−1, and the effects of exposure on cell density, Chl a, antioxidant systems, and cell morphology were analyzed. The results showed that the 96-h EC50 of PFOA-induced N. palea was 90 mg·L−1. PFOA concentrations of ≤40 mg·L−1 promoted algal reproduction, while higher doses inhibited growth. Optical and scanning electron microscopy revealed that some N. palea cells had distinctly raised or depressed shell edges. The increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant substances (SOD, CAT, and GSH) indicated that PFOA induced oxidative stress. Based on flow cytometry and AO/EB morphological observations, PFOA was found to induce apoptosis in N. palea cells. Transcriptomic analysis and qRT-PCR results showed that PFOA promotes the expression of mitochondria-associated apoptosis-related genes (NpCyt C, NpCaspase-3, and NpCaspase-9) in N. palea. This indicates that PFOA enhances the production of ROS in N. palea. Moreover, it initiates the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway by upregulating the expression of NpCyt C.
{"title":"Toxic effects of PFOA on Nitzschia palea and its apoptosis mechanism","authors":"Qiuna Zhu , Parizat Asimtul , Jinyu Bai , Fengyang Sui , Xinxin Lu , Xiaoxue Mei , Yan Liu , Chunyu Jiang , Xuesong Wang , Chunhua Song , Yawen Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.103892","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.103892","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the acute toxicity effects and apoptosis mechanisms of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) on <em>Nitzschia palea</em> (<em>N. palea</em>), aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for the joint risk assessment of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in aquatic ecosystems. <em>N. palea</em> was exposed to PFOA concentrations ranging from 0 to 320 mg·L<sup>−1</sup>, and the effects of exposure on cell density, Chl a, antioxidant systems, and cell morphology were analyzed. The results showed that the 96-h EC50 of PFOA-induced <em>N. palea</em> was 90 mg·L<sup>−1</sup>. PFOA concentrations of ≤40 mg·L<sup>−1</sup> promoted algal reproduction, while higher doses inhibited growth. Optical and scanning electron microscopy revealed that some <em>N. palea</em> cells had distinctly raised or depressed shell edges. The increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant substances (SOD, CAT, and GSH) indicated that PFOA induced oxidative stress. Based on flow cytometry and AO/EB morphological observations, PFOA was found to induce apoptosis in <em>N. palea</em> cells. Transcriptomic analysis and qRT-PCR results showed that PFOA promotes the expression of mitochondria-associated apoptosis-related genes (<em>NpCyt C</em>, <em>NpCaspase-3</em>, and <em>NpCaspase-9</em>) in <em>N. palea</em>. This indicates that PFOA enhances the production of ROS in <em>N. palea</em>. Moreover, it initiates the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway by upregulating the expression of <em>NpCyt C</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7855,"journal":{"name":"Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 103892"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the global population surge and the threat of climate change, there is a need for sustainable and economical sources of nutrition. Microalgae are a promising alternative to conventional sources of nutrition due to their high-value metabolites and sustainability. Among the various microalgal species, Nannochloropsis stands out for its significant lipid content (25–45 %), EPA (2–5 %) and vitamin D (∼1 μg g−1) along with metabolites such as proteins, carbohydrates and carotenoids. This comprehensive review explores the characteristic features of Nannochloropsis sp., with a focus on its bioactive content and the enhancement strategies required to improve its nutritional potential. Various pre-treatment approaches have proven to enhance the nutrient accessibility and digestibility in Nannochloropsis sp. Further, the review addresses the bottlenecks in downstream processing and development of novel approaches towards the nutritional and therapeutic applications of Nannochloropsis sp. Therefore, Nannochloropsis supplements can be promoted as novel and vegan source of value-added components in food and feed applications towards a sustainable approach.
{"title":"Oleaginous microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. as a potential source of EPA and bioactive metabolites: Bottlenecks in the downstream processing and unravelling the challenges in its food, feed and therapeutic application","authors":"Nethravathy Malachira Uthaiah , Sreedhar Reddampalli Venkataramareddy , Azam Yakub Sheikh","doi":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.103897","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.103897","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the global population surge and the threat of climate change, there is a need for sustainable and economical sources of nutrition. Microalgae are a promising alternative to conventional sources of nutrition due to their high-value metabolites and sustainability. Among the various microalgal species, <em>Nannochloropsis</em> stands out for its significant lipid content (25–45 %), EPA (2–5 %) and vitamin D (∼1 μg g<sup>−1</sup>) along with metabolites such as proteins, carbohydrates and carotenoids. This comprehensive review explores the characteristic features of <em>Nannochloropsis</em> sp., with a focus on its bioactive content and the enhancement strategies required to improve its nutritional potential. Various pre-treatment approaches have proven to enhance the nutrient accessibility and digestibility in <em>Nannochloropsis</em> sp. Further, the review addresses the bottlenecks in downstream processing and development of novel approaches towards the nutritional and therapeutic applications of <em>Nannochloropsis</em> sp. Therefore, <em>Nannochloropsis</em> supplements can be promoted as novel and vegan source of value-added components in food and feed applications towards a sustainable approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7855,"journal":{"name":"Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 103897"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143144510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-08DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2025.103901
Vithulan Suthakaran, Ryan Thomas, Mitchell Guirard, Daniel Meeroff, Masoud Jahandar Lashaki
High phosphate levels and warm temperatures in surface waters can stimulate the overgrowth of certain algae types, causing harmful algal blooms (HABs). HABs may adversely affect public health and have negative economic impacts due to associated healthcare costs, required clean-up activities, and tourism revenue loss. The overarching objective of this study was to convert algal biomass into chemically modified activated carbon adsorbent materials for phosphate removal. Cyanobacterial biomass was collected from Lake Okeechobee in Florida and processed before activation using fast and energy-efficient microwave heating. To improve phosphate removal, the surface of the adsorbents was modified using different mass ratios (1.0 to 2.0) of lanthanum chloride or zinc chloride to precursor. The adsorbents were evaluated for phosphate uptake to identify performant materials for further assessment. Multiple materials modified with lanthanum chloride achieved near-complete phosphorus removal efficiency (>99 %) over a wide range of initial concentrations (5, 10, and 20 mg/L). The best-performing material which was prepared with a lanthanum chloride to precursor mass ratio of 1.5 and microwave heating duration of 3 min achieved >90 % phosphorus removal using a low adsorbent dosage of 0.2 g/L and a short contact time of 30 min. This final candidate was studied in the presence of natural organic matter (25–62 mg/L), and the results showed that phosphate removal performance was not adversely affected. The research findings showed the potential of lanthanum-modified algae-derived activated carbon materials to mitigate HABs through phosphate adsorption from surface waters. The superior performance of La-modified materials for phosphate removal is due to the formation of LaPO4.H2O (also known as rhabdophane), which precipitates in water and permanently sequesters phosphorus.
{"title":"Developing activated carbon adsorbent materials using cyanobacterial biomass as precursor to remove phosphate from surface waters","authors":"Vithulan Suthakaran, Ryan Thomas, Mitchell Guirard, Daniel Meeroff, Masoud Jahandar Lashaki","doi":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.103901","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.103901","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High phosphate levels and warm temperatures in surface waters can stimulate the overgrowth of certain algae types, causing harmful algal blooms (HABs). HABs may adversely affect public health and have negative economic impacts due to associated healthcare costs, required clean-up activities, and tourism revenue loss. The overarching objective of this study was to convert algal biomass into chemically modified activated carbon adsorbent materials for phosphate removal. Cyanobacterial biomass was collected from Lake Okeechobee in Florida and processed before activation using fast and energy-efficient microwave heating. To improve phosphate removal, the surface of the adsorbents was modified using different mass ratios (1.0 to 2.0) of lanthanum chloride or zinc chloride to precursor. The adsorbents were evaluated for phosphate uptake to identify performant materials for further assessment. Multiple materials modified with lanthanum chloride achieved near-complete phosphorus removal efficiency (>99 %) over a wide range of initial concentrations (5, 10, and 20 mg/L). The best-performing material which was prepared with a lanthanum chloride to precursor mass ratio of 1.5 and microwave heating duration of 3 min achieved >90 % phosphorus removal using a low adsorbent dosage of 0.2 g/L and a short contact time of 30 min. This final candidate was studied in the presence of natural organic matter (25–62 mg/L), and the results showed that phosphate removal performance was not adversely affected. The research findings showed the potential of lanthanum-modified algae-derived activated carbon materials to mitigate HABs through phosphate adsorption from surface waters. The superior performance of La-modified materials for phosphate removal is due to the formation of LaPO<sub>4</sub>.H<sub>2</sub>O (also known as rhabdophane), which precipitates in water and permanently sequesters phosphorus.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7855,"journal":{"name":"Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 103901"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143144514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-08DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2025.103899
Ning Zhang , Jiajia Ren , Ting Hong , Zhongdian Dong , Feng Li , Yulei Zhang , Xianghu Huang , Changling Li , Zhangxi Hu
The green microalgae Oocystis borgei has remarkable potential for improving aquaculture water quality, particularly in terms of dissolved nitrogen. However, the mechanisms underlying nitrogen assimilation in this species remain poorly understood. The glutamine synthase (GS2) gene plays a crucial role in the nitrogen metabolism pathway in plants. To accurately reflection GS2 expression levels in O. borgei under abiotic conditions, it is essential to select stable reference genes for qPCR analysis. This study assessed the expression stability of nine reference genes (EF1α, RPL7, UBCE, GAPDH, 18S, rbcL, β-TUB, UBQ, and RPS27) of O. borgei under five abiotic conditions (temperature, light intensity, salinity, nitrogen concentration, and carbon concentration) based on the analysis results calculated by the four algorithms of ΔCt, GeNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper, which were ranked by ReFinder. The results demonstrated that EF1α and UBCE for temperature treatment, UBCE and RPS27 for light intensity and salinity treatment, RPS27 and RPL7 for nitrogen concentration treatment and the pooled sample, and UBCE and UBQ for carbon concentration treatment were the ideal reference genes combination for O. borgei, respectively. Additionally, the relative expression levels of GS2 under different abiotic conditions was detected and compared to verify the validity of selected reference genes and the results showed that the expression of GS2 in O. borgei was significantly affected by all experimental factors. Our study was helpful to acquire the accurate data of nitrogen assimilation related gene expression during aquaculture water quality control based on microalgae.
{"title":"Identification of stable reference genes for qPCR analysis of gene expression in Oocystis borgei under various abiotic conditions","authors":"Ning Zhang , Jiajia Ren , Ting Hong , Zhongdian Dong , Feng Li , Yulei Zhang , Xianghu Huang , Changling Li , Zhangxi Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.103899","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.103899","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The green microalgae <em>Oocystis borgei</em> has remarkable potential for improving aquaculture water quality, particularly in terms of dissolved nitrogen. However, the mechanisms underlying nitrogen assimilation in this species remain poorly understood. The glutamine synthase (<em>GS2</em>) gene plays a crucial role in the nitrogen metabolism pathway in plants. To accurately reflection <em>GS2</em> expression levels in <em>O. borgei</em> under abiotic conditions, it is essential to select stable reference genes for qPCR analysis. This study assessed the expression stability of nine reference genes (<em>EF1α</em>, <em>RPL7</em>, <em>UBCE</em>, <em>GAPDH</em>, <em>18S</em>, <em>rbcL</em>, <em>β-TUB</em>, <em>UBQ</em>, and <em>RPS27</em>) of <em>O. borgei</em> under five abiotic conditions (temperature, light intensity, salinity, nitrogen concentration, and carbon concentration) based on the analysis results calculated by the four algorithms of ΔCt, GeNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper, which were ranked by ReFinder. The results demonstrated that <em>EF1α</em> and <em>UBCE</em> for temperature treatment, <em>UBCE</em> and <em>RPS27</em> for light intensity and salinity treatment, <em>RPS27</em> and <em>RPL7</em> for nitrogen concentration treatment and the pooled sample, and <em>UBCE</em> and <em>UBQ</em> for carbon concentration treatment were the ideal reference genes combination for <em>O. borgei</em>, respectively. Additionally, the relative expression levels of <em>GS2</em> under different abiotic conditions was detected and compared to verify the validity of selected reference genes and the results showed that the expression of <em>GS2</em> in <em>O. borgei</em> was significantly affected by all experimental factors. Our study was helpful to acquire the accurate data of nitrogen assimilation related gene expression during aquaculture water quality control based on microalgae.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7855,"journal":{"name":"Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 103899"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-07DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2025.103898
Durgadevi Selvaraj, M. Arivazhagan
Rapid industrialization and urban expansion contributed to escalating environmental pollution globally. Despite economic benefits, the textile industry is flawed by its substantial effluent discharge. This study pioneers the investigation of Spirulina platensis's treatment efficiency and growth kinetics for mitigating reactive dye-based textile industry wastewater (TIWW) at concentrations of 20 %, 40 %, 60 %, 80 %, and raw with mass balance and stoichiometric analysis. Growth analysis showed peak biomass production on the 15th day for all concentrations, with similar patterns to the control, highlighting Spirulina platensis's adaptability in TIWW. This resulted in maximum color and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal of 42.65 ± 0.85 % and 79.45 ± 1.59 %, respectively, observed on the 15th day in raw TIWW with biomass productivity reaching 0.032 ± 0.001 gL−1 day−1 and a specific growth rate of 0.141 ± 0.003 day−1. Furthermore, the highest removal percentages for nitrate, ammonia, and phosphate were observed, reaching 98.23 ± 0.19 %, 87.68 ± 1.75 %, and 68.29 ± 1.36 %, respectively. Interestingly, Spirulina platensis facilitated the removal of metals as well, with removal percentages of 55.56 ± 1.11 % for Cu(II), 68.97 ± 1.38 % for Th(IV), 100 % for Mo(VI), and 100 % for Sr(II) after treatment. Mass balance and stoichiometric calculations were employed to elucidate the underlying chemical transformations involved in these processes, resulting in a biomass yield of 0.185 g biomass/g COD. Hence, reactive dye-based TIWW was effectively treated by Spirulina platensis, which also acts as a suitable nutrient-rich medium. The results of this study demonstrate the potential of Spirulina platensis as a sustainable and effective method for treating textile industry wastewater.
{"title":"Performance of blue green algae in mitigation of reactive dye industrial wastewater","authors":"Durgadevi Selvaraj, M. Arivazhagan","doi":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.103898","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.103898","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rapid industrialization and urban expansion contributed to escalating environmental pollution globally. Despite economic benefits, the textile industry is flawed by its substantial effluent discharge. This study pioneers the investigation of <em>Spirulina platensis's</em> treatment efficiency and growth kinetics for mitigating reactive dye-based textile industry wastewater (TIWW) at concentrations of 20 %, 40 %, 60 %, 80 %, and raw with mass balance and stoichiometric analysis. Growth analysis showed peak biomass production on the 15th day for all concentrations, with similar patterns to the control, highlighting <em>Spirulina platensis's</em> adaptability in TIWW. This resulted in maximum color and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal of 42.65 ± 0.85 % and 79.45 ± 1.59 %, respectively, observed on the 15th day in raw TIWW with biomass productivity reaching 0.032 ± 0.001 gL<sup>−1</sup> day<sup>−1</sup> and a specific growth rate of 0.141 ± 0.003 day<sup>−1</sup>. Furthermore, the highest removal percentages for nitrate, ammonia, and phosphate were observed, reaching 98.23 ± 0.19 %, 87.68 ± 1.75 %, and 68.29 ± 1.36 %, respectively. Interestingly, <em>Spirulina platensis</em> facilitated the removal of metals as well, with removal percentages of 55.56 ± 1.11 % for Cu(II), 68.97 ± 1.38 % for Th(IV), 100 % for Mo(VI), and 100 % for Sr(II) after treatment. Mass balance and stoichiometric calculations were employed to elucidate the underlying chemical transformations involved in these processes, resulting in a biomass yield of 0.185 g biomass/g COD. Hence, reactive dye-based TIWW was effectively treated by <em>Spirulina platensis</em>, which also acts as a suitable nutrient-rich medium. The results of this study demonstrate the potential of <em>Spirulina platensis</em> as a sustainable and effective method for treating textile industry wastewater.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7855,"journal":{"name":"Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 103898"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-07DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2025.103896
Rahel Suchintita Das , Brijesh K. Tiwari , Serkan Selli , Hasim Kelebek , Marco Garcia-Vaquero
This study investigates ultrasound (US) and microwave (MW) technologies – both applied individually (ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE)) and simultaneously (ultrasound–microwave-assisted extraction (UMAE)) for extracting bioactive compounds from a brown seaweed Alaria esculenta. This research emphasizes sustainability by using wet biomass and water for extraction. Employing a range of power (336–1340 W (MW); 50–200 W (US)) and time (5–20 min) conditions, the study evaluates multiple phytochemicals as well as antioxidant activities in the obtained extracts. The highest total soluble carbohydrate contents (32.68 mg glucose equivalents (GE)/100 mg extract) were achieved by UAE (200 W, 20 min). UMAE (50 W (US), 1340 W (MW), 10 min) had the highest levels of total phenolic contents (2.07 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 mg extract) and FRAP (38.36 μM Trolox equivalents (TE)/mg extract). The highest protein content (15.62 ± 1.69 bovine serum albumin equivalents (BSAE) mg/100 mg extract) was recorded by UMAE (100 W (US), 1340 W (MW), 20 min). MAE (1340 W, 20 min) achieved the highest levels of succinic (7.52 mg/g extract) and lactic acids (39.08 mg/g extract), while UMAE (670 W (MW), 100 W (US), 5 min) extracted the highest amounts of malic (3.02 mg/g extract) and α-ketoglutaric acids (2.41 mg/g extract). Lactic acid, followed by pyruvic acid was the major organic acid present in the extracts. Scanning electron microscopy images confirmed increased cell damage in the biomass by all the treatments, with higher levels of surface roughness and enlarged pores appreciated after UMAE. Hence, this work being among the first to demonstrate US and MW application, both individually and simultaneously, on Alaria esculenta, utilizing an integrated commercially available pilot-scale system and a green extraction solvent, sheds light on the extraction of valuable phytochemicals including underexplored organic acids which hold immense potential for diverse applications.
{"title":"Exploring pilot scale ultrasound-microwave assisted extraction of organic acids and phytochemicals from brown seaweed Alaria esculenta","authors":"Rahel Suchintita Das , Brijesh K. Tiwari , Serkan Selli , Hasim Kelebek , Marco Garcia-Vaquero","doi":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.103896","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.103896","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates ultrasound (US) and microwave (MW) technologies – both applied individually (ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE)) and simultaneously (ultrasound–microwave-assisted extraction (UMAE)) for extracting bioactive compounds from a brown seaweed <em>Alaria esculenta</em>. This research emphasizes sustainability by using wet biomass and water for extraction. Employing a range of power (336–1340 W (MW); 50–200 W (US)) and time (5–20 min) conditions, the study evaluates multiple phytochemicals as well as antioxidant activities in the obtained extracts. The highest total soluble carbohydrate contents (32.68 mg glucose equivalents (GE)/100 mg extract) were achieved by UAE (200 W, 20 min). UMAE (50 W (US), 1340 W (MW), 10 min) had the highest levels of total phenolic contents (2.07 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 mg extract) and FRAP (38.36 μM Trolox equivalents (TE)/mg extract). The highest protein content (15.62 ± 1.69 bovine serum albumin equivalents (BSAE) mg/100 mg extract) was recorded by UMAE (100 W (US), 1340 W (MW), 20 min). MAE (1340 W, 20 min) achieved the highest levels of succinic (7.52 mg/g extract) and lactic acids (39.08 mg/g extract), while UMAE (670 W (MW), 100 W (US), 5 min) extracted the highest amounts of malic (3.02 mg/g extract) and α-ketoglutaric acids (2.41 mg/g extract). Lactic acid, followed by pyruvic acid was the major organic acid present in the extracts. Scanning electron microscopy images confirmed increased cell damage in the biomass by all the treatments, with higher levels of surface roughness and enlarged pores appreciated after UMAE. Hence, this work being among the first to demonstrate US and MW application, both individually and simultaneously, on <em>Alaria esculenta</em>, utilizing an integrated commercially available pilot-scale system and a green extraction solvent, sheds light on the extraction of valuable phytochemicals including underexplored organic acids which hold immense potential for diverse applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7855,"journal":{"name":"Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 103896"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143143896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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