Shijie Liu, Xi Liang, Jiajia Han, Yuxue Duan, Tao Jiang, Zhong Lin Wang
The most important ocean energy sources are wind energy and water wave energy, both of which are significant to carbon neutrality. Due to uneven distribution and random movement, the conversion efficiency from the two energies into electrical energy is limited, so the coupling of them is necessary. However, the current energy harvesting technologies generally target one certain type, or are simple mechanical coupling. Here, we propose a composite water wave energy harvesting scheme with wind excitation based on triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). A rotation TENG driven by wind is introduced as a pump to inject charges into the main TENG. For the main TENG driven by water waves, a specially designed charge self-shuttling mode is applied (CSS-TENG). Under the pump excitation, the shuttling charge amount is increased by 11.8 times, and the peak power density reaches 33.0 W m−3, with an average power density of 2.4 W m−3. Furthermore, the CSS-TENG is expanded into an array by parallel connection, and the practical applications are demonstrated. This work organically couples the wind and water wave energy in the ocean scene, through the charge pumping and self-shuttling mode, providing a new pathway for the synergistic development of clean and renewable energy sources.
最重要的海洋能源是风能和水波能，这两种能源对实现碳中和意义重大。由于分布不均和运动随机，这两种能量转化为电能的效率有限，因此有必要将它们耦合起来。然而，目前的能量收集技术一般只针对某一种类型，或者是简单的机械耦合。在此，我们提出了一种基于三电纳米发电机（TENGs）的风能激励复合水波能量收集方案。我们引入了一个由风驱动的旋转 TENG 作为泵，向主 TENG 注入电荷。对于由水波驱动的主 TENG，采用了专门设计的电荷自关断模式（CSS-TENG）。在水泵激励下，穿梭电荷量增加了 11.8 倍，峰值功率密度达到 33.0 W m-3，平均功率密度为 2.4 W m-3。此外，还通过并联将 CSS-TENG 扩展为阵列，并演示了实际应用。这项工作通过电荷泵和自关闭模式，将海洋场景中的风能和水波能有机地结合起来，为清洁可再生能源的协同发展提供了一条新途径。
{"title":"Charge self-shuttling triboelectric nanogenerator based on wind-driven pump excitation for harvesting water wave energy","authors":"Shijie Liu, Xi Liang, Jiajia Han, Yuxue Duan, Tao Jiang, Zhong Lin Wang","doi":"10.1063/5.0225737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0225737","url":null,"abstract":"The most important ocean energy sources are wind energy and water wave energy, both of which are significant to carbon neutrality. Due to uneven distribution and random movement, the conversion efficiency from the two energies into electrical energy is limited, so the coupling of them is necessary. However, the current energy harvesting technologies generally target one certain type, or are simple mechanical coupling. Here, we propose a composite water wave energy harvesting scheme with wind excitation based on triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). A rotation TENG driven by wind is introduced as a pump to inject charges into the main TENG. For the main TENG driven by water waves, a specially designed charge self-shuttling mode is applied (CSS-TENG). Under the pump excitation, the shuttling charge amount is increased by 11.8 times, and the peak power density reaches 33.0 W m−3, with an average power density of 2.4 W m−3. Furthermore, the CSS-TENG is expanded into an array by parallel connection, and the practical applications are demonstrated. This work organically couples the wind and water wave energy in the ocean scene, through the charge pumping and self-shuttling mode, providing a new pathway for the synergistic development of clean and renewable energy sources.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142321430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tanveer A. Tabish, Mian Zahid Hussain, Yangzhi Zhu, Jiabao Xu, Wei E. Huang, Marina Diotallevi, Roger J. Narayan, Mark J. Crabtree, Ali Khademhosseini, Paul G. Winyard, Craig A. Lygate
Drug-eluting stents are commonly utilized for the treatment of coronary artery disease, where they maintain vessel patency and prevent restenosis. However, problems with prolonged vascular healing, late thrombosis, and neoatherosclerosis persist; these could potentially be addressed via the local generation of nitric oxide (NO) from endogenous substrates. Herein, we develop amine-functionalized graphene as a NO-generating coating on polylactic acid (PLA)-based bioresorbable stent materials. A novel catalyst was synthesized consisting of polyethyleneimine and polyethylene glycol bonded to graphene oxide (PEI-PEG@GO), with physicochemical characterization using x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. In the presence of 10 μM S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) or S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), PEI-PEG@GO catalyzed the generation of 62% and 91% of the available NO, respectively. Furthermore, PEI-PEG@GO enhanced and prolonged real-time NO generation from GSNO and SNAP under physiological conditions. The uniform coating of PEI-PEG@GO onto stent material is demonstrated via an optimized simple dip-coating method. The coated PLA maintains good biodegradability under accelerated degradation testing, while the PEI-PEG@GO coating remains largely intact. Finally, the stability of the coating was demonstrated at room temperature over 60 days. In conclusion, the innovative conjugation of polymeric amines with graphene can catalyze the generation of NO from S-nitrosothiols at physiologically relevant concentrations. This approach paves the way for the development of controlled NO-generating coatings on bioresorbable stents in order to improve outcomes in coronary artery disease.
药物洗脱支架通常用于治疗冠状动脉疾病，它们能保持血管通畅并防止再狭窄。然而，血管愈合时间延长、晚期血栓形成和新动脉硬化等问题依然存在；这些问题有可能通过内源性底物在局部产生一氧化氮（NO）来解决。在此，我们开发了胺功能化石墨烯，作为聚乳酸（PLA）基生物可吸收支架材料上的一氧化氮生成涂层。我们合成了由聚乙烯亚胺和聚乙二醇与氧化石墨烯（PEI-PEG@GO）结合而成的新型催化剂，并利用 X 射线衍射、拉曼光谱、傅立叶变换红外光谱和热重分析对其进行了理化表征。在 10 μM S-亚硝基谷胱甘肽（GSNO）或 S-亚硝基-N-乙酰青霉胺（SNAP）存在下，PEI-PEG@GO 分别催化生成了 62% 和 91% 的可用 NO。此外，PEI-PEG@GO 还增强并延长了生理条件下 GSNO 和 SNAP 生成 NO 的实时性。通过优化的简单浸涂方法，PEI-PEG@GO 被均匀涂覆在支架材料上。在加速降解测试中，涂层聚乳酸保持了良好的生物降解性，而 PEI-PEG@GO 涂层则基本保持完好。最后，涂层在室温下的稳定性得到了 60 天的验证。总之，聚合物胺与石墨烯的创新共轭可以催化 S-亚硝硫醇在生理相关浓度下生成 NO。这种方法为在生物可吸收支架上开发可控 NO 生成涂层铺平了道路，从而改善冠状动脉疾病的治疗效果。
{"title":"Synthesis and characterization of amine-functionalized graphene as a nitric oxide-generating coating for vascular stents","authors":"Tanveer A. Tabish, Mian Zahid Hussain, Yangzhi Zhu, Jiabao Xu, Wei E. Huang, Marina Diotallevi, Roger J. Narayan, Mark J. Crabtree, Ali Khademhosseini, Paul G. Winyard, Craig A. Lygate","doi":"10.1063/5.0192379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0192379","url":null,"abstract":"Drug-eluting stents are commonly utilized for the treatment of coronary artery disease, where they maintain vessel patency and prevent restenosis. However, problems with prolonged vascular healing, late thrombosis, and neoatherosclerosis persist; these could potentially be addressed via the local generation of nitric oxide (NO) from endogenous substrates. Herein, we develop amine-functionalized graphene as a NO-generating coating on polylactic acid (PLA)-based bioresorbable stent materials. A novel catalyst was synthesized consisting of polyethyleneimine and polyethylene glycol bonded to graphene oxide (PEI-PEG@GO), with physicochemical characterization using x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. In the presence of 10 μM S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) or S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), PEI-PEG@GO catalyzed the generation of 62% and 91% of the available NO, respectively. Furthermore, PEI-PEG@GO enhanced and prolonged real-time NO generation from GSNO and SNAP under physiological conditions. The uniform coating of PEI-PEG@GO onto stent material is demonstrated via an optimized simple dip-coating method. The coated PLA maintains good biodegradability under accelerated degradation testing, while the PEI-PEG@GO coating remains largely intact. Finally, the stability of the coating was demonstrated at room temperature over 60 days. In conclusion, the innovative conjugation of polymeric amines with graphene can catalyze the generation of NO from S-nitrosothiols at physiologically relevant concentrations. This approach paves the way for the development of controlled NO-generating coatings on bioresorbable stents in order to improve outcomes in coronary artery disease.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"214 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142317246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abhishek Moitra, Abhiroop Bhattacharjee, Yuhang Li, Youngeun Kim, Priyadarshini Panda
This review explores the intersection of bio-plausible artificial intelligence in the form of spiking neural networks (SNNs) with the analog in-memory computing (IMC) domain, highlighting their collective potential for low-power edge computing environments. Through detailed investigation at the device, circuit, and system levels, we highlight the pivotal synergies between SNNs and IMC architectures. Additionally, we emphasize the critical need for comprehensive system-level analyses, considering the inter-dependencies among algorithms, devices, circuit, and system parameters, crucial for optimal performance. An in-depth analysis leads to the identification of key system-level bottlenecks arising from device limitations, which can be addressed using SNN-specific algorithm–hardware co-design techniques. This review underscores the imperative for holistic device to system design-space co-exploration, highlighting the critical aspects of hardware and algorithm research endeavors for low-power neuromorphic solutions.
{"title":"When in-memory computing meets spiking neural networks—A perspective on device-circuit-system-and-algorithm co-design","authors":"Abhishek Moitra, Abhiroop Bhattacharjee, Yuhang Li, Youngeun Kim, Priyadarshini Panda","doi":"10.1063/5.0211040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0211040","url":null,"abstract":"This review explores the intersection of bio-plausible artificial intelligence in the form of spiking neural networks (SNNs) with the analog in-memory computing (IMC) domain, highlighting their collective potential for low-power edge computing environments. Through detailed investigation at the device, circuit, and system levels, we highlight the pivotal synergies between SNNs and IMC architectures. Additionally, we emphasize the critical need for comprehensive system-level analyses, considering the inter-dependencies among algorithms, devices, circuit, and system parameters, crucial for optimal performance. An in-depth analysis leads to the identification of key system-level bottlenecks arising from device limitations, which can be addressed using SNN-specific algorithm–hardware co-design techniques. This review underscores the imperative for holistic device to system design-space co-exploration, highlighting the critical aspects of hardware and algorithm research endeavors for low-power neuromorphic solutions.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142276761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the rapid fusion of temperature sensing technology and microwave technology, microwave temperature sensors have become the protagonist of competing research. We propose a planar resonator temperature sensor that combines substrate material modifications with sensor structure design. To realize this concept, high-performance TiO2-xwt. % ZnO (0 ≤ x ≤ 3) microwave dielectric ceramics are prepared. The various factors influencing dielectric properties, including crystal structure, phase composition, Raman vibration, microstructure, element valence, and oxygen vacancy, are completely investigated. The TiO2-0.7 wt. % ZnO ceramic exhibiting exceptional properties (εr = 106.6, Qf = 46 000 GHz, τf = 426.0 ppm/°C) is selected for substrate fabrication. The frequency and temperature dependence of εr and tan δ are analyzed at 2–4.5 GHz from −50 to 100 °C, revealing a good linearity between εr and temperature. A CSRR temperature sensor employing this substrate material is designed, simulated, fabricated, and validated from −50 to 90 °C. This sensor generates two resonance frequencies (around 0.5 and 1.4 GHz) in the UHF band, demonstrating sensitivities of 2.2 MHz/10 °C and 6.3 MHz/10 °C at the first and second resonance frequencies, along with an outstanding normalized sensitivity of approximately 0.045. Through a comprehensive analysis of the physical mechanisms affecting the sensor's sensitivity and quality factor, the design of the sensor is strengthened from the perspective of optimizing the performance of microwave dielectric ceramics. The regulation mechanism of dielectric characteristics is enriched and clarified, thereby achieving a synergistic improvement in sensor performance. This work expands the application scope of microwave dielectric ceramics and provides an innovative approach to environmental monitoring.
{"title":"An UHF band planar resonator temperature sensor constructed from high-performance titanium dioxide system microwave dielectric ceramics: Toward integrated ceramic-based sensor devices","authors":"Yaoxing Wang, Mingkun Du, Lingxia Li","doi":"10.1063/5.0218434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0218434","url":null,"abstract":"With the rapid fusion of temperature sensing technology and microwave technology, microwave temperature sensors have become the protagonist of competing research. We propose a planar resonator temperature sensor that combines substrate material modifications with sensor structure design. To realize this concept, high-performance TiO2-xwt. % ZnO (0 ≤ x ≤ 3) microwave dielectric ceramics are prepared. The various factors influencing dielectric properties, including crystal structure, phase composition, Raman vibration, microstructure, element valence, and oxygen vacancy, are completely investigated. The TiO2-0.7 wt. % ZnO ceramic exhibiting exceptional properties (εr = 106.6, Qf = 46 000 GHz, τf = 426.0 ppm/°C) is selected for substrate fabrication. The frequency and temperature dependence of εr and tan δ are analyzed at 2–4.5 GHz from −50 to 100 °C, revealing a good linearity between εr and temperature. A CSRR temperature sensor employing this substrate material is designed, simulated, fabricated, and validated from −50 to 90 °C. This sensor generates two resonance frequencies (around 0.5 and 1.4 GHz) in the UHF band, demonstrating sensitivities of 2.2 MHz/10 °C and 6.3 MHz/10 °C at the first and second resonance frequencies, along with an outstanding normalized sensitivity of approximately 0.045. Through a comprehensive analysis of the physical mechanisms affecting the sensor's sensitivity and quality factor, the design of the sensor is strengthened from the perspective of optimizing the performance of microwave dielectric ceramics. The regulation mechanism of dielectric characteristics is enriched and clarified, thereby achieving a synergistic improvement in sensor performance. This work expands the application scope of microwave dielectric ceramics and provides an innovative approach to environmental monitoring.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142245992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The scarcity of fuels, high pollution levels, climate change, and other major environmental issues are critical challenges that modern societies are facing, mostly originating from fossil fuels-based economies. These challenges can be addressed by developing green, eco-friendly, inexpensive energy sources and energy storage devices. Electrochemical energy storage materials possess high capacitance and superior power density. To engineer highly efficient next-generation electrochemical energy storage devices, the mechanisms of electrochemical reactions and redox behavior must be probed in operational environments. They can be studied by investigating atomic and electronic structures using in situ x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) analysis. Such a technique has attracted substantial research and development interest in the field of energy science for over a decade. The mechanisms of charge/discharge, carrier transport, and ion intercalation/deintercalation can be elucidated. Supercapacitors generally store energy by two specific mechanisms—pseudocapacitance and electrochemical double-layer capacitance. In situ XAS is a powerful tool for probing and understanding these mechanisms. In this Review, both soft and hard x rays are used for the in situ XAS analysis of various representative electrochemical energy storage systems. This Review also showcases some of the highly efficient energy and power density candidates. Furthermore, the importance of synchrotron-based x-ray spectroscopy characterization techniques is enlightened. The impact of the electronic structure, local atomic structure, and electronically active elements/sites of the typical electrochemical energy storage candidates in operational conditions is elucidated. Regarding electrochemical energy storage mechanisms in their respective working environments, the unknown valence states and reversible/irreversible nature of elements, local hybridization, delocalized d-electrons spin states, participation of coordination shells, disorder, and faradaic/non-faradaic behavior are thoroughly discussed. Finally, the future direction of in situ XAS analysis combined with spatial chemical mapping from operando scanning transmission x-ray microscopy and other emerging characterization techniques is presented and discussed.
燃料稀缺、污染严重、气候变化和其他重大环境问题是现代社会面临的严峻挑战，而这些挑战大多源自以化石燃料为基础的经济。这些挑战可以通过开发绿色、环保、廉价的能源和储能设备来解决。电化学储能材料具有高电容和卓越的功率密度。要设计出高效的下一代电化学储能装置，就必须在工作环境中探究电化学反应和氧化还原行为的机理。可以通过使用原位 X 射线吸收光谱（XAS）分析来研究原子和电子结构。十多年来，这种技术在能源科学领域吸引了大量的研发兴趣。充放电、载流子传输和离子插层/脱插层的机制都可以得到阐明。超级电容器一般通过伪电容和电化学双层电容这两种特定机制储存能量。原位 XAS 是探测和了解这些机制的有力工具。在本综述中，软X射线和硬X射线都被用于对各种具有代表性的电化学储能系统进行原位XAS分析。本综述还展示了一些高效能量和功率密度的候选产品。此外，还介绍了基于同步辐射的 X 射线光谱表征技术的重要性。本综述阐明了典型电化学储能候选系统的电子结构、局部原子结构和电子活性元素/位点在运行条件下的影响。关于其各自工作环境中的电化学储能机制，深入讨论了未知价态和元素的可逆/不可逆性质、局部杂化、脱局域 d 电子自旋态、配位层的参与、无序以及远动能/非远动能行为。最后，介绍并讨论了原位 XAS 分析与操作扫描透射 X 射线显微镜的空间化学图谱及其他新兴表征技术相结合的未来发展方向。
{"title":"Energy storage chemistry: Atomic and electronic fundamental understanding insights for high-performance supercapacitors","authors":"Thanigai Arul Kumaravelu, Ramana Ramya Jayapalan, Han-Wei Chang, Asokan Kandasami, Lionel Vayssieres, Chung-Li Dong","doi":"10.1063/5.0203665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0203665","url":null,"abstract":"The scarcity of fuels, high pollution levels, climate change, and other major environmental issues are critical challenges that modern societies are facing, mostly originating from fossil fuels-based economies. These challenges can be addressed by developing green, eco-friendly, inexpensive energy sources and energy storage devices. Electrochemical energy storage materials possess high capacitance and superior power density. To engineer highly efficient next-generation electrochemical energy storage devices, the mechanisms of electrochemical reactions and redox behavior must be probed in operational environments. They can be studied by investigating atomic and electronic structures using in situ x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) analysis. Such a technique has attracted substantial research and development interest in the field of energy science for over a decade. The mechanisms of charge/discharge, carrier transport, and ion intercalation/deintercalation can be elucidated. Supercapacitors generally store energy by two specific mechanisms—pseudocapacitance and electrochemical double-layer capacitance. In situ XAS is a powerful tool for probing and understanding these mechanisms. In this Review, both soft and hard x rays are used for the in situ XAS analysis of various representative electrochemical energy storage systems. This Review also showcases some of the highly efficient energy and power density candidates. Furthermore, the importance of synchrotron-based x-ray spectroscopy characterization techniques is enlightened. The impact of the electronic structure, local atomic structure, and electronically active elements/sites of the typical electrochemical energy storage candidates in operational conditions is elucidated. Regarding electrochemical energy storage mechanisms in their respective working environments, the unknown valence states and reversible/irreversible nature of elements, local hybridization, delocalized d-electrons spin states, participation of coordination shells, disorder, and faradaic/non-faradaic behavior are thoroughly discussed. Finally, the future direction of in situ XAS analysis combined with spatial chemical mapping from operando scanning transmission x-ray microscopy and other emerging characterization techniques is presented and discussed.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142236980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emerging topological polar domains have a wide range of potential applications in electronic devices. It is critical to accurately manipulate these topological domains by electrical fields and explore their exotic properties for making more energy-efficient high-density non-volatile memories. Herein, we demonstrate that skyrmion-like polar nanodomains appear at room temperature in SrTiO3/PbTiO3 bilayer heterostructures by balancing the elastic and electrostatic energies via varying the SrTiO3 capping layer thickness. These polar nanodomains, stable at room temperature, can be electrically written, erased, and rewritten into the bilayer by applying an appropriate bias on the conductive tip of an atomic force microscope. The lateral size and location of these polar nanodomains can be precisely controlled. Moreover, ring-shaped conductive domain walls are observed around these polar nanodomains, with on/off ratios of more than two orders of magnitude with respect to the ferroelectric background. Based on these characteristics, the polar nanodomains can be created, erased, and probed electrically, suggesting applications for high-density ferroelectric hard disks.
{"title":"Highly tunable skyrmion-like polar nanodomains for high-density ferroelectric hard disks","authors":"Hongying Chen, Wenda Yang, Cheng Li, Peijie Jiao, Zhiyu Liu, Chuanjie Lin, Yaoyao Chen, Guo Tian, Yu Deng, Yuefeng Nie, Yongjun Wu, Jun-Ming Liu, Zijian Hong, Xingsen Gao, Di Wu","doi":"10.1063/5.0209179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0209179","url":null,"abstract":"Emerging topological polar domains have a wide range of potential applications in electronic devices. It is critical to accurately manipulate these topological domains by electrical fields and explore their exotic properties for making more energy-efficient high-density non-volatile memories. Herein, we demonstrate that skyrmion-like polar nanodomains appear at room temperature in SrTiO3/PbTiO3 bilayer heterostructures by balancing the elastic and electrostatic energies via varying the SrTiO3 capping layer thickness. These polar nanodomains, stable at room temperature, can be electrically written, erased, and rewritten into the bilayer by applying an appropriate bias on the conductive tip of an atomic force microscope. The lateral size and location of these polar nanodomains can be precisely controlled. Moreover, ring-shaped conductive domain walls are observed around these polar nanodomains, with on/off ratios of more than two orders of magnitude with respect to the ferroelectric background. Based on these characteristics, the polar nanodomains can be created, erased, and probed electrically, suggesting applications for high-density ferroelectric hard disks.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"189 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142236979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kazi Faridur Rahman, Shaili Falina, Mohamed Fauzi Packeer Mohamed, Hiroshi Kawarada, Mohd Syamsul
It is only recently that the electric vehicle (EV) has evolved into a contemporary invention. There has been a rapid acceleration in the development of EVs in a number of nations in order to lessen their reliance on oil and their contribution to environmental pollution. In the tangible world, fully EVs do not release any carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from their tailpipes, unlike any other conventional vehicles. This results in a 50%–70% CO2 reduction in air pollution per year. The achievement of electrification in transportation has led to a reduction in the weight and size of the vehicles as the need for internal combustion engines can be eliminated. Wide bandgap materials such as silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN) offer advantages in the manufacturing of EVs. Beginning the late 2000s, the EV industry has begun to adopt GaN devices in their manufacturing processes. The semiconductor material GaN stands out as a material for power electronic systems in EVs owing to its high switching frequency, higher temperature limit, and high voltage breakdown. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of semiconductor GaN materials for EV applications, which could be useful to provide insights for researchers and scientists to accelerate their innovation for the improvement of EVs. This review begins with an introduction to EVs, followed by the anticipated demand for EVs. The application of GaN devices in EVs, compared to the traditional Si and SiC devices, which are the primary power devices in current EVs, is discussed. The recent advancement in GaN devices that are capable of being used in various components of a fully automated EV, such as the battery, energy storage system, auxiliary power unit, and motor drive, in addition to their use in different non-automotive vehicles such as electric aircraft, electric ships, electric railways, electric submarines, and heavy duty vehicles, is also discussed. Finally, the challenges posed by GaN devices and potential solutions to overcome these shortcomings have been addressed.
直到最近，电动汽车（EV）才发展成为当代发明。为了减少对石油的依赖和对环境的污染，一些国家迅速加快了电动汽车的发展。在有形世界中，与其他传统汽车不同，全电动汽车的尾气排放不释放任何二氧化碳（CO2）。因此，每年可减少 50%-70% 的二氧化碳空气污染。由于不再需要内燃机，交通实现电气化后，车辆的重量和体积都有所减小。碳化硅（SiC）和氮化镓（GaN）等宽带隙材料为电动汽车的制造提供了优势。从 2000 年代末开始，电动汽车行业已开始在其制造工艺中采用氮化镓器件。半导体材料氮化镓具有开关频率高、温度极限高和击穿电压高的特点，是电动汽车电力电子系统的理想材料。本综述旨在全面概述电动汽车应用中的半导体 GaN 材料，为研究人员和科学家提供有用的见解，以加快他们的创新，改进电动汽车。本综述首先介绍了电动汽车，然后介绍了电动汽车的预期需求。与传统的硅和碳化硅器件相比，氮化镓器件是目前电动汽车的主要功率器件，本文将讨论氮化镓器件在电动汽车中的应用。此外，还讨论了 GaN 器件的最新进展，这些器件可用于全自动电动汽车的各种组件，如电池、储能系统、辅助动力装置和电机驱动，还可用于不同的非汽车车辆，如电动飞机、电动船舶、电动铁路、电动潜艇和重型车辆。最后，还讨论了氮化镓器件面临的挑战以及克服这些缺点的潜在解决方案。
{"title":"The role of gallium nitride in the evolution of electric vehicles: Energy applications, technology, and challenges","authors":"Kazi Faridur Rahman, Shaili Falina, Mohamed Fauzi Packeer Mohamed, Hiroshi Kawarada, Mohd Syamsul","doi":"10.1063/5.0215799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0215799","url":null,"abstract":"It is only recently that the electric vehicle (EV) has evolved into a contemporary invention. There has been a rapid acceleration in the development of EVs in a number of nations in order to lessen their reliance on oil and their contribution to environmental pollution. In the tangible world, fully EVs do not release any carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from their tailpipes, unlike any other conventional vehicles. This results in a 50%–70% CO2 reduction in air pollution per year. The achievement of electrification in transportation has led to a reduction in the weight and size of the vehicles as the need for internal combustion engines can be eliminated. Wide bandgap materials such as silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN) offer advantages in the manufacturing of EVs. Beginning the late 2000s, the EV industry has begun to adopt GaN devices in their manufacturing processes. The semiconductor material GaN stands out as a material for power electronic systems in EVs owing to its high switching frequency, higher temperature limit, and high voltage breakdown. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of semiconductor GaN materials for EV applications, which could be useful to provide insights for researchers and scientists to accelerate their innovation for the improvement of EVs. This review begins with an introduction to EVs, followed by the anticipated demand for EVs. The application of GaN devices in EVs, compared to the traditional Si and SiC devices, which are the primary power devices in current EVs, is discussed. The recent advancement in GaN devices that are capable of being used in various components of a fully automated EV, such as the battery, energy storage system, auxiliary power unit, and motor drive, in addition to their use in different non-automotive vehicles such as electric aircraft, electric ships, electric railways, electric submarines, and heavy duty vehicles, is also discussed. Finally, the challenges posed by GaN devices and potential solutions to overcome these shortcomings have been addressed.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142171412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kyung Ho Kim, Yejin Kim, Sung Eun Seo, Chul Soon Park, Jinyoung Kim, Yu Kyung Kim, Hyoung-il Kim, Yoo Min Park, Oh Seok Kwon
Interfacial chemicals for metal surface functionalization were developed for applications of high water dispersibility and environmental stability. Metal nanomaterials, i.e., gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), were synthesized by introducing various interfacial chemicals, to improve the hydrophilicity of biosensors, such as those used in fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and lateral flow assay (LFA), respectively. Previously, thiolated AuNPs (SH-AuNPs) exhibited colloidal instability by forming irreversible aggregates in extreme environmental conditions; this phenomenon led to limitations such as poor sensitivity and reproducibility, in terms of biosensor application fields. Therefore, the development of novel interfacial chemicals remained a challenge for AuNP-based biosensor applications. Here, we first synthesized and demonstrated an ultra-stable AuNP functionalization by introducing N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) compounds with a polyethylene glycol chain and azide terminal groups (NHC-AuNPs). The high binding energy of NHC-AuNPs compared with SH-AuNPs was demonstrated by density functional theory simulation, with NHC-AuNPs showing an unprecedented stability in extreme environmental conditions with varying ranges of pH, salts, and temperature; in particular, ultra-stability was observed in condition by freezing/thawing over 120 times. NHC-AuNPs were applied FRET and LFA biosensors and showed excellent sensing performances. Based on the results, NHC-AuNPs can be introduced for performance improvement in the development of diagnostic platforms to utilize in extreme environmental conditions.
{"title":"Ultra-stable gold nanoparticles based on N-heterocyclic carbene interfacial compound","authors":"Kyung Ho Kim, Yejin Kim, Sung Eun Seo, Chul Soon Park, Jinyoung Kim, Yu Kyung Kim, Hyoung-il Kim, Yoo Min Park, Oh Seok Kwon","doi":"10.1063/5.0210703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0210703","url":null,"abstract":"Interfacial chemicals for metal surface functionalization were developed for applications of high water dispersibility and environmental stability. Metal nanomaterials, i.e., gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), were synthesized by introducing various interfacial chemicals, to improve the hydrophilicity of biosensors, such as those used in fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and lateral flow assay (LFA), respectively. Previously, thiolated AuNPs (SH-AuNPs) exhibited colloidal instability by forming irreversible aggregates in extreme environmental conditions; this phenomenon led to limitations such as poor sensitivity and reproducibility, in terms of biosensor application fields. Therefore, the development of novel interfacial chemicals remained a challenge for AuNP-based biosensor applications. Here, we first synthesized and demonstrated an ultra-stable AuNP functionalization by introducing N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) compounds with a polyethylene glycol chain and azide terminal groups (NHC-AuNPs). The high binding energy of NHC-AuNPs compared with SH-AuNPs was demonstrated by density functional theory simulation, with NHC-AuNPs showing an unprecedented stability in extreme environmental conditions with varying ranges of pH, salts, and temperature; in particular, ultra-stability was observed in condition by freezing/thawing over 120 times. NHC-AuNPs were applied FRET and LFA biosensors and showed excellent sensing performances. Based on the results, NHC-AuNPs can be introduced for performance improvement in the development of diagnostic platforms to utilize in extreme environmental conditions.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142171411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yubin Fan, Shufan Chen, Xiaoyuan Liu, Xiaoyu Che, Xiaodong Qiu, Mu Ku Chen, Din Ping Tsai
Quantum random number generation (QRNG) leveraging intrinsic quantum uncertainty has attracted significant interest in the field of integrated photonic architecture, with applications in quantum cryptography, tests of quantum nonlocality, and beyond. The demand for compact, low-energy consumption, robust, fast, and cost-effective QRNGs integrated into photonic chips is highlighted, whereas most previous works focused on bulk optics. Here, based on the metalens array entangled source, we experimentally realized a miniaturized, high-dimensional quantum random number generator via a meta-device without post-randomness extraction. Specifically, the device has a high-density output with 100 channels per square millimeter. This chip-scale quantum randomness source can obtain random number arrays without post-randomness extraction and enable compact integration for quantum applications needing secure keys or randomness. Our approach demonstrates potential in secure key generation and randomness for quantum applications.
{"title":"Metalens array for quantum random number","authors":"Yubin Fan, Shufan Chen, Xiaoyuan Liu, Xiaoyu Che, Xiaodong Qiu, Mu Ku Chen, Din Ping Tsai","doi":"10.1063/5.0224766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0224766","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum random number generation (QRNG) leveraging intrinsic quantum uncertainty has attracted significant interest in the field of integrated photonic architecture, with applications in quantum cryptography, tests of quantum nonlocality, and beyond. The demand for compact, low-energy consumption, robust, fast, and cost-effective QRNGs integrated into photonic chips is highlighted, whereas most previous works focused on bulk optics. Here, based on the metalens array entangled source, we experimentally realized a miniaturized, high-dimensional quantum random number generator via a meta-device without post-randomness extraction. Specifically, the device has a high-density output with 100 channels per square millimeter. This chip-scale quantum randomness source can obtain random number arrays without post-randomness extraction and enable compact integration for quantum applications needing secure keys or randomness. Our approach demonstrates potential in secure key generation and randomness for quantum applications.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142166361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The phase diagram serves as a blueprint for designing the structure of a material, offering a comprehensive representation of its different phases under specific conditions, such as temperature and pressure. In the realm of two-dimensional (2D) materials, stacking order can play a crucial role in controlling and inducing phase transitions. However, in studying phase diagrams for 2D materials, the exploration of stacking degree of freedom has largely been overlooked, limiting our understanding and hindering future applications. Here, we experimentally explore the interplay of stacking and pressure degrees of freedom in revealing unique phase transitions in bilayer MoS2 with two different stacking configurations. In AA stacking, interlayer sliding and asymmetric intralayer compressing precede intralayer rotation, while in AB stacking, asymmetric intralayer compressing and intralayer distortion occur simultaneously. Under further elevated pressure, the bilayer system transitions into 1T′ phase before amorphization. Our findings offer valuable insights for creating comprehensive phase diagrams and exploring exotic phases as well as phase transitions of 2D materials in a broader parameter space.
相图是设计材料结构的蓝图，全面展示了材料在温度和压力等特定条件下的不同相态。在二维（2D）材料领域，堆积顺序在控制和诱导相变方面起着至关重要的作用。然而，在研究二维材料相图的过程中，对堆积自由度的探索在很大程度上被忽视了，这限制了我们的理解并阻碍了未来的应用。在这里，我们通过实验探索了堆叠自由度和压力自由度的相互作用，揭示了具有两种不同堆叠构型的双层 MoS2 的独特相变。在 AA 堆垛中，层间滑动和非对称层内压缩先于层内旋转，而在 AB 堆垛中，非对称层内压缩和层内扭曲同时发生。在压力进一步升高的情况下，双层体系会在非晶化之前过渡到 1T′ 相。我们的发现为绘制全面的相图、探索二维材料在更广阔的参数空间中的奇异相位和相变提供了宝贵的见解。
{"title":"Exploration toward a new stacking-pressure phase diagram in bilayer AA- and AB-MoS2","authors":"Chenyin Jiao, Shenghai Pei, Zejuan Zhang, Cheng Li, Jiankai Zhu, Jiaze Qin, Maodi Zhang, Ting Wen, Yu Zhou, Zenghui Wang, Juan Xia","doi":"10.1063/5.0202832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0202832","url":null,"abstract":"The phase diagram serves as a blueprint for designing the structure of a material, offering a comprehensive representation of its different phases under specific conditions, such as temperature and pressure. In the realm of two-dimensional (2D) materials, stacking order can play a crucial role in controlling and inducing phase transitions. However, in studying phase diagrams for 2D materials, the exploration of stacking degree of freedom has largely been overlooked, limiting our understanding and hindering future applications. Here, we experimentally explore the interplay of stacking and pressure degrees of freedom in revealing unique phase transitions in bilayer MoS2 with two different stacking configurations. In AA stacking, interlayer sliding and asymmetric intralayer compressing precede intralayer rotation, while in AB stacking, asymmetric intralayer compressing and intralayer distortion occur simultaneously. Under further elevated pressure, the bilayer system transitions into 1T′ phase before amorphization. Our findings offer valuable insights for creating comprehensive phase diagrams and exploring exotic phases as well as phase transitions of 2D materials in a broader parameter space.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142144436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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