Applied Thermal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Dynamic measurements of thermal boundary layer and heat transfer rates along a heated flat plate under the influence of ultrasonic field","authors":"Yogesh Yemalwad,&nbsp;Harpreet Kaur Aasi,&nbsp;Atul Srivastava","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125734","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125734","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We report observations made through direct visualization of perturbations in the thermal boundary layer over a vertically heated flat plate under the influence of an externally applied ultrasonic field. Under the natural convection regime, the thermal field has been mapped using a gradients-based imaging technique, namely rainbow schlieren deflectometry (RSD). The spatial and temporally resolved temperature gradient field has been retrieved through the quantitative processing of the two-dimensional hue distribution captured in the form of schlieren images. Near wall temperature gradients have been subjected to energy balance to determine the local variations of heat transfer rates along the length of the heated plate at different instants of time upon the application of ultrasonic field. Exploiting the potential of RSD, a one-on-one correspondence has been drawn on local perturbations of the thermal boundary layer (quantified in the form of boundary layer thickness) and the resultant spatial and temporal variation of heat transfer coefficient. The evaluation of the applied ultrasonic field showed a reduction in the thickness of thermal boundary layer and a corresponding augmentation of heat transfer coefficient by <span><math><mrow><mo>≈</mo><mn>103.7</mn><mo>%</mo></mrow></math></span>. To the best of our knowledge, the present experimental study, is the first attempt to simultaneously map the real-time perturbations of thermal boundary layer profile subjected to an ultrasonic field and the corresponding variations in the local heat transfer rates in the vicinity of a heated flat plate under natural convection regime.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 125734"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143169373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation on thermal characteristics and performance enhancement of pulsating heat pipe with ultra-maximum hydraulic diameter","authors":"Yanyan Xu ,&nbsp;Yanqin Xue ,&nbsp;Songzhen Tang ,&nbsp;Dongwei Zhang ,&nbsp;Weihua Cai","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125702","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125702","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The lower dry-out limit of the conventional small-diameter pulsating heat pipe (PHP) hinders its large-scale application in solar collectors. In this paper, a new type of ultra-maximum hydraulic diameter PHP (UHDPHP) with a diameter of 6 mm was designed, exceeding the theoretical maximum critical diameter by 92.93 % when ethanol served as the working fluid. The start-up and thermal characteristics of UHDPHP filled with water and ethanol were comparatively investigated. Three strategies were tried to further optimize UHDPHP performance. The results show that the UHDPHP can still be activated and display excellent performance. Compared to the ethanol-based UHDPHP, water-filled UHDPHP exhibits a 45.04 % reduction in thermal resistance and a 4.10 ℃ decrease in average temperature deviation, and also shows lower operating temperature fluctuations. Ultrasonic degassing of water enhances the thermal performance of UHDPHP by nearly 20 %. Among various mixtures, the 1:1 ethanol–water UHDPHP demonstrates the highest performance improvement, with an enhancement ratio of approximately 66 % compared to ethanol. The sensitivity of UHDPHP performance to the inclination angle is reduced by integrating a buffer tank, and this strategy can enhance performance by up to 35.08 %. Even at an inclination angle of 45°, the thermal performance of the enhanced UHDPHP can still reach 16.3 times that of the copper pipe. These results may be useful for designing efficient solar collectors based on large-diameter PHPs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 125702"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143172041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A heat transfer model for two-phase flow in an ejector refrigeration system","authors":"Santiago Valencia-Cañola ,&nbsp;Federico Méndez ,&nbsp;Carlos A. Bustamante","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125638","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125638","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sustainable refrigeration technologies with low electrical energy consumption such as the Ejector Refrigeration System (ERS) can contribute to meet carbon reduction goals. In this study, the thermodynamic performance is assessed by means of a validated mathematical dynamic model. The proposed model integrates simultaneously the operation of each part of the ERS (composed basically by a generator, condenser, evaporator, expansion valve and recirculation pump); being capable of predicting the global behavior of the cycle by describing mass, momentum and energy transport in each subsystem and by coupling their inlet and outlet conditions. In particular, the heat exchangers model used in this work is a simplified two-phase model where the phase change is considered as an homogeneous flow of a mixture liquid/vapor under the assumption of one-dimensional flow, that permits to estimate the phase change and the pressure drop, which directly influence the operation of the ejector and the overall performance of the system. After validating the numerical approach by comparison to experimental data from the literature, the behavior of the ERS is simulated for different operational conditions, obtained from changes in generator heat input, that affects the temperature and pressure at the ejector inlet. From these simulation results, thermal performance can be written in terms of ejector entrainment ratio (ER) and system coefficient of performance (COP). For high generator heat flow, the pressure and temperature of the primary flow at the ejector inlet are higher due to the overheating, and the system’s operating range in the critical mode is reduced, causing a considerable decrease in the ER and the COP. For the same condensing pressure, reductions of 58% and 45% are observed in the ER and the COP, respectively, when the generator heat input increases by 40% from the design conditions, showing a great system’s sensitivity to the available heat. Besides proposing an accurate computational tool to permits achieve more efficient ERS designs, obtained results show the need for more adaptable systems in terms of heat input conditions, such as solar or industrial waste sources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 125638"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143168985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel organic Rankine cycle-ejector booster refrigeration cycle for low-temperature sources","authors":"Servet Giray Hacıpaşaoğlu","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125741","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125741","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, a detailed comparison was made between the Organic Rankine Cycle-Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle (ORC-VCRC) and the novel Organic Rankine Cycle-Ejector Booster Refrigeration Cycle (ORC-EBRC), which was developed as an alternative, using the environmentally friendly refrigerant cyclopentane. Energy and exergy analyses were performed for the ORC-EBRC cycle. A renewable energy source was used for the low-temperature heat source (75 °C–115 °C) on the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) side. The boiler, condenser, evaporator temperatures and isentropic efficiency values of the compressor and turbine were examined over specific ranges, and variations in coefficinet of performance (COP), exergy efficiency, total mass flow rate, compressor compression ratio (CCR), and expander expansion ratio (EER) were obtained. The results indicate that the ORC-EBRC cycle is a more suitable choice in terms of energy and exergy compared to the ORC-VCRC cycle. For a boiler temperature of 100 °C, compared to the ORC-VCRC cycle, the ORC-EBRC cycle achieved increases of 17.56 % in COP_system, 20.21 % in exergy efficiency, and a decrease of 10.04 % in total mass flow rate. For a condenser temperature of 40 °C, the increases were 17.15 % in COP_system, 20.05 % in exergy efficiency, and a decrease of 9.11 % in total mass flow rate. For an evaporator temperature of −15 °C, the increases were 17.91 % in COP_system, 20.13 % in exergy efficiency, and a decrease of 11.35 % in total mass flow rate. It was determined that changes in the isentropic efficiency values of the compressor and turbine increased the COP_system and exergy efficiency values, while decreasing the total mass flow rate values.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 125741"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143168992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal phase change material integration strategies for maximizing electronic device reliability","authors":"Soonwook Kim ,&nbsp;Hyeongkeun Kim ,&nbsp;William P. King ,&nbsp;Nenad Miljkovic","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125736","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125736","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The reliability of electronic devices under transient heat loads is a critical challenge in modern electronics thermal management. Phase change materials (PCMs) offer effective transient thermal management for cyclic heat loads by buffering temperature fluctuations using their latent heat of phase change. However, the narrow operating temperature range offered by PCMs and complexities associated with melting and solidification make designing PCM-integrated thermal management systems a challenge. This study investigates the optimization of PCM-integrated heat sinks to maximize electronic device reliability. Using Gaussian process optimization coupled with an experimentally validated reduced-order model, key geometric parameters of a heat sink integrated with composite PCMs incorporating high thermal conductivity inclusions are optimized. The study evaluates various PCM heat sink geometries and their impact on device lifespan under varying heat dissipation pulse widths, duty cycles, and heat fluxes. Additionally, the influence of different PCM melting temperatures and external cooling methods, including air-cooled and liquid-cooled conditions are analyzed. The results demonstrate that while PCMs effectively buffer temperature swings, their effectiveness is highly sensitive to the device operating conditions such as the heat loss profile, and cooling strategy governed by the external cooling condition. External cooling significantly broadens the power range that PCM-assisted cooling can manage, accommodating heat loads from 0.5 W/cm² to 520 W/cm² under the investigated cooling conditions. With air-cooling, the optimized PCM-integrated heat sink demonstrates up to 83X higher expected lifetime compared to a pure copper heat sink having an optimized geometry, highlighting the substantial benefits of PCM-assisted cooling. We propose a design flow chart for PCM heat sink integration to guide the development of optimized thermal management systems. This work makes a significant contribution by directly linking the improved thermal performance of optimized PCM heat sink designs to the prediction of device lifetime across various operating conditions. We present an efficient methodology for identifying the conditions under which PCM integration provides the greatest benefit. These findings offer valuable insights for designing PCM-based thermal management systems, paving the way for improved longevity and performance in high-power electronic systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 125736"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143173161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of coupled heat transfer on temperature distribution of a packed bed with rotary intake and exhaust","authors":"Shun Sun,&nbsp;Mingming Mao,&nbsp;Fangdong Zhu,&nbsp;Fang He,&nbsp;Junrui Shi,&nbsp;Yongqi Liu,&nbsp;Dan Zhou,&nbsp;Xiaozhong Ma,&nbsp;Mengmeng Song","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125723","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125723","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As an effective technique dealing with low calorific volatile organic compounds emissions, the rotary flow reversal reactor (RFRR) has the high heat recovery ability and combustion efficiency. The temperature distribution uniformity of the preheated packed bed, the main component of the RFRR, is of great importance to the combustion stability during operation. The effect of coupled heat transfer on the temperature distribution of the packed bed of a RFRR during preheating process is investigated experimentally. There are four heating forms including pure radiation and coupled forms of radiation and convective heat transfer. The temperature rising rate is obviously higher and the high temperature zone (over 800 °C)is clearly wider for the coupled heat transfer with top intake. However, the top intake leads to a temperature drop over the height of 0.6 m and the high temperature over 200 °C at the bottom end. Fortunately, the bottom intake decreases the temperature level by about 100 °C of the bottom part obviously so as to reduce the exhaust heat loss. In addition, the most uniform temperature distribution along the entire the height occurs when the top and the bottom intakes are imported together. Finally, two reasonable segmented heating forms with variable intake forms or flow rates are proposed under comprehensive consideration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 125723"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143169374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonlinear dynamics of a simplified subcritical thermoacoustic system under axial structure vibration","authors":"Jiaqi Huang ,&nbsp;Xinyan Li ,&nbsp;Hao Zhang ,&nbsp;Geng Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125735","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125735","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Energy conversion from heat to acoustics remains one of the major challenges in high-performance propulsion systems, due to the incurred serious threat to the structural safety of engine and the reliability of system operation. In this paper, the influence of axial structural vibration on the nonlinear dynamics of a subcritical thermoacoustic system are investigated using large eddy simulation and moving mesh techniques. Multiple analysis methods, including time series analysis, reconstructed phase portrait, spectrum analysis, and wavelet analysis are employed to analyze the system response. When the thermoacoustic system is configured in the globally stable region, the acoustic oscillations grow monotonically with the increase of structure vibration, and resonant conditions lead to more severe thermoacoustic oscillations compared to non-resonant cases. In the hysteresis region, the structure vibration can trigger the silent thermoacoustic system to exhibit intense oscillations, and the minimum vibration amplitude for the triggering is obtained at different operating condition. Under non-resonant conditions, low-frequency vibrations need lower amplitude to trigger than high-frequency vibrations. Once the system becomes unstable, external structural vibrations exert a modulating effect on the high-amplitude limit cycle oscillations. These findings offer valuable insights into the interplay between axial structural vibration and thermoacoustic instability in thermoacoustic systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 125735"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143170049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced heat source design method for thermochemical cycles based on pinch analysis","authors":"Xue Sun ,&nbsp;Yinghui Liao ,&nbsp;Zhen Yang ,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Duan ,&nbsp;Qiang Song","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125727","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125727","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The heat absorption processes of thermochemical water splitting cycles (TWSCs) are complex characterized by multiple temperatures, streams, and pinch points. Directly applying the traditional heat source design method may result in infeasible heat supply, complex calculation, and the risk of falling into local optimal solution. Therefore, this article proposes a heat source design method for TWSCs based on pinch analysis. Compared with the traditional method of obtaining local optimal solution by presetting the heat source parameters, this method directly obtains the global heating performance map by determining the feasible regions of the pinch points, revealing the transformation mechanisms of the heating performance and obtaining reliable global and local solutions, avoiding the empirical dependence on the initial value. The method is applied to the heat source design of the copper-chloride cycle. The results indicate that in the global optimal solution, the input temperature (<em>T</em>_hot) and output temperature (<em>T</em>_cold) of the heat source are 770.92°C and 61.28°C, with an input exergy of 240.76 kJ·mol^-1_H2, which is 5.89 % lower than that of the local optimal solution when <em>T</em>_hot is preset to 600–900°C. This method has a solid thermodynamic foundation and can obtain reliable optimal solutions by simple calculation, which can support the heat source design of TWSCs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 125727"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143170065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation and theoretical analysis of using refrigerant for waste recovery on gas engine-driven heat pump","authors":"Muyang Yu ,&nbsp;Xiaomeng Zhang ,&nbsp;Chong Han ,&nbsp;Musen Lin ,&nbsp;Long Ni","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125710","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125710","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Waste heat recovery is a crucial factor affecting the operational efficiency of gas engine-driven heat pump (GEHP) systems. This study experimentally investigates the heating performance of a GEHP unit that recovers waste heat through refrigerant, under ambient temperatures ranging from −25 °C to 5 °C. The experimental results indicate that the unit operates stably, maintaining a Primary Energy Ratio (PER) between 0.8 and 1.2, and exhibits significantly different operational characteristics at ambient temperatures above −5 °C and below −10 °C. Based on the experimental data, the refrigerant flow distribution, energy flow, and heat source proportion are quantitatively analyzed. The results reveal that variations in ambient temperature significantly impact refrigerant flow distribution, which in turn affects the heat source proportion. Furthermore, theoretical calculations of the effects of subcooling and superheating degrees were conducted to optimize refrigerant flow distribution. It is found that the heat absorption capacity of the refrigerant thermodynamic cycle is a fundamental factor influencing the unit’s operational efficiency, primarily used for waste heat recovery by adjusting refrigerant distribution. Consequently, the underutilized heat absorption capacity is identified as the key reason why GEHP units using refrigerant for waste heat recovery exhibit inferior heating performance compared to those using water. With water for waste heat recovery, the heating capacity and <em>PER</em> are over 25 % higher than those of the refrigerant-based system, with a maximum increase of up to 60 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 125710"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143169366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flash expansion morphologies of subcooled water upward injecting into high-temperature oil pool","authors":"Ruizhi Hao,&nbsp;Shuhua Zhou,&nbsp;Wenshu Jiang,&nbsp;Shuo Wang,&nbsp;Hanwu Gao,&nbsp;Xinkui Fang,&nbsp;Xue Chen,&nbsp;Tao Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125726","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125726","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flash expansion of subcooled water injecting into high-temperature liquid pool is a ubiquitous phenomenon in steam generator tube rupture (SGTR) accidents in lead-cooled fast reactors (LFRs). In this study, a series of visual experiments were conducted to investigate the evolutions of jet flow pattern and jet flash expansion characteristics with different oil temperatures, water injection pressures, and hole diameters. It was found that the injection process includes the initial jet cavity formation stage and the jet cavity expansion–contraction stage. The jet can be classified into two flow patterns: a significant expansion jet dominated by flash evaporation of water, which only occurs at low oil temperatures; and a confined expansion jet dominated by steam escape, which only occurs at higher oil temperatures. Meanwhile, the expansion–contraction mechanism of the jet cavity can be elucidated as a competition between the flash evaporation of water and steam escape. Furthermore, predicted correlations for jet cavity width and jet expansion period based on the Reynolds number, Jacob number, dimensionless heating coefficient and dimensionless hole diameter were proposed with high accuracy. Finally, geometric estimations on the steam cavity volume and its volume expansion rate were conducted, which enriched the quantitative analysis of the flash expansion morphologies. This research is promising to enhance the understanding and cognition of the jet flash expansion behavior after SGTR accidents in LFRs, and to provide valuable reference and guidance for subsequent numerical simulation research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 125726"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143169873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}