Applied Thermal Engineering最新文献_第9页

Pyrolysis mechanism and radical evolution in C6F12O–N2 gas mixtures: A combined ReaxFF MD and DFT study C6F12O-N2混合气体热解机理及自由基演化：ReaxFF MD和DFT联合研究

IF 6.9 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129899

Kai Wang , Dezheng Wang , Bin Zheng , Wei Wang , Biao Zhou

Perfluorohexanone (C₆F₁₂O) is a clean fire suppressant and is often used together with nitrogen (N₂), but the thermal pyrolysis behavior and radical evolution in C₆F₁₂O–N₂ mixtures are still not well understood. Previous studies mainly considered discharge conditions or other buffer gases and rarely combined experiments with multi-scale simulations. This study integrates tubular-furnace experiments, density functional theory (DFT) and ReaxFF molecular dynamics (MD) to clarify the dominant pyrolysis pathways of C₆F₁₂O–N₂ and the effects of operating conditions. Experiments at 450–750 °C show that significant C₆F₁₂O pyrolysis starts near 550 °C, with products evolving from higher perfluoroalkanes (C₅F₁₂, C₄F₁₀, C₃F₈) to smaller fluorocarbons (C₃F₆, CF₄) as temperature increases. DFT indicates that CC bonds adjacent to the carbonyl group are the weakest, leading to primary radicals C₃F₇·, C₂F₅· and CF₃·, which explain the observed product spectrum. ReaxFF-MD reproduces these trends and resolves the time-dependent evolution of radicals under different temperature, mixing-ratio and pressure conditions. A moderate N₂ fraction promotes initial activation of C₆F₁₂O, whereas excessive N₂ or high pressure suppresses radical chain propagation and lowers the pyrolysis extent. The identified endothermic bond scission and fluorinated radicals that scavenge H·/OH· radicals provide mechanistic support for the combined cooling and chemical-inhibition effects responsible for fire suppression by C₆F₁₂O–N₂ mixtures.

全氟己酮（C6F12O）是一种清洁的灭火剂，常与氮气（N2）一起使用，但目前对C6F12O - N2混合物的热热解行为和自由基演化尚不清楚。以往的研究主要考虑放电条件或其他缓冲气体，很少将实验与多尺度模拟相结合。本研究结合管炉实验、密度功能理论（DFT）和ReaxFF分子动力学（MD），明确了C6F12O-N2的主要热解途径和操作条件的影响。450-750℃的实验表明，c6f120在550℃附近开始明显的热解，随着温度的升高，产物从较高的全氟烷烃（C5F12、C4F10、C3F8）演变为较低的氟碳化合物（C3F6、CF4）。DFT表明，邻羰基的CC键是最弱的，产生了C3F7·、C2F5·和CF3·等初级自由基，这解释了观察到的产物谱。ReaxFF-MD重现了这些趋势，并解决了自由基在不同温度、混合比和压力条件下随时间变化的演变。适度的N2馏分有利于c6f120的初始活化，过高的N2或高压则抑制自由基链的传播，降低热解程度。所发现的吸热键断裂和清除H·/OH·自由基的氟化自由基为C6F12O-N2混合物的冷却和化学抑制作用提供了机制支持。

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引用次数: 0

CFD-based optimization of oxygen-enriched combustion in copper anode refining furnace 基于cfd的铜阳极精炼炉富氧燃烧优化

IF 6.9 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129933

Yuyang Chen , Shiliang Yang , Jiajun Lu , Hua Wang

The anode refining furnace is primarily utilized to purify blister copper derived from copper matte converting, typically relying on methane combustion for thermal energy. This study establishes a numerical framework to investigate turbulent diffusion combustion and oxygen-enhancement mechanisms within a rotary refining furnace. The model fidelity was rigorously validated against the Sandia Flame D benchmark. Subsequently, the effects of oxygen concentration were systematically evaluated, focusing on jet dynamics, thermal topology, turbulence characteristics, and pollutant formation. Results demonstrate that oxygen enrichment significantly modulates species evolution and thermal field distribution. Specifically, increasing oxygen concentration from 80% to 95% intensified CO generation and expanded the high-temperature flame core, yielding superior thermal homogeneity. However, this thermal enhancement incurred a substantial penalty where NO emissions surged to 385 ppm at 95% oxygen. This represents a nearly four fold increase relative to the 80% baseline.

阳极精炼炉主要用于净化从铜锍转化中获得的泡铜，通常依靠甲烷燃烧作为热能。本研究建立了一个数值框架来研究旋转精炼炉内的湍流扩散燃烧和增氧机制。模型保真度严格验证了桑迪亚火焰D基准。随后，系统地评估了氧浓度的影响，重点是射流动力学、热拓扑、湍流特性和污染物形成。结果表明，富氧显著调节了物种进化和热场分布。具体来说，将氧气浓度从80%增加到95%，会增强CO的生成，并扩大高温火焰核心，从而产生优异的热均匀性。然而，这种热增强带来了巨大的损失，在95%氧气条件下，NO排放量飙升至385 ppm。这比80%的基线增加了近4倍。

引用次数: 0

Optimization of thermal efficiency and heating uniformity for insulator production in tunnel ovens using CFD simulations and experimental studies 基于CFD模拟和实验研究的隧道炉绝缘子生产热效率和加热均匀性优化

IF 6.9 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129895

Kailin Ren, Xin Luo, Zhigao Huang, Xuyang Cai, Riqing Chen, Donglei Liu, Shaojian Zhang

Optimizing the heating process is crucial for the efficient and high-performance application of insulators, yet this aspect has been largely overlooked in the current research. For the first time, this paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the thermal characteristics of insulators during heating, utilizing both experimental and numerical approaches. The heating uniformity and thermal efficiency of the oven system are chosen as the main two reference indicators of thermal performance. Furthermore, various oven heating structures were evaluated to identify an optimal design. The study also examined different operating conditions to determine the best heating strategy. A strong agreement was observed between experimental and numerical results, with a maximum relative discrepancy of 4.23%, validating the accuracy of the numerical methods. Significantly, under optimal conditions (inlet air velocity of 5 m/s and heating temperature of 140 °C), plan 3 (featuring panels on both sides of the oven) achieved a thermal efficiency of 15.64% and a coefficient of unevenness of 0.28. This represents a substantial improvement of 12.03% in thermal efficiency and a remarkable 94.83% reduction in the coefficient of unevenness compared to the original design. Therefore, plan 3 operated at 5 m/s and 140 °C is recommended as the most practical solution for heating insulators in the tunnel oven. Overall, this research provides a promising and effective methodology for optimizing insulator heating processes.

优化加热过程对绝缘体的高效、高性能应用至关重要，但在目前的研究中，这方面的研究在很大程度上被忽视。本文首次利用实验和数值方法对绝缘子在加热过程中的热特性进行了全面的研究。选取烘箱系统的加热均匀性和热效率作为热性能的两个主要参考指标。此外，对不同的烘箱加热结构进行了评估，以确定最佳设计方案。该研究还检查了不同的操作条件，以确定最佳的加热策略。实验结果与数值结果吻合较好，最大相对误差为4.23%，验证了数值方法的准确性。值得注意的是，在最佳条件下（进风速度为5 m/s，加热温度为140℃），方案3（烤箱两侧都有面板）的热效率为15.64%，不均匀系数为0.28。与原设计相比，热效率提高了12.03%，不均匀系数降低了94.83%。因此，建议以5m /s、140℃的速度运行方案3，作为隧道烘箱中加热绝缘子最实用的解决方案。总的来说，这项研究为优化绝缘体加热过程提供了一种有前途和有效的方法。

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引用次数: 0

Towards reliable model validation of evaporative coolers: Unified terminology and benchmark datasets 迈向可靠的蒸发冷却器模型验证：统一的术语和基准数据集

IF 6.9 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129928

Alanis Zeoli , Samuel Gendebien , Titouan Janod , Tala Moussa , Chadi Maalouf , Anna Pacak , Vincent Lemort

Evaporative cooling technologies are getting more attention in the scientific community due to the urgent need to satisfy the growing demand for cooling buildings while decreasing

{CO}_{2}

emissions. Evaporative coolers offer a promising alternative to standard vapour-compression cycles, and many evaporative cooler variants have emerged in recent years to improve their performance. Similarly, the number of models developed to assess the performance of evaporative cooler configurations and simulate their behaviour under various operating conditions is constantly increasing. To obtain relevant results using simulation, it is necessary to perform a proper model validation, which is often handled using experimental data from the literature. However, model validation based on data from the literature can be time-consuming because the terminology of evaporative cooler configurations is not unified throughout the literature, and it requires gathering data from existing papers, which is rarely accessible in tables. This paper provides a framework for model validation using a two-step approach. First, the authors propose a comprehensive classification of evaporative coolers to unify the denominations of evaporative cooler configurations and understand the advantages and drawbacks of existing configurations. Second, standardised datasets are provided for each identified type of evaporative cooler. 18 datasets have been generated using existing experimental and numerical data from the literature, covering various operating conditions. Full datasets are available in an online open-source database to help the reader with model validation of various evaporative cooler configurations.

由于迫切需要满足日益增长的冷却建筑物的需求，同时减少二氧化碳的排放，蒸发冷却技术越来越受到科学界的关注。蒸发冷却器提供了一个有前途的替代标准的蒸汽压缩循环，许多蒸发冷却器变种已出现在近年来，以提高其性能。同样，为评估蒸发冷却器配置的性能并模拟其在各种操作条件下的行为而开发的模型数量也在不断增加。为了通过仿真得到相关的结果，有必要进行适当的模型验证，这通常使用文献中的实验数据来处理。然而，基于文献数据的模型验证可能会很耗时，因为蒸发冷却器配置的术语在整个文献中并不统一，并且需要从现有的论文中收集数据，而这些数据在表格中很少可以获得。本文提供了一个使用两步方法进行模型验证的框架。首先，作者对蒸发冷却器进行了全面的分类，统一了蒸发冷却器配置的名称，并了解了现有配置的优缺点。其次，为每一种已确定类型的蒸发冷却器提供了标准化数据集。使用文献中现有的实验和数值数据生成了18个数据集，涵盖了各种操作条件。完整的数据集可在一个在线开源数据库，以帮助读者与各种蒸发冷却器配置的模型验证。

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引用次数: 0

Forming and mechanism investigation of heat pipe wick with micro-nano pore using additive-subtractive composite processing 加-减复合工艺制备微纳孔热管芯及其机理研究

IF 6.9 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129886

Weisong Ling , Zhanpeng Hu , Jiarong Cui , Wenjun Xu , Yi Zhu , Chaofan Wang , Baocai Zhang , Wei Zhou

This study proposes an additive-subtractive composite manufacturing method to fabricate micro-nano composite porous wicks by combining selective laser sintering (SLS) and anodizing techniques. Initially, 316 L stainless steel substrates with microporous structures were fabricated using SLS. Subsequently, anodizing was applied to produce nanopores on the microporous substrate, forming a hybrid micro-nano porous structure. The effects of key parameters such as anodizing time, electrolyte concentration, and substrate wall thickness on porosity, pore size, and pore distribution were systematically analyzed. A three-stage evolution mechanism of nanopore formation: initial rapid pore formation, intermediate rapid growth, and final stabilization was revealed. Results show that anodizing significantly enhanced the wettability and capillary pumping performance of wick. The absorption time of deionized water was reduced by 38.46%, and the maximum capillary pumping mass was increased by 22.04%. The application of the micro-nano composite wick in a loop heat pipe (LHP) further demonstrated its superior heat transfer performance. Under a high heat load of 300 W, the anodized wick exhibited a lower evaporator outlet temperature and higher cooling water outlet temperature. The heat transfer efficiency was improved by 5.84% while thermal runaway was avoided. These findings provide theoretical and technological insights for the design and optimization of high-performance thermal management materials.

本研究提出了一种结合选择性激光烧结（SLS）和阳极氧化技术制备微纳复合多孔芯的增减复合制造方法。最初，采用SLS技术制备了具有微孔结构的316l不锈钢衬底。随后，在微孔衬底上进行阳极氧化制备纳米孔，形成微纳混合多孔结构。系统分析了阳极氧化时间、电解液浓度、衬底壁厚等关键参数对孔隙率、孔径和孔分布的影响。揭示了纳米孔形成的三个阶段演化机制：初始快速成孔、中间快速生长和最终稳定。结果表明，阳极氧化处理显著提高了灯芯的润湿性和毛细泵送性能。去离子水的吸收时间缩短了38.46%，最大毛细泵送质量提高了22.04%。微纳复合芯在环形热管（LHP）中的应用进一步证明了其优越的传热性能。在300 W的高热负荷下，阳极氧化灯芯蒸发器出口温度较低，冷却水出口温度较高。在避免热失控的情况下，传热效率提高了5.84%。这些发现为高性能热管理材料的设计和优化提供了理论和技术见解。

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引用次数: 0

Calibration and inversion using a data-model fusion-driven method with application to lead‑bismuth cooled reactors 使用数据模型聚变驱动方法进行校准和反演，并应用于铅铋冷却反应堆

IF 6.9 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129924

Shuo Liu , Wenshu Li , Chenglong Wang , Dalin Zhang , Pengrui Qiao , Suizheng Qiu

With the deepening understanding of turbulent heat transfer phenomena in liquid metals, neither purely experimental measurements or purely numerical simulations alone can meet the demands of current research. In recent years, the development and application of data assimilation technology can contribute to solve this problem. In this work, a data-model fusion-driven method was created based on the Ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF). Then it was applied to the calibration of turbulent Prandtl number (Pr_t) and the prediction of average Nusselt number (Nu) for the flow and heat transfer phenomena of lead‑bismuth eutectic (LBE). Using the calibrated Pr_t model, the prediction of the average Nu not only achieved high agreement with Johnson's experimental data, with a relative error within 5%, but also significantly outperformed existing correlation formulas. Although its prediction accuracy decreases when extrapolating at low Peclet number (Pe), the error remains within ±15%. Under the higher Pe number condition, a single measurement point suffices for the calibration requirement while under the lower Pe condition, at least two measurement points are required to ensure reliable correction.

随着对液态金属湍流换热现象认识的不断深入，单纯的实验测量和单纯的数值模拟都不能满足当前研究的需要。近年来，数据同化技术的发展和应用有助于解决这一问题。本文提出了一种基于集成卡尔曼滤波（EnKF）的数据模型融合驱动方法。然后将其应用于铅铋共熔（LBE）流动和传热现象的湍流普朗特数（Prt）定标和平均努塞尔数（Nu）预测。利用校正后的Prt模型，对平均Nu的预测不仅与Johnson的实验数据高度吻合，相对误差在5%以内，而且显著优于现有的相关公式。在低佩莱特数（Pe）外推时，其预测精度降低，但误差保持在±15%以内。在较高Pe数条件下，单个测量点即可满足校准要求，而在较低Pe数条件下，至少需要两个测量点才能保证可靠的校正。

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引用次数: 0

Investigation on a novel air-cooled PEMFC stack with enhanced heat dissipation and self-driven heat replenishment via heat recovery 一种新型空气冷却型PEMFC堆的研究，该堆具有增强散热和热回收自驱动补热功能

IF 6.9 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129929

Mingguang Yang , Zhenhua Quan , Zejian Chang , Yaohua Zhao , Lei Xing , Lincheng Wang

A novel air-cooled proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack with a dual-mode thermal management strategy is proposed to address challenges with both high-load heat dissipation and low-temperature operational challenges. The design integrates micro heat pipe arrays (MHPAs) to enhance heat transfer and enable self-driven heat recovery for inlet air preheating. A dynamic isothermal model is developed and validated against experimental results, providing guidance for structural optimization and operating strategies. Under the heat dissipation mode, coordinated fan control and MHPA configuration increased load capacity by 27.3% and boosted maximum power output by 12.6%. Under self-driven heat recovery mode, elevated the inlet air temperature from 0 °C to 12.8 °C, leading to a 9.0% improvement in low-temperature performance. These results demonstrate that the proposed PEMFC stack effectively combines a compact structure with energy-efficient operation, offering strong potential for reliable portable power applications under variable environmental conditions.

提出了一种新型的气冷质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）堆叠，采用双模式热管理策略，以解决高负荷散热和低温运行的挑战。该设计集成了微热管阵列（MHPAs），以增强传热，并实现入口空气预热的自驱动热回收。建立了动态等温模型，并与实验结果进行了对比验证，为结构优化和操作策略提供了指导。在散热模式下，风扇协调控制和MHPA配置使负载能力提高了27.3%，最大输出功率提高了12.6%。在自驱动热回收模式下，将进气温度从0℃提高到12.8℃，低温性能提高9.0%。这些结果表明，所提出的PEMFC堆栈有效地结合了紧凑的结构和节能的运行，为可变环境条件下可靠的移动电源应用提供了强大的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental study on a multi-stage separated gravity heat pipe cooling system for liquid-cooled data center server racks 液冷数据中心服务器机架多级分离重力热管冷却系统的实验研究

IF 6.9 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129887

Yuxi Tao , Peisheng Li , Huiwu Liu , Lingxiao Weng , Xiaoliang Deng , Ying Zhang , Yuan Tian , Fanghua Ye

To address the heat dissipation challenges arising from the continuously increasing thermal load density in liquid-cooled data centers, a multi-stage separated gravity heat pipe cooling system is proposed in this work. The cooling system includes three plate heat exchangers connected in series forming the evaporator section and three microchannel heat exchangers arranged in parallel forming the condenser section. Each evaporator and its corresponding condenser are connected through gas riser and liquid downcomer pipes, which form three independent thermal circulation loops. This configuration enables staged heat transfer coupling, ensures reliable operation, and utilizes natural air as the cooling source to enhance system-level efficiency. To verify its thermal performance and operating characteristics, a comprehensive experimental platform was established. Experimental investigations on the effects of filling ratio, superheating, and subcooling on the system's heat transfer behavior were carried out. Experimental results showed that the overall heat transfer capacity first increased and then decreased with the filling ratio. The optimal performance was achieved when the filling ratios of the three stages was 30%–30%–30%. Under an ambient temperature of 30 °C, the system achieved a maximum heat transfer capacity of 17.82 kW and a corresponding Coefficient of Performance (COP) of 18.18, demonstrating excellent heat transfer capability under high heat flux conditions. Additionally, an appropriate degree of superheating enhanced the phase-change rate and the driving potential at the evaporator, while the effect of subcooling on the condenser exhibited nonlinear behavior. The heat transfer distribution among the stages revealed that the low-temperature stage consistently accounted for the highest proportion of total heat transfer. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed system and provide practical insights for the design and optimization of liquid-cooled server backplane systems.

针对液冷数据中心热负荷密度不断增加所带来的散热挑战，提出了一种多级分离式重力热管冷却系统。该冷却系统包括串联连接的三个板式换热器，形成蒸发器部分；并联设置的三个微通道换热器，形成冷凝器部分。每个蒸发器及其对应的冷凝器通过气升管和液降管连接，形成三个独立的热循环回路。这种配置可以实现分段传热耦合，确保可靠运行，并利用自然空气作为冷却源，以提高系统级效率。为验证其热性能和工作特性，建立了综合实验平台。实验研究了填充率、过热度和过冷度对系统传热性能的影响。实验结果表明，随着填充率的增加，总换热能力先增大后减小。3级充填比例为30% ~ 30% ~ 30%时，充填效果最佳。在环境温度为30℃时，系统的最大换热能力为17.82 kW，相应的性能系数（COP）为18.18，在高热流密度条件下表现出优异的换热能力。适当的过冷程度提高了蒸发器的相变速率和驱动势，过冷对冷凝器的影响呈现非线性。各阶段的换热分布表明，低温阶段始终占总换热的最高比例。这些发现证明了该系统的有效性和效率，并为液冷服务器背板系统的设计和优化提供了实用的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Computationally efficient nonlinear model predictive control with integral action for ultra-supercritical coal fired units under wide load operation with various disturbances 具有积分作用的超超临界燃煤机组大负荷工况非线性预测控制

IF 6.9 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129947

He Fan , Hengrui Zhang , Yongzhen Wang , Xianyong Peng , Wen Sheng , Li Sun

Ultra-supercritical (USC) coal fired units are required to improve operational flexibility, in order to absorb more renewable energy generation into power grid. However, strong nonlinearity and various disturbances deteriorate the control performance of coordinated control system (CCS) severely. To this end, this work proposes a computationally efficient nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) method with integral action. Firstly, successive linearization (SL) is used to obtain linear predictive model at each sampling interval, and control action can be calculated online in an explicit form to promote the calculational efficiency. Then integral action is combined with the NMPC to reject various disturbances containing real measure noises, and the detailed procedure for parameter tuning is presented to meet different requirements on tracking performance and variation rate of control action. Lastly, stability analysis and simulation tests are performed to validate its effectiveness. Simulation results reveal that the proposed method has excellent computational efficiency, load tracking and anti-disturbance performances under wide load range from 30% to 100% rated load compared with the NMPC-SL method, constant MPC, conventional proportional-integral-derivative control and neural network generalized predictive control. Its computational efficiency increases by 87% compared with NMPC methods using quadratic programming. Besides, the designed CCS owns the satisfactory root mean square errors, namely, 0.453 MPa, 4.223 kJ/kg and 0.725 MW, and the mean absolute relative error of unit load decreases by at least 80% compared with other control strategies. Therefore, the proposed method can provide reference for improving operational flexibility and anti-disturbance performances of USC units.

超超临界（USC）燃煤机组需要提高运行灵活性，以便将更多的可再生能源发电吸收到电网中。然而，较强的非线性和各种干扰严重影响了协调控制系统的控制性能。为此，本文提出了一种计算效率高的积分作用非线性模型预测控制（NMPC）方法。首先，采用逐次线性化（SL）方法在每个采样区间获得线性预测模型，并在线显式计算控制动作，提高计算效率；然后将积分作用与NMPC相结合，抑制含有实测噪声的各种干扰，并给出了参数整定的详细步骤，以满足对跟踪性能和控制作用变化率的不同要求。最后进行了稳定性分析和仿真试验，验证了该方法的有效性。仿真结果表明，与NMPC-SL方法、恒MPC方法、传统的比例-积分-导数控制和神经网络广义预测控制相比，该方法在30% ~ 100%额定负荷范围内具有优异的计算效率、负载跟踪和抗干扰性能。与使用二次规划的NMPC方法相比，其计算效率提高了87%。设计的CCS具有满意的均方根误差，分别为0.453 MPa、4.223 kJ/kg和0.725 MW，单位负荷的平均绝对相对误差比其他控制策略降低了至少80%。因此，该方法可为提高超超临界机组的操作灵活性和抗干扰性能提供参考。

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引用次数: 0

Numerical optimization of geometries of a domestic biomass pellet stove 国产生物质颗粒炉几何形状的数值优化

IF 6.9 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129938

Yanzhi Chen , Tao Zhang , Jingyong Cai , Zhengrong Shi , Tao Ma , Xinli Lu , Zhichao Wang , Zhou Zheng , Jiayu Xiao , Yalin Chen

Domestic biomass pellet stoves are expected to provide low-carbon heating while simultaneously meeting efficiency and emission limits; however, most prior research targets industrial boilers, leaving stove-specific modeling and multi-parameter couplings insufficiently resolved. This study develops a full-scale CFD–DPM model of a pellet stove and validates it against a physical platform using three-dimensional temperature fields and outlet CO/NO_x measurements. Based on the validated model, a systematic parametric study investigates the impact of furnace geometry (length, height, and width) and fuel type on combustion, heat transfer, and emissions. The results indicate that moderate elongation improves burnout, whereas excessive length introduces dilution and pressure losses. Intermediate height enhances temperature retention and effective residence time, which initially reduces CO concentration before an increase at excessive heights due to reduced temperature and incomplete combustion. However, the increase in furnace length also extends the high-temperature residence time, which can accelerate NOx formation. An intermediate width maximizes centrally located lateral mixing while avoiding near-wall cold regions. Fuel chemistry exerts a dominant influence: coconut shells provide the most favorable trade-off (high completeness with low CO and relatively low NO_x), beech wood pellets offer balanced and compliant behavior, wood chips minimize NO_x but tend to elevate CO, and wood pellets perform the weakest overall. For the geometry considered, combining L = 225 mm, H = 520 mm, and W = 290 mm with coconut shells (or beech wood pellets when coconut shells are unavailable) achieves the optimal trade-off among effective residence time, temperature retention, and pressure drop, while satisfying the Italian five-star standard. The results provide quantitative guidance for the design and operation of domestic biomass pellet stoves.

国内生物质颗粒炉有望提供低碳供暖，同时满足效率和排放限制；然而，大多数先前的研究都是针对工业锅炉的，没有充分解决特定炉子的建模和多参数耦合问题。本研究开发了颗粒炉的全尺寸CFD-DPM模型，并使用三维温度场和出口CO/NOx测量在物理平台上对其进行了验证。基于验证模型，系统参数研究了炉的几何形状（长度、高度和宽度）和燃料类型对燃烧、传热和排放的影响。结果表明，适度伸长率可以改善燃尽，而过大的长度则会导致稀释和压力损失。中等高度增强了温度保持和有效停留时间，这首先降低了CO浓度，然后在过高高度由于温度降低和不完全燃烧而增加。然而，炉长的增加也延长了高温停留时间，这可以加速NOx的形成。中间宽度最大限度地提高了位于中央的横向混合，同时避免了近壁冷区域。燃料化学发挥着主导作用：椰子壳提供了最有利的权衡（高完整性，低CO和相对较低的NOx），山毛榉木屑提供了平衡和合规的行为，木屑将NOx降至最低，但往往会提高CO，木屑的整体表现最差。考虑到几何形状，将L = 225 mm, H = 520 mm和W = 290 mm与椰子壳（或当椰子壳不可用时山毛榉木颗粒）相结合，在有效停留时间，温度保持和压降之间实现了最佳权衡，同时满足意大利五星级标准。研究结果为国产生物质颗粒炉的设计和运行提供了定量指导。

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引用次数: 0