Pub Date : 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2025.104452
Xiaomei Shang , Xuehan Li , Jun Sun
Diatoms rely on environmental silicate for growth and frustule formation. Silicon starvation disrupts cell division and induces cell-cycle arrest as a survival strategy. Here, we investigated Skeletonema dohrnii under silicon starvation, which caused pronounced accumulation of cells at the G₂ + M phase. Transcriptomic analysis revealed a coordinated regulatory network linking silicon metabolism, frustule remodeling, cytoskeletal organization, and checkpoint control. The marked upregulation of the silicon transporter (SIT), frustulin, cingulin, and cytoskeletal genes, together with increased expression of WEE1 and Cyclin B, indicates activation of a SIT–frustule–cytoskeleton–checkpoint axis that couples incomplete valve formation to G₂ + M arrest. Concurrently, carbon metabolism was reprogrammed: glycolysis and carbon fixation were enhanced to sustain energy supply, while the TCA and glyoxylate cycles were suppressed to conserve energy. Lipid metabolism shifted toward fatty-acid biosynthesis and β-oxidation, promoting the accumulation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and other bioactive lipids. Activated one‑carbon metabolism provided methyl donors for antioxidant polyphenols, and nitrogen pathways were streamlined for efficient utilization. These findings highlight S. dohrnii's coordinated regulation of carbon, lipid, nitrogen, and silicon metabolism under silicon starvation, revealing molecular mechanisms underlying diatom adaptation and the enhanced biosynthesis of high-value compounds such as PUFAs, polyphenols, and sulfated polysaccharides.
{"title":"Transcriptomic insights into cell-cycle arrest and metabolic adaptation of Skeletonema dohrnii under silicon starvation","authors":"Xiaomei Shang , Xuehan Li , Jun Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104452","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104452","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Diatoms rely on environmental silicate for growth and frustule formation. Silicon starvation disrupts cell division and induces cell-cycle arrest as a survival strategy. Here, we investigated <em>Skeletonema dohrnii</em> under silicon starvation, which caused pronounced accumulation of cells at the G₂ + M phase. Transcriptomic analysis revealed a coordinated regulatory network linking silicon metabolism, frustule remodeling, cytoskeletal organization, and checkpoint control. The marked upregulation of the silicon transporter (SIT), frustulin, cingulin, and cytoskeletal genes, together with increased expression of WEE1 and Cyclin B, indicates activation of a SIT–frustule–cytoskeleton–checkpoint axis that couples incomplete valve formation to G₂ + M arrest. Concurrently, carbon metabolism was reprogrammed: glycolysis and carbon fixation were enhanced to sustain energy supply, while the TCA and glyoxylate cycles were suppressed to conserve energy. Lipid metabolism shifted toward fatty-acid biosynthesis and β-oxidation, promoting the accumulation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and other bioactive lipids. Activated one‑carbon metabolism provided methyl donors for antioxidant polyphenols, and nitrogen pathways were streamlined for efficient utilization. These findings highlight <em>S. dohrnii</em>'s coordinated regulation of carbon, lipid, nitrogen, and silicon metabolism under silicon starvation, revealing molecular mechanisms underlying diatom adaptation and the enhanced biosynthesis of high-value compounds such as PUFAs, polyphenols, and sulfated polysaccharides.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7855,"journal":{"name":"Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts","volume":"93 ","pages":"Article 104452"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145733240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2025.104455
Ling Wang , Mingjing Zhang , Jialin Wang , Chen Hu , Zhanyou Chi , Lei Li , Wenjun Luo , Chengze Li , Chenba Zhu
Micro/nanoplastics (MNPs) pose escalating threats to ecosystem integrity and human health, yet their remediation remains challenged by their small particle size, environmental dispersion, and low ambient concentrations. Polymer-binding peptides (PBPs), serving as efficient adhesion promoters, offer a promising solution by specifically adhering to MNPs, thereby accelerating their removal and degradation. Cell surface display (CSD) technology amplifies this potential, with microalgae providing superior functionality over heterotrophic hosts due to autonomous water-column motility, extended operational stability, and genetically/chemically facilitated surface engineering. Crucially, microalgae utilize wastewater nutrients for photoautotrophic growth, concurrently advancing carbon sequestration and resource recovery. Herein, this review proposes engineering microalgae to co-display PBPs and plastic-degrading enzymes, creating synergistic functionality: PBPs actively capture and concentrate MNPs at cell surfaces while displayed enzymes mineralize them. To contextualize this innovation, we critically examine limitations of conventional (untargeted/passive) and emerging targeted remediation strategies, analyze advances in microalgae-mediated MNPs degradation and CSD systems, and prospect performance optimization pathways. This study provides a scalable solution with dual environmental-economic value and operational security in circular bioeconomy frameworks, offering new perspectives for developing efficient, sustainable MNPs remediation platforms.
{"title":"Active and targeted micro/nanoplastics remediation via engineered microalgae co-displaying polymer-binding peptides and plastic-degrading enzymes: A critical review and perspectives","authors":"Ling Wang , Mingjing Zhang , Jialin Wang , Chen Hu , Zhanyou Chi , Lei Li , Wenjun Luo , Chengze Li , Chenba Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104455","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104455","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Micro/nanoplastics (MNPs) pose escalating threats to ecosystem integrity and human health, yet their remediation remains challenged by their small particle size, environmental dispersion, and low ambient concentrations. Polymer-binding peptides (PBPs), serving as efficient adhesion promoters, offer a promising solution by specifically adhering to MNPs, thereby accelerating their removal and degradation. Cell surface display (CSD) technology amplifies this potential, with microalgae providing superior functionality over heterotrophic hosts due to autonomous water-column motility, extended operational stability, and genetically/chemically facilitated surface engineering. Crucially, microalgae utilize wastewater nutrients for photoautotrophic growth, concurrently advancing carbon sequestration and resource recovery. Herein, this review proposes engineering microalgae to co-display PBPs and plastic-degrading enzymes, creating synergistic functionality: PBPs actively capture and concentrate MNPs at cell surfaces while displayed enzymes mineralize them. To contextualize this innovation, we critically examine limitations of conventional (untargeted/passive) and emerging targeted remediation strategies, analyze advances in microalgae-mediated MNPs degradation and CSD systems, and prospect performance optimization pathways. This study provides a scalable solution with dual environmental-economic value and operational security in circular bioeconomy frameworks, offering new perspectives for developing efficient, sustainable MNPs remediation platforms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7855,"journal":{"name":"Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts","volume":"93 ","pages":"Article 104455"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145682007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2025.104446
Kamilla Márton , Gábor Vasas , Milán Riba , Sándor Gonda , Máté Tibor Aszalós , Shamae Ria Rose Delima , Marycruz Karina Corrales Trávez , Tatiana Siniakova , Viktória B-Béres , István Bácsi
The frequency and intensity of cyanobacterial mass productions have increased significantly over the past few decades, with many studies reporting a negative effect on biodiversity and the dynamics of phytoplankton, as well as ecosystem functioning. However, our knowledge of the effects of cyanobacterial metabolites on the development of eukaryotic algal resting stages is incomplete. The present study therefore sought to investigate the effects of cyanobacterial extracts (cylindrospermopsin producing Chrysosporum ovalisporum, microcystin-LR producing Microcystis aeruginosa and anabaenonepeptin producing Nostoc sp. extracts) on cyst formation and maturation processes in the model organism Haematococcus lacustris. The results demonstrated that all three cyanobacterial extracts had adverse effects on cyst formation and maturation, in addition to the inhibition of vegetative growth. C. ovalisporum and M. aeruginosa extracts interfered with the accumulation of carotenoids, especially astaxanthin, while Nostoc extract inhibited cyst formation, resulting in pigment accumulation mainly in flagellated cells, which perished at higher extract concentrations. In addition to the alterations in pigment composition, the lipid content was also compromised in the treated cultures in comparison with the Control. The accumulation of metabolites is imperative for the viability of the cysts; therefore, any indirect or direct effect on their maturation diminishes the possibility of survival under unfavourable environmental conditions. The results suggest that cyanobacterial cellular matrices with substances smaller than 1500 Da may have a detrimental long-term influence on the subsequent vegetative period as well, due to their deleterious effects on the formation and maturation of cysts.
{"title":"Bioactive cyanobacterial extracts threaten survival by affecting cyst formation: Laboratory studies with a green alga model","authors":"Kamilla Márton , Gábor Vasas , Milán Riba , Sándor Gonda , Máté Tibor Aszalós , Shamae Ria Rose Delima , Marycruz Karina Corrales Trávez , Tatiana Siniakova , Viktória B-Béres , István Bácsi","doi":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104446","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104446","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The frequency and intensity of cyanobacterial mass productions have increased significantly over the past few decades, with many studies reporting a negative effect on biodiversity and the dynamics of phytoplankton, as well as ecosystem functioning. However, our knowledge of the effects of cyanobacterial metabolites on the development of eukaryotic algal resting stages is incomplete. The present study therefore sought to investigate the effects of cyanobacterial extracts (cylindrospermopsin producing <em>Chrysosporum ovalisporum</em>, microcystin-LR producing <em>Microcystis aeruginosa</em> and anabaenonepeptin producing <em>Nostoc</em> sp. extracts) on cyst formation and maturation processes in the model organism <em>Haematococcus lacustris</em>. The results demonstrated that all three cyanobacterial extracts had adverse effects on cyst formation and maturation, in addition to the inhibition of vegetative growth. <em>C. ovalisporum</em> and <em>M. aeruginosa</em> extracts interfered with the accumulation of carotenoids, especially astaxanthin, while <em>Nostoc</em> extract inhibited cyst formation, resulting in pigment accumulation mainly in flagellated cells, which perished at higher extract concentrations. In addition to the alterations in pigment composition, the lipid content was also compromised in the treated cultures in comparison with the Control. The accumulation of metabolites is imperative for the viability of the cysts; therefore, any indirect or direct effect on their maturation diminishes the possibility of survival under unfavourable environmental conditions. The results suggest that cyanobacterial cellular matrices with substances smaller than 1500 Da may have a detrimental long-term influence on the subsequent vegetative period as well, due to their deleterious effects on the formation and maturation of cysts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7855,"journal":{"name":"Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts","volume":"93 ","pages":"Article 104446"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145682061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite being recognized as promising oleaginous microalgal resources, benthic diatom biofilms remain overlooked in microalgal biotechnology. To enhance their industrial potential, bacterial interactions can exploit to boost biomass, increase lipid yields and tailor lipid profiles. Given the complexity of natural biofilms, our study adopted a reductionist approach to investigate the impact of bacteria on the metabolism of a marine benthic diatom, Amphora sp., through binary co-cultures. Bacteria were isolated from non-axenic Amphora sp. biofilm cultures during the exponential phase in a lab-scale porous substrate biofilm photobioreactor. A bacterial biofilm assay was conducted to select biofilm-forming strains, followed by co-culturing them with Amphora sp. in bottle culture flasks, assuming these strains would persist and interact within the Amphora biofilm. All cultures were maintained for 6 days in F/2-enriched artificial seawater at 16 °C, under a 12:12 light:dark cycle (100 μmol photons.m−2.s−1). Biomass and lipid contents were quantified using the gravimetric method, while fatty acid profiles were analysed using GC–MS. Results showed that some bacterial strains reduced Amphora sp. biomass, while Nitratireductor sp. and Sulfitobacter sp. had no noticeable effect. However, significant shifts in fatty acid profile of Amphora sp. were observed in most co-cultures while none of the individual bacterial strains substantially affected lipid production compared to its axenic and non-axenic counterparts. Co-cultures with Nitratireductor sp. and Sulfitobacter sp. yielded 50–55 % saturated, 40–50 % monounsaturated, and 1–6 % polyunsaturated fatty acids, indicating favourable biodiesel properties. Thus, modifying the microbiome of microalgal biofilms could be an innovative strategy for tailoring fatty acid composition for lipid-based applications.
{"title":"Co-culturing with bacteria modulates fatty acid composition in benthic diatom biofilms for lipid-based biotechnologies: A case study of Amphora sp.","authors":"Nadeeshani Dehel Gamage , Aurélie Mossion , Paul Déléris , François Delavat , Leïla Tirichine , Vony Rabesaotra , Thierry Lebeau , Gaëtane Wielgosz-Collin , Vona Méléder","doi":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104449","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104449","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite being recognized as promising oleaginous microalgal resources, benthic diatom biofilms remain overlooked in microalgal biotechnology. To enhance their industrial potential, bacterial interactions can exploit to boost biomass, increase lipid yields and tailor lipid profiles. Given the complexity of natural biofilms, our study adopted a reductionist approach to investigate the impact of bacteria on the metabolism of a marine benthic diatom, <em>Amphora</em> sp., through binary co-cultures. Bacteria were isolated from non-axenic <em>Amphora</em> sp. biofilm cultures during the exponential phase in a lab-scale porous substrate biofilm photobioreactor. A bacterial biofilm assay was conducted to select biofilm-forming strains, followed by co-culturing them with <em>Amphora</em> sp. in bottle culture flasks, assuming these strains would persist and interact within the <em>Amphora</em> biofilm. All cultures were maintained for 6 days in F/2-enriched artificial seawater at 16 °C, under a 12:12 light:dark cycle (100 μmol photons.m<sup>−2</sup>.s<sup>−1</sup>). Biomass and lipid contents were quantified using the gravimetric method, while fatty acid profiles were analysed using GC–MS. Results showed that some bacterial strains reduced <em>Amphora</em> sp. biomass, while <em>Nitratireductor</em> sp. and <em>Sulfitobacter</em> sp. had no noticeable effect. However, significant shifts in fatty acid profile of <em>Amphora</em> sp. were observed in most co-cultures while none of the individual bacterial strains substantially affected lipid production compared to its axenic and non-axenic counterparts. Co-cultures with <em>Nitratireductor</em> sp. and <em>Sulfitobacter</em> sp. yielded 50–55 % saturated, 40–50 % monounsaturated, and 1–6 % polyunsaturated fatty acids, indicating favourable biodiesel properties. Thus, modifying the microbiome of microalgal biofilms could be an innovative strategy for tailoring fatty acid composition for lipid-based applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7855,"journal":{"name":"Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts","volume":"93 ","pages":"Article 104449"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145682058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A 90-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis)-incorporated diets on growth performance, nutrient assimilation, and gut metabolite profiles of Catla catla. Three isonitrogenous and isocaloric feeds were formulated: control (SCB0), 5 % Spirulina inclusion (SCB5), and 10 % Spirulina inclusion (SCB10), each with crude protein contents of 35.17–35.41 %. Spirulina crude extract showed the highest antioxidant, phenolic, and flavonoid contents, and both SCB5 and SCB10 had significantly enhanced (p < 0.05) bioactive properties compared to SCB0. FTIR analysis revealed that the SCB0 feed was dominated by protein- and lipid-associated groups, while SCB5 and SCB10 exhibited additional Aldehyde, Phenol, Alcohol/ Ether/ Ester, Carbonate groups. XRD and particle size analyses indicated that SCB5 had balanced crystallinity and reduced particle size (1036 nm), favoring feed stability and digestibility, whereas SCB10 showed aggregation and reduced zeta potential stability. Growth trials demonstrated that SCB5 achieved significantly higher (p < 0.05) weight gain (11.16 ± 0.41 g), specific growth rate (0.85 ± 0.02), and the lowest feed conversion ratio (1.30 ± 0.05) than SCB0 and SCB10 (p < 0.05). Carcass analysis confirmed improved protein retention (p < 0.05) in SCB5 (0.93) versus SCB0 (0.57), whereas SCB10 exhibited reduced lipid retention. Enzyme assays revealed enhanced (p < 0.05) intestinal amylase (412 μmol maltose/g/min) and protease (191 μmol tyrosine/g/min) activity in SCB5, indicating efficient nutrient hydrolysis. GC–MS profiling showed that SCB5 had the most diverse metabolite spectrum, enriched with fatty acids, phenolics, esters, and antimicrobial compounds, suggesting synergistic benefits for gut health and growth, whereas SCB0 displayed limited metabolite diversity, and SCB10 was dominated by excess halogenated fatty acids with reduced functional balance. Overall, moderate Spirulina inclusion (5 %) optimized feed composition, stability, nutrient utilization, and metabolite diversity, yielding superior growth and feed efficiency, whereas excessive Spirulina inclusion (10 %) impaired stability, palatability, and nutrient balance. This establishes that 5 % Spirulina supplementation is an optimal and sustainable aquafeed strategy for C. catla. The cost-effectiveness analysis indicated that despite a slightly higher price (10.04 % more), Spirulina-enriched feed enhanced fish growth, health, and carcass quality, while promoting eco-friendly, sustainable, and economically viable aquaculture production.
{"title":"Sustainable aquafeed development using Spirulina: Effects on growth performance of Catla catla","authors":"Sourav Chattaraj, Subhashree Subhasmita Sahoo, Sandesh Behera, Hrudayanath Thatoi","doi":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104447","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104447","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A 90-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate <em>Spirulina</em> (<em>Arthrospira platensis</em>)-incorporated diets on growth performance, nutrient assimilation, and gut metabolite profiles of <em>Catla catla</em>. Three isonitrogenous and isocaloric feeds were formulated: control (SCB0), 5 % <em>Spirulina</em> inclusion (SCB5), and 10 % <em>Spirulina</em> inclusion (SCB10), each with crude protein contents of 35.17–35.41 %. <em>Spirulina</em> crude extract showed the highest antioxidant, phenolic, and flavonoid contents, and both SCB5 and SCB10 had significantly enhanced (<em>p</em> < 0.05) bioactive properties compared to SCB0. FTIR analysis revealed that the SCB0 feed was dominated by protein- and lipid-associated groups, while SCB5 and SCB10 exhibited additional Aldehyde, Phenol, Alcohol/ Ether/ Ester, Carbonate groups. XRD and particle size analyses indicated that SCB5 had balanced crystallinity and reduced particle size (1036 nm), favoring feed stability and digestibility, whereas SCB10 showed aggregation and reduced zeta potential stability. Growth trials demonstrated that SCB5 achieved significantly higher (<em>p</em> < 0.05) weight gain (11.16 ± 0.41 g), specific growth rate (0.85 ± 0.02), and the lowest feed conversion ratio (1.30 ± 0.05) than SCB0 and SCB10 (<em>p</em> < 0.05). Carcass analysis confirmed improved protein retention (p < 0.05) in SCB5 (0.93) versus SCB0 (0.57), whereas SCB10 exhibited reduced lipid retention. Enzyme assays revealed enhanced (<em>p</em> < 0.05) intestinal amylase (412 μmol maltose/g/min) and protease (191 μmol tyrosine/g/min) activity in SCB5, indicating efficient nutrient hydrolysis. GC–MS profiling showed that SCB5 had the most diverse metabolite spectrum, enriched with fatty acids, phenolics, esters, and antimicrobial compounds, suggesting synergistic benefits for gut health and growth, whereas SCB0 displayed limited metabolite diversity, and SCB10 was dominated by excess halogenated fatty acids with reduced functional balance. Overall, moderate <em>Spirulina</em> inclusion (5 %) optimized feed composition, stability, nutrient utilization, and metabolite diversity, yielding superior growth and feed efficiency, whereas excessive Spirulina inclusion (10 %) impaired stability, palatability, and nutrient balance. This establishes that 5 % <em>Spirulina</em> supplementation is an optimal and sustainable aquafeed strategy for <em>C. catla</em>. The cost-effectiveness analysis indicated that despite a slightly higher price (10.04 % more), <em>Spirulina</em>-enriched feed enhanced fish growth, health, and carcass quality, while promoting eco-friendly, sustainable, and economically viable aquaculture production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7855,"journal":{"name":"Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts","volume":"93 ","pages":"Article 104447"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145682063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2025.104448
Mariana M. Moutinho , Mariane Bittencourt Fagundes , Maria Lígia Sousa , Marco Preto , Pedro N. Leão
Cyanobacteria have emerged as promising producers of metabolites with biotechnological relevance including microcystins, nostocyclopeptides, and cryptophycins, which exhibit antitumor, antimicrobial, and enzyme-inhibitory activities. These compounds are usually produced in small amounts, representing a major limitation to their potential commercialization. Improving upstream and downstream bioprocessing of these metabolites may be key to making cyanobacterial secondary metabolites economically competitive. Here, an efficient method for nocuolin A extraction is presented, partially validated in accordance with the European Legislation. Moreover, Nodularia sp. LEGE 06071 was subjected to a series of bioprocess optimization screenings focused on light conditions (quality, photoperiods and intensity). This resulted in the selection of optimal light conditions for the target metabolite productivity (white light, 100 μmol m−2 s−1, 16 h/8 h (light/dark)) and in a fivefold improvement when compared to standard cultivation conditions. Finally, nutrient availability was accessed using a Plackett-Burman design, allowing for the selection of the main nutrients affecting nocuolin A accumulation (nitrate and phosphate), followed by testing of different N:P ratios, leading to the identification of a ratio of 1 for enhanced metabolite productivity, resulting in a further improvement in the final productivity of 57 % (overall improvement of 557 %).
{"title":"Bioprocess optimization for nocuolin A production in Nodularia sp. LEGE 06071","authors":"Mariana M. Moutinho , Mariane Bittencourt Fagundes , Maria Lígia Sousa , Marco Preto , Pedro N. Leão","doi":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104448","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104448","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cyanobacteria have emerged as promising producers of metabolites with biotechnological relevance including microcystins<strong>,</strong> nostocyclopeptides, and cryptophycins, which exhibit antitumor, antimicrobial, and enzyme-inhibitory activities. These compounds are usually produced in small amounts, representing a major limitation to their potential commercialization. Improving upstream and downstream bioprocessing of these metabolites may be key to making cyanobacterial secondary metabolites economically competitive. Here, an efficient method for nocuolin A extraction is presented, partially validated in accordance with the European Legislation. Moreover, <em>Nodularia</em> sp. LEGE 06071 was subjected to a series of bioprocess optimization screenings focused on light conditions (quality, photoperiods and intensity). This resulted in the selection of optimal light conditions for the target metabolite productivity (white light, 100 μmol m<sup>−2</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>, 16 h/8 h (light/dark)) and in a fivefold improvement when compared to standard cultivation conditions. Finally, nutrient availability was accessed using a Plackett-Burman design, allowing for the selection of the main nutrients affecting nocuolin A accumulation (nitrate and phosphate), followed by testing of different N:P ratios, leading to the identification of a ratio of 1 for enhanced metabolite productivity, resulting in a further improvement in the final productivity of 57 % (overall improvement of 557 %).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7855,"journal":{"name":"Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts","volume":"93 ","pages":"Article 104448"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145681739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2025.104453
Renata Estevam , Ricardo Franci Gonçalves
This study examines the effective utilization of algal biomass derived from domestic wastewater through the application of thermal and thermochemical pretreatments for resource recovery. Three types of algal biomass were tested, collected using different methods: direct filtration without coagulants and coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation with aluminum sulfate and tannin polymer. Thermal pretreatments were performed at temperatures ranging from 60 °C to 95 °C, with reaction times varying from 1.5 to 7 h. Alkaline thermochemical processes were conducted at temperatures ranging from 65 °C to 90 °C for 3 h, while acid processes occurred at temperatures between 80 °C and 90 °C for 1.5 h. The most effective conditions identified were: 78 °C for 7 h for biomass without coagulants (30 % COD solubilization), 80 °C for 1.5 h at pH 1 for biomass with tannin polymer (22 % COD solubilization), and 90 °C for 3 h at pH 11 for biomass with aluminum sulfate (33 % COD solubilization). Pure algal biomass was best at solubilizing nutrients, while biomass with aluminum sulfate was more effective at phosphorus precipitation. Pretreatments enhanced the solubilization of organics and nutrients, expanding options for valorization, such as anaerobic digestion, biohydrogen production, and nutrient recovery, within a biorefinery approach. Besides nutrient recovery, these pretreatments also boosted the energy potential of subsequent processes. Results from related studies, including biogas production, highlight their role in increasing energy recovery and supporting sustainability. These findings confirm that the pretreatments enhance the bioavailability of essential compounds, promoting an integrated, technically sound resource recovery strategy.
{"title":"Enhanced organic matter and nutrient solubilization from HRAP algal biomass via optimized thermal and thermochemical pretreatments","authors":"Renata Estevam , Ricardo Franci Gonçalves","doi":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104453","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104453","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the effective utilization of algal biomass derived from domestic wastewater through the application of thermal and thermochemical pretreatments for resource recovery. Three types of algal biomass were tested, collected using different methods: direct filtration without coagulants and coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation with aluminum sulfate and tannin polymer. Thermal pretreatments were performed at temperatures ranging from 60 °C to 95 °C, with reaction times varying from 1.5 to 7 h. Alkaline thermochemical processes were conducted at temperatures ranging from 65 °C to 90 °C for 3 h, while acid processes occurred at temperatures between 80 °C and 90 °C for 1.5 h. The most effective conditions identified were: 78 °C for 7 h for biomass without coagulants (30 % COD solubilization), 80 °C for 1.5 h at pH 1 for biomass with tannin polymer (22 % COD solubilization), and 90 °C for 3 h at pH 11 for biomass with aluminum sulfate (33 % COD solubilization). Pure algal biomass was best at solubilizing nutrients, while biomass with aluminum sulfate was more effective at phosphorus precipitation. Pretreatments enhanced the solubilization of organics and nutrients, expanding options for valorization, such as anaerobic digestion, biohydrogen production, and nutrient recovery, within a biorefinery approach. Besides nutrient recovery, these pretreatments also boosted the energy potential of subsequent processes. Results from related studies, including biogas production, highlight their role in increasing energy recovery and supporting sustainability. These findings confirm that the pretreatments enhance the bioavailability of essential compounds, promoting an integrated, technically sound resource recovery strategy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7855,"journal":{"name":"Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts","volume":"93 ","pages":"Article 104453"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145733703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2025.104441
Marco Alberto Mamani Condori , Yesmine Stephanie Taboada Choque , Julinho Eyner Quispe Lopez , Margot Elizabeth Villas Gutierrez , Paula Assemany
This study evaluated different cultivation strategies to increase Chlorella sp. MC18 biomass production in explosive industry wastewater (EWW). Experiments varied light wavelengths (white, blue, and red) and CO2 exposure times (5–60 min) in real and synthetic wastewater. Red light did not show a positive effect, but white light with shorter CO2 exposure times (5–15 min) improved growth kinetics, while blue light showed better results with longer CO2 exposure times (20–60 min). Among these, optimal conditions in 1 L flasks were blue light with 45 min CO2 and white light with 10 min CO2, yielding higher dry biomass production (0.91 and 1.02 g L−1, respectively). Cultivation in a 4 L photobioreactor confirmed these results, achieving biomass productivity of 0.106 g L−1 d−1 for blue light and 0.135 g L−1 d−1 for white light. The microalgae demonstrated effective CO2 sequestration (average of 1.968 g L−1) with a high CO2 biofixation rate (0.238 g L−1 d−1 for white light with 10 min of CO2 exposure). The positive impact of CO2 in enhancing biomass production and nutrient removal efficiency (84–85 % for nitrate and 96–98 % for phosphate) during EWW cultivation was also confirmed. The produced biomass was rich in carbohydrates (46.08 %) under white light, and balanced in carbohydrates (34.87 %), lipids (28.21 %), and proteins (23.32 %) under blue light. This study demonstrates the potential for integrating microalgae biotechnology within the explosive industry, employing effective strategies for augmenting valuable biomass production, CO2 capture, and wastewater bioremediation.
本研究评价了不同培养策略对提高爆炸工业废水（EWW）中小球藻MC18生物量的影响。实验改变了真实废水和合成废水中的光波长（白色、蓝色和红色）和CO2暴露时间（5-60分钟）。红光没有显示出积极的影响，但较短的CO2暴露时间（5-15分钟）的白光改善了生长动力学，而较长的CO2暴露时间（20-60分钟）的蓝光效果更好。其中，1 L烧瓶的最佳条件是45 min CO2蓝光和10 min CO2白光，可获得较高的干生物质产量（分别为0.91和1.02 g L−1）。在4 L光生物反应器中培养证实了这些结果，蓝光和白光下的生物量生产率分别为0.106 g L−1 d−1和0.135 g L−1 d−1。微藻显示出有效的CO2固存能力（平均1.968 g L−1），具有较高的CO2生物固存率（在白光下CO2暴露10分钟时为0.238 g L−1 d−1）。在EWW栽培过程中，CO2对提高生物质产量和营养物去除效率（硝酸盐84 - 85%，磷酸盐96 - 98%）也有积极影响。白光下产出的生物量富含碳水化合物（46.08%），蓝光下产出的生物量碳水化合物（34.87%）、脂质（28.21%）和蛋白质（23.32%）平衡。这项研究显示了将微藻生物技术整合到爆炸性工业中的潜力，采用有效的策略来增加有价值的生物质生产，二氧化碳捕获和废水生物修复。
{"title":"Strategies for biomass yield and pollutant removal improvement during Chlorella cultivation in explosive industry wastewater","authors":"Marco Alberto Mamani Condori , Yesmine Stephanie Taboada Choque , Julinho Eyner Quispe Lopez , Margot Elizabeth Villas Gutierrez , Paula Assemany","doi":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104441","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104441","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluated different cultivation strategies to increase <em>Chlorella</em> sp. MC18 biomass production in explosive industry wastewater (EWW). Experiments varied light wavelengths (white, blue, and red) and CO<sub>2</sub> exposure times (5–60 min) in real and synthetic wastewater. Red light did not show a positive effect, but white light with shorter CO<sub>2</sub> exposure times (5–15 min) improved growth kinetics, while blue light showed better results with longer CO<sub>2</sub> exposure times (20–60 min). Among these, optimal conditions in 1 L flasks were blue light with 45 min CO<sub>2</sub> and white light with 10 min CO<sub>2</sub>, yielding higher dry biomass production (0.91 and 1.02 g L<sup>−1</sup>, respectively). Cultivation in a 4 L photobioreactor confirmed these results, achieving biomass productivity of 0.106 g L<sup>−1</sup> d<sup>−1</sup> for blue light and 0.135 g L<sup>−1</sup> d<sup>−1</sup> for white light. The microalgae demonstrated effective CO<sub>2</sub> sequestration (average of 1.968 g L<sup>−1</sup>) with a high CO<sub>2</sub> biofixation rate (0.238 g L<sup>−1</sup> d<sup>−1</sup> for white light with 10 min of CO<sub>2</sub> exposure). The positive impact of CO<sub>2</sub> in enhancing biomass production and nutrient removal efficiency (84–85 % for nitrate and 96–98 % for phosphate) during EWW cultivation was also confirmed. The produced biomass was rich in carbohydrates (46.08 %) under white light, and balanced in carbohydrates (34.87 %), lipids (28.21 %), and proteins (23.32 %) under blue light. This study demonstrates the potential for integrating microalgae biotechnology within the explosive industry, employing effective strategies for augmenting valuable biomass production, CO<sub>2</sub> capture, and wastewater bioremediation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7855,"journal":{"name":"Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts","volume":"92 ","pages":"Article 104441"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145620458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Water diversion projects optimize the distribution of water resources but often exert profound impacts on lake ecosystems. Following the operation of the Yangtze-to-Huaihe Water Diversion Project, the water environment of Lake Caizi underwent significant changes. However, the adaptive responses of phytoplankton communities to multiple anthropogenic disturbances remain poorly understood. Based on long-term monitoring data (2018–2024), this study demonstrates that project operation significantly altered key physicochemical parameters in the lake: total nitrogen (TN) concentrations declined from 1.18 ± 0.31 mg/L to 0.88 ± 0.24 mg/L (a reduction of approximately 25.4 %, p < 0.05), while pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and turbidity (TURB) increased significantly (p < 0.05). Phytoplankton community structure shifted from a co-dominant system of Chlorophyta (42 %), Bacillariophyta (27 %), and Cyanobacteria (15.9 %) to Cyanobacteria dominance (75.8 %). Diversity plunged, with the Shannon–Wiener index (H′) decreasing from 2.89 ± 0.46 to 2.44 ± 0.23, and the Margalef richness index (D) from 4.29 ± 1.17 to 2.00 ± 0.43 (p < 0.001). Neutral model analysis demonstrated a fundamental regime shift in community assembly, transitioning from deterministic control (R2 = 0.163) to stochastic dominance (R2 = 0.674) post-diversion, while random forest modeling confirmed significantly diminished environmental determinism as summer explanatory power R2 declined from 052 to 0.19. Further analysis using partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) during summer revealed that, following water diversion, the increase in phytoplankton cell density (standardized path coefficient = 0.771, p < 0.001), together with the decline in diversity indices (H′ and J) (standardized path coefficient = 0.38, p < 0.01), collectively contributed to a significant expansion of phytoplankton niche breadth. This study shows that post-diversion, high-abundance species broadened their niches, dominating the community, and highlights the adaptive responses of phytoplankton to multiple anthropogenic disturbances in river-connected lakes.
{"title":"Adaptation mechanisms of phytoplankton communities to the Yangtze-to-Huaihe water diversion project in Lake Caizi, a river-connected lake","authors":"Yaqiang Yuan , Bohan Zhou , Zhongze Zhou , Yutao Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104439","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104439","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water diversion projects optimize the distribution of water resources but often exert profound impacts on lake ecosystems. Following the operation of the Yangtze-to-Huaihe Water Diversion Project, the water environment of Lake Caizi underwent significant changes. However, the adaptive responses of phytoplankton communities to multiple anthropogenic disturbances remain poorly understood. Based on long-term monitoring data (2018–2024), this study demonstrates that project operation significantly altered key physicochemical parameters in the lake: total nitrogen (TN) concentrations declined from 1.18 ± 0.31 mg/L to 0.88 ± 0.24 mg/L (a reduction of approximately 25.4 %, <em>p</em> < 0.05), while pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and turbidity (TURB) increased significantly (<em>p</em> < 0.05). Phytoplankton community structure shifted from a co-dominant system of Chlorophyta (42 %), Bacillariophyta (27 %), and Cyanobacteria (15.9 %) to Cyanobacteria dominance (75.8 %). Diversity plunged, with the Shannon–Wiener index (<em>H′</em>) decreasing from 2.89 ± 0.46 to 2.44 ± 0.23, and the Margalef richness index (<em>D</em>) from 4.29 ± 1.17 to 2.00 ± 0.43 (<em>p</em> < 0.001). Neutral model analysis demonstrated a fundamental regime shift in community assembly, transitioning from deterministic control (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.163) to stochastic dominance (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.674) post-diversion, while random forest modeling confirmed significantly diminished environmental determinism as summer explanatory power R<sup>2</sup> declined from 052 to 0.19. Further analysis using partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) during summer revealed that, following water diversion, the increase in phytoplankton cell density (standardized path coefficient = 0.771, <em>p</em> < 0.001), together with the decline in diversity indices (<em>H′</em> and <em>J</em>) (standardized path coefficient = 0.38, <em>p</em> < 0.01), collectively contributed to a significant expansion of phytoplankton niche breadth. This study shows that post-diversion, high-abundance species broadened their niches, dominating the community, and highlights the adaptive responses of phytoplankton to multiple anthropogenic disturbances in river-connected lakes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7855,"journal":{"name":"Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts","volume":"92 ","pages":"Article 104439"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145620589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-29DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2025.104443
Bassma Taher , Ahmed S. El-Gendy
Agricultural drainage water is an underutilized resource in water-scarce regions, but its reuse is limited by complex pollutant mixtures of nutrients, salinity, organic matter, pesticides, heavy metals, and pathogens. Conventional treatment methods are often fragmented, costly, and poorly suited to integrated removal. Microalgae offer a single-step bioremediation approach, coupling pollutant removal with biomass generation for value-added uses. This review synthesizes 1266 experimental datasets from 256 peer-reviewed studies (2010–2025) to quantify pollutant-specific removal efficiencies, identify top-performing genera, and evaluate operational factors across laboratory, pilot, and field scales. Median removal efficiencies were 84 % for total nitrogen (IQR: 66.5–95.1 %; 95 % CI: 80.8–87.1 %; n = 300), 88.8 % for total phosphorus (IQR: 76.9–98 %; 95 % CI: 85.3–92.3 %; n = 190), 70 % for pesticides (IQR: 37–90 %; 95 % CI: 53.6–78.5 %; n = 78) and 99 % for pathogens (IQR: 98.1–99.9 %; 95 % CI: 85.4–100 %; n = 16), with Chlorella excelling as a generalist, Scenedesmus achieving high COD and TDS removal, and halophiles such as Dunaliella thriving in saline environments. Performance was influenced by pollutant concentration, salinity, hydraulic retention time, and reactor configuration, with field systems showing 22 % lower efficiency than laboratory trials. Implementation analysis highlights photobioreactors for precision control and high-rate algal ponds for cost-effective scale-up. Key challenges include seasonal variability, contamination, harvesting costs, and biomass market barriers. This synthesis provides evidence-based pathways for advancing microalgae-based agricultural drainage water treatment from proof-of-concept to field deployment, supporting water reuse and circular bioeconomy goals in agriculture.
{"title":"The potential of microalgae as an all-in-one bioremediation system of agricultural drainage water: A comprehensive review","authors":"Bassma Taher , Ahmed S. El-Gendy","doi":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104443","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.algal.2025.104443","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Agricultural drainage water is an underutilized resource in water-scarce regions, but its reuse is limited by complex pollutant mixtures of nutrients, salinity, organic matter, pesticides, heavy metals, and pathogens. Conventional treatment methods are often fragmented, costly, and poorly suited to integrated removal. Microalgae offer a single-step bioremediation approach, coupling pollutant removal with biomass generation for value-added uses. This review synthesizes 1266 experimental datasets from 256 peer-reviewed studies (2010–2025) to quantify pollutant-specific removal efficiencies, identify top-performing genera, and evaluate operational factors across laboratory, pilot, and field scales. Median removal efficiencies were 84 % for total nitrogen (IQR: 66.5–95.1 %; 95 % CI: 80.8–87.1 %; <em>n</em> = 300), 88.8 % for total phosphorus (IQR: 76.9–98 %; 95 % CI: 85.3–92.3 %; <em>n</em> = 190), 70 % for pesticides (IQR: 37–90 %; 95 % CI: 53.6–78.5 %; <em>n</em> = 78) and 99 % for pathogens (IQR: 98.1–99.9 %; 95 % CI: 85.4–100 %; <em>n</em> = 16), with <em>Chlorella</em> excelling as a generalist, <em>Scenedesmus</em> achieving high COD and TDS removal, and halophiles such as <em>Dunaliella</em> thriving in saline environments. Performance was influenced by pollutant concentration, salinity, hydraulic retention time, and reactor configuration, with field systems showing 22 % lower efficiency than laboratory trials. Implementation analysis highlights photobioreactors for precision control and high-rate algal ponds for cost-effective scale-up. Key challenges include seasonal variability, contamination, harvesting costs, and biomass market barriers. This synthesis provides evidence-based pathways for advancing microalgae-based agricultural drainage water treatment from proof-of-concept to field deployment, supporting water reuse and circular bioeconomy goals in agriculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7855,"journal":{"name":"Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts","volume":"93 ","pages":"Article 104443"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145682003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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