Applied psychology. Health and well-being最新文献

Although students' proactive behaviors are known to positively impact their performance, the mechanisms and conditions shaping this relationship remain largely unexplored and not well understood. In the present study, using proactivity theory as an overarching framework, we propose that two forms of proactive behaviors – strengths use and playful study design – may enhance students' flow experiences. In turn, student's flow is hypothesized to be positively associated with subsequent attentional outcomes. Furthermore, drawing on reward sensitivity theory, we test moderation conditions and propose that individual differences in reward sensitivity moderate the relationship between proactive behaviors and flow. To test these hypotheses, we employed an experience sampling method (N_between = 117, N_within = 1,085) in combination with a computerized task to assess subjective attentional focus and objective attentional performance. Multilevel analyses revealed that strengths use and playful study design were positively associated with student flow experiences. There were mixed findings regarding flow and its attentional outcomes. Flow was positively related to subjective attentional focus but was not significantly related to objective attentional performance. These findings largely support our hypotheses and underscore the potential of proactive behaviors to positively impact students' daily well-being and their implications on attentional outcomes.

Organizations play a pivotal role in fostering employee safety behavior. Building on the social identity approach, we argue that organizational identification facilitates the internalization of organizational norms and values. Thus, organizational identification should strengthen the influence of organizational climate on employee behavior. More specifically, we predicted that the relationship between perceived COVID-19 safety climate and COVID-19 safety behavior (both at work and outside of work) would be stronger the more employees identify with their organization. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a two-wave lagged study with 709 employees after the lifting of government-imposed COVID-19 restrictions. Results showed that perceived COVID-19 safety climate predicted COVID-19 safety behavior at work, but not in the non-work domain. Organizational identification moderated the relationship between perceived COVID-19 safety climate and COVID-19 safety behavior in the non-work domain, but not at work. In particular, the positive link between safety climate and safety behavior outside of work emerged only for employees who strongly identified with their organization. Our findings highlight that organizational identification not only influences employee behavior within the workplace but also shapes how employees apply organizational safety norms in their non-work domain.

Five decades of continuous research have revealed the relationship between income and subjective well-being (SWB) to be complex and multifaceted. Recent studies demonstrate significant variation in the importance of income for well-being across a variety of social contexts. A portion of this work has focused on Latin America, which contains some of the happiest countries in the world despite having relatively low standards of living and prosperity. Explanations for this paradox have usually focused on the role of culture, suggesting that income may be less relevant for shaping well-being in cultures that place more importance on strong ties to family, friends, and community rather than financial prosperity. The current study investigates whether the same pattern of findings holds in the U.S. among more and less acculturated Latine respondents in Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data after controlling for other key factors that influence SWB. Results reinforce the potential role of culture in moderating the income-happiness relationship, highlight the importance of not treating Latine people as a monolithic group in social science and public health research, and help address why findings regarding the relationship between income and SWB vary so much across populations and methodological approaches.

It is well established that inter-individual differences in life satisfaction positively predict health, but it is less clear how intra-individual variability in life satisfaction across time could influence health, particularly across individuals with different satisfaction levels. To address this gap, we analysed a large panel dataset from a national sample of 8,674 older adults, aged 50–70 (M = 59, SD = 5.42) in Singapore who completed surveys over 53 consecutive months. Results from multi-level modelling showed an interaction between variability in life satisfaction and life satisfaction mean on physical health. Specifically, there was no association between variability and health among individuals with higher satisfaction, but variability positively predicted health among individuals with lower satisfaction. This pattern of results suggests the importance of further investigation considering both variability and mean level of life satisfaction when examining health. Potential explanations for our findings, including the strengths and limitations of the current study and future research are discussed.

Individuals face many barriers to healthy behaviors, including a lack of time. Some research finds that individuals “borrow” from time that could be spent on health to “pay” for demands in other domains of their lives. This study aims to further explore these trade-offs as they are motivated by a broader set of life domains (assessing conflict across work, family, and school domains) and as they relate to participation in multiple health behaviors (examining sleep, diet, and exercise behaviors). This study also aims to provide insights that could reduce trade-offs, identifying individual and organizational characteristics that moderate the work-family-school conflict and health behavior relationship. Finally, we aim to better understand the decisional and motivational processes influencing trade-offs by examining the value placed on each health behavior. Seventy-three employed students completed a daily diary study assessing daily levels of work-family-school conflict and behaviors related to sleep, diet, and exercise. Multi-level modeling revealed a curvilinear relationship between work-family-school conflict and exercise and a negative linear relationship between work-family-school conflict and sleep. Proactive personality and time management moderated the work-family-school conflict and exercise relationship. Coping moderated the relationship between work-school-family conflict and daily time spent sleeping. Family supportive supervisor behaviors and workplace health climate moderated the relationship between work-family-school conflict and exercise. A latent profile analysis revealed differences in value placed on various health behaviors, and these value profiles moderated the relationship between work-family-school conflict and exercise. These results shed light on the trade-offs that may take place for busy individuals when time is scarce and provide insights that could be useful in promoting valuable health behaviors.

While research on internet-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) is growing, questions remain regarding its mechanisms and broader benefits beyond reducing insomnia. The present study aims to contribute to the literature by developing, implementing, and evaluating a new internet-based self-help CBT-I among community adults with mild-to-moderate insomnia in Hong Kong. Participants were randomly assigned to either a CBT-I intervention group (n = 179) or a waitlist control group (n = 179). Both groups completed questionnaire measures at baseline (T1), immediately after the intervention (T2), and 4 weeks post-intervention (T3). Compared to the control group, the intervention group demonstrated greater reductions in insomnia symptoms, sleep disturbance, pre-sleep arousal, maladaptive sleep hygiene practices, dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep, depressive and anxiety symptoms, cognitive impairments, and work and social difficulties, as well as greater improvements in well-being and health-related quality of life at both T2 and T3. The effect sizes of these changes ranged from small to medium. Mediation analyses further revealed that pre-sleep arousal significantly mediated the effects of the intervention on insomnia symptoms. Importantly, our findings demonstrate that internet-based self-help CBT-I effectively reduces insomnia severity, with pre-sleep arousal as a key mechanism, and yields broader benefits, such as alleviating affective symptoms and functional impairments and promoting health and wellness. Given its efficacy, accessibility, scalability, and cost-effectiveness, this intervention represents a promising first-line approach for managing insomnia in the community.

Adults spend a significant amount of time alone every day, but mindfulness factors influencing the experience of solitude (time spent alone) are underexplored. Based on person-environment fit theory, we examined the moderating role of five facets of trait mindfulness (observing, describing, acting with awareness, nonjudging of inner experiences, and nonreactivity to inner experiences) on the relationship between solitude and affective experiences. In this experience sampling study, 188 adults (M_age = 51.47, SD_age = 17.75, range = 19–93, 66.50% female) in Hong Kong completed a trait mindfulness questionnaire and then were notified five times a day for seven consecutive days to report their momentary social situation (in solitude or not) and affective states. We found that higher scores on describing and acting with awareness weakened the negative association between solitude and high-arousal positive affect. Higher nonreactivity to inner experiences amplified the positive association between solitude and low-arousal positive affect. Higher observing weakened the positive association between solitude and low-arousal negative affect. These findings enhance our understanding of solitude experiences by highlighting the role of trait mindfulness in enhancing affective experiences in solitude.

Heightened stress reactivity, particularly heightened blood pressure (BP) reactivity, during emerging adulthood predicts future adverse cardiovascular health. Coping skill interventions for young adults may buffer against stress reactivity. This study tested the stress-buffering effects of a group-based 40-min compassion skills microintervention compared to a time-matched cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) skills control group. The compassion intervention included psychoeducation about compassion and a guided practice focused on cultivating compassion for a close other and for the self. The CBT skills group included psychoeducation about thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and a guided worksheet activity focused on practicing cognitive reappraisal strategies. Young adults (n = 50) were cluster randomized to the compassion or CBT skills group. Participants attended a lab visit, completed their assigned intervention, and underwent the group-based Trier Social Stress Test (TSST-G). Systolic and diastolic BP, heart rate, self-reported stress, and behavioral responses were assessed. Compared to cognitive reappraisal, participants in the compassion microintervention exhibited lower diastolic BP reactivity, less BP hyperreactivity (i.e., responses ≥20 and ≥15 mmHg for systolic and diastolic BP, respectively) and fewer observable stress behaviors to the TSST-G. Compassion skills are a promising area of research for stress management and cardiovascular health prevention among young adults.

Parents' life satisfaction plays a crucial role in promoting family functioning. This study investigated how children's daily learning behaviors are associated with mothers' life satisfaction, considering parenting styles, such as authoritative and authoritarian parenting. In total, 399 Chinese mothers of young school-aged children (M = 7.9 years old, SD = 0.9 years) participated in a 30-day daily diary study during the COVID-19 lockdown. Multilevel modeling indicated that, at both the between- and within-person levels, mothers reported higher life satisfaction when their children exhibited more positive learning behaviors (i.e. spent more time on schoolwork, participated in more extracurricular activities, displayed more learning concentration, and showed more learning autonomy). Cross-level interactions revealed that within-person changes in children's extracurricular participation were associated with life satisfaction among mothers with lower levels of authoritative parenting. Moreover, associations between children's time spent on schoolwork and mothers' life satisfaction were significant among mothers with lower levels of authoritarian parenting. However, associations between children's learning autonomy and mothers' life satisfaction were stronger among mothers with higher levels of authoritarian parenting. This study contributes to the existing body of literature and provides novel evidence, emphasizing the importance of assessing child and parent characteristics to better support mothers' well-being.

The current empirical study investigates the associations between the text neck syndrome adopted when using a smartphone and the emotions experienced while navigating social networking sites (SNS). These platforms are known to promote social comparison and emphasize self-esteem criticism among adolescents. A total of 113 adolescents (M_age = 15.7, sd = 1.50, 72.6% female) participated in a 3-step experimental procedure: 1) self-report assessment of SNS addiction, smartphone addiction, self-esteem, social comparison, and emotions; 2) random assignment to three experimental groups (i.e., passive use, active use, and control group) and simultaneous observation of the neck angle; 3) self-report assessment of emotions, neck disability, and social comparison. Network analysis and three-way moderation models were used to test our hypotheses. Our findings revealed i) widespread worrying neck posture, ii) an increase in social comparison levels after SNS use, and iii) the direct effect of SNS addiction on neck pain-related disability as well as the moderating effect of social comparison and self-esteem, especially in the passive user group. In conclusion, our multidisciplinary approach seems to be a fruitful way to understand behavioral addictions and increase the current knowledge on the topic. Our results support an empirical approach to carefully consider the fruition of SNS in daily life.