Applied Thermal Engineering最新文献_第9页

Experimental investigation and performance analysis of serpentine microchannel liquid cooling for lithium-ion battery thermal management in electric vehicles 蛇形微通道液冷用于电动汽车锂离子电池热管理的实验研究与性能分析

IF 6.9 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130185

Hafeez Khoharo , Jeyraj Selvaraj , M. Hasanuzzaman , Roshan Manghwar , Laveet Kumar

The rapid electrification of transportation requires an efficient thermal management system to ensure the safety, performance, and longevity of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. Conventional air and straight-channel liquid cooling systems often exhibit non-uniform temperature distribution and insufficient heat removal under high-rate operation, limiting battery performance and lifespan. This study experimentally investigates a serpentine microchannel liquid cooling design for Li-ion battery modules to enhance heat dissipation and temperature uniformity. A battery module comprising 20 cylindrical 21,700 cells (10S2P configuration) was fabricated and tested under 1C, 2C, and 3C charging and discharging rates, with coolant flow rates ranging from 100 to 700 ml/min. Results demonstrate that the serpentine microchannel design significantly reduces maximum cell temperature and maximum temperature differential compared to uncooled operation. At 1C rate with an optimal flow rate of 300 ml/min, temperature decreased from 57 °C to 37 °C (35% reduction), while at higher discharge rates (2C and 3C), temperature reductions of 25 to 30 °C were achieved, demonstrating superior heat transfer capability under demanding conditions. The system maintained stable operation with electrical isolation between coolant and cells, ensuring safety. These findings establish serpentine microchannel cooling as a compact, scalable, and highly efficient solution for next-generation battery thermal management systems in electric vehicles, enabling enhanced operational safety, improved performance, and extended battery life.

交通运输的快速电气化需要一个高效的热管理系统来确保锂离子电池的安全性、性能和寿命。传统的空气和直流式液体冷却系统在高速运行时往往表现出不均匀的温度分布和散热不足，限制了电池的性能和寿命。实验研究了一种用于锂离子电池模块的蛇形微通道液冷设计，以提高散热和温度均匀性。制作了一个由20个圆柱形21,700个电芯（10S2P配置）组成的电池模块，并在1C， 2C和3C充放电速率下进行了测试，冷却剂流量范围为100至700 ml/min。结果表明，与非冷却操作相比，蛇形微通道设计显著降低了电池的最高温度和最大温差。在1C速率下，最佳流量为300 ml/min，温度从57°C降低到37°C（降低35%），而在更高的放电速率下（2C和3C），温度降低了25至30°C，在苛刻的条件下表现出卓越的传热能力。系统运行稳定，冷却剂和电池之间的电气隔离，确保了安全。这些研究结果表明，蛇形微通道冷却是一种紧凑、可扩展、高效的解决方案，适用于下一代电动汽车电池热管理系统，能够增强操作安全性、改善性能并延长电池寿命。

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引用次数: 0

Preliminary experimental investigation of an afterburner combustion enhancement method employing streamwise vortices for flame expansion 利用流动涡旋增强火焰扩展的加力燃烧室燃烧增强方法的初步实验研究

IF 6.9 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130416

Zhixiang Zhu , Gang Dong , Yakun Huang , Huanyu Zhu , Zhentan Yu , Xiaomin He

Conventional bluff-body flameholders in afterburners suffer from limited flame propagation from the recirculation zone into the mainstream, restricting combustion space utilization and efficiency. This paper proposes a shear-layer transport-enhanced flameholder (STF). Unlike lobed mixers installed upstream to enhance inlet airflow mixing in afterburners, the STF integrates small-scale lobed devices directly onto the sidewalls of the flameholder. Streamwise vortices are generated at the trailing edge, specifically enhancing mass and heat exchange between the recirculation zone and the mainstream flow. The flow field, fuel spray, and combustion characteristics of the STF are experimentally investigated. Additionally, an aerodynamic wake width evaporating flameholder (AWEF) and an AWEF with plain plates (AWEF_P) are set as contrast flameholders for comparison. Results reveal that the STF introduces spatially alternating flow patterns. The crest section promotes outward transport from the recirculation zone to the mainstream, while the trough section facilitates inward transport from the mainstream to the recirculation zone. This mechanism is fundamentally distinct from conventional lobed mixers, which target bulk stream mixing without direct interaction with a recirculation zone. Under the tested conditions, the STF crest section increases fuel penetration depth by 21.9% and 56.6%, and flame width by 20.6% and 50.8%, relative to the AWEF and AWEF_P, respectively. Flame projection area is enlarged by 27.1% and 48.1%, and combustion efficiency is improved by up to 10.4% at an equivalence ratio of 0.62. The present study is conducted as a proof-of-concept investigation. A new design method is proposed to enhance afterburner performance through localized aerodynamic modifications rather than global scaling or auxiliary systems.

传统加力燃烧室的钝体火焰架火焰从再循环区向主流传播有限，限制了燃烧空间的利用和效率。本文提出了一种剪切层传输增强火焰支架（STF）。与安装在上游以增强加力燃烧室入口气流混合的叶状混合器不同，STF将小型叶状装置直接集成到火焰座的侧壁上。在尾缘处产生顺流涡，特别是加强了再循环区与主流流之间的质量和热量交换。实验研究了STF的流场、燃油喷射和燃烧特性。此外，还设置了气动尾流宽度蒸发式火焰架（AWEF）和平板蒸发式火焰架（AWEF_P）作为对比火焰架进行比较。结果表明，STF引入了空间交替的流型。波峰段促进从再循环区向外输送到主流，槽段促进从主流向内输送到再循环区。这种机制与传统的叶状混合器有着根本的区别，后者的目标是在不与再循环区直接相互作用的情况下进行散装流混合。在试验条件下，相对于AWEF和AWEF_P， STF波峰截面分别使燃料穿透深度增加21.9%和56.6%，火焰宽度增加20.6%和50.8%。在等效比为0.62的情况下，火焰投影面积分别增大27.1%和48.1%，燃烧效率提高10.4%。本研究是作为概念验证调查进行的。提出了一种新的设计方法，通过局部气动改造来提高加力燃烧室的性能，而不是全局缩放或辅助系统。

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引用次数: 0

Three-dimensional layer-level model of cylindrical lithium-ion batteries 圆柱形锂离子电池的三维层级模型

IF 6.9 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130124

Junghyun Nam, Seunghun Jung

The shift toward large-format cylindrical lithium-ion batteries necessitates precise modeling of electro-thermal non-uniformity. However, conventional distributed equivalent circuit models (Distributed ECMs) oversimplify the spiral-wound structure as a homogeneous layer, neglecting the critical coupling between through-plane ionic transport and in-plane electronic conduction. To address this, we propose a three-dimensional layer-level overlapped potential-pair network (OPPN) framework. This electro-thermal model, implemented using the finite volume method, physically reconstructs the bipolar connectivity through the jellyroll thickness. Validation against Panasonic NCR18650B experiments confirmed high predictive accuracy. Crucially, comparative analysis reveals that the Distributed ECM fundamentally miscalculates internal current distribution. Specifically, while the Distributed ECM predicted negligible variations across tab configurations (potential drop <0.001 V, temperature difference < 0.4 °C), the layer-level OPPN model captured significant structure-induced gradients, revealing potential drops and temperature deviations up to 0.04 V and 1.7 °C, respectively. This confirms that Distributed ECMs predict unrealistic uniformity in State-of-Charge (SOC) and temperature fields. Since overlooking these gradients poses severe risks for thermal design and lifetime estimation, this study establishes the OPPN framework as an essential engineering tool for the robust design of modern, scaling cylindrical batteries.

向大尺寸圆柱形锂离子电池的转变需要对电热不均匀性进行精确建模。然而，传统的分布式等效电路模型（distributed ecm）将螺旋缠绕结构过于简化为一个均匀层，忽略了平面内离子传输和面内电子传导之间的关键耦合。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了一个三维层级重叠电位对网络（OPPN）框架。该电热模型采用有限体积法实现，通过胶辊厚度物理重构双极连通性。针对松下NCR18650B实验验证了较高的预测精度。至关重要的是，对比分析表明，分布式ECM从根本上错误地计算了内部电流分布。具体来说，分布式ECM预测了标签配置之间可以忽略不计的变化（电位下降& 0.001 V，温差& 0.4°C），而层级OPPN模型捕获了显著的结构诱导梯度，显示电位下降和温度偏差分别高达0.04 V和1.7°C。这证实了分布式ecm在荷电状态（SOC）和温度场中预测了不切实际的均匀性。由于忽略这些梯度会给热设计和寿命估计带来严重风险，因此本研究将OPPN框架建立为现代圆柱形电池稳健设计的基本工程工具。

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引用次数: 0

Advanced polyethylene glycol based flexible composite phase change materials enabling stable and efficient lithium-ion battery thermal safety management 先进的聚乙二醇基柔性复合相变材料，实现稳定高效的锂离子电池热安全管理

IF 6.9 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130112

Adili Aliya , Yan Gong , Yin Chen , Ruichao Wei , Mingyi Chen

Rapid economic development has led to a significant increase in the demand for new energy across countries. Due to their high energy density and long cycle life, lithium-ion batteries are widely used in new-energy vehicles and renewable energy storage systems. However, lithium-ion batteries exhibit significant sensitivity to temperature fluctuations, highlighting the necessity of effective and energy-efficient thermal management. Phase change materials (PCMs) offer a promising passive cooling solution but are hindered by inherent drawbacks such as low thermal conductivity and leakage, which significantly limit their application in thermal management. In this study, a novel flexible composite phase change material (FCPCMs) is developed, which utilizes polyethylene glycol as the phase change core. It is effectively encapsulated and supported by a rigid matrix of styrene-ethylene-propylene-styrene block copolymer and the flexibility of polyolefin elastomer, which confers excellent form stability. Furthermore, a ternary thermally conductive network comprising expanded graphite, carbon nanotubes, and copper powder is incorporated, dramatically enhancing the thermal conductivity of the FCPCM to 1.47 W/m K, with an increase of 374%. The FCPCMs reduce the peak battery temperature by up to 19.1 °C (corresponding to a 26.6% decrease from the natural air-cooling baseline of 71.7 °C) and the maximum temperature difference by up to 78.43%. This work provides an effective material strategy for developing high-performance, leakage-resistant PCMs for enhanced battery safety and longevity.

经济的快速发展导致各国对新能源的需求显著增加。锂离子电池因其能量密度高、循环寿命长，被广泛应用于新能源汽车和可再生能源储能系统中。然而，锂离子电池对温度波动非常敏感，这突出了有效和节能热管理的必要性。相变材料（PCMs）提供了一种很有前途的被动冷却解决方案，但其固有的缺点（如低导热性和泄漏）阻碍了其在热管理中的应用。本研究以聚乙二醇为相变核心，研制了一种新型柔性复合相变材料（FCPCMs）。它被有效地封装和支撑由一个刚性基体的苯乙烯-乙烯-丙烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物和聚烯烃弹性体的灵活性，这赋予了优异的形式稳定性。此外，采用膨胀石墨、碳纳米管和铜粉组成的三元导热网络，显著提高了FCPCM的导热系数，达到1.47 W/m K，提高了374%。fcpcm可将电池峰值温度降低19.1°C（与自然风冷基线71.7°C相比降低26.6%），最大温差降低78.43%。这项工作为开发高性能、防泄漏的pcm提供了一种有效的材料策略，以提高电池的安全性和寿命。

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引用次数: 0

Thermal analysis of a solar-assisted pyrolysis drop tube reactor with radiation heat transfer 太阳辅助热解落管反应器辐射传热的热分析

IF 6.9 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130033

Amir Hossein Bashiri , Shervin Karimkashi , Vignesvar Krish Subramani , Sylvain Rodat , Stéphane Abanades , Mika Järvinen , Ville Vuorinen

Fast pyrolysis of biomass is recognized as a promising method for bio-oil production which can be further utilized in the production of sustainable fuels. Numerical simulations are carried out in order to verify the discrete ordinate method (DOM) implementation in OpenFOAM open-source software. 1D and 3D test problems are investigated including conjugate and radiative heat transfer in addition to a 2D test case. The main application of interest is a 3D solar-assisted drop tube reactor, which is studied from the viewpoint of heat distribution within the reactor. The main results of the research are as follows: (1) 1D modeling indicates that the heat fluxes are correctly implemented for transient and steady state configurations. (2) 2D rectangular enclosure study indicate correct heat flux implementation in OpenFOAM for the viewFactor and fvDOM methods. (3) 3D reactor studies in OpenFOAM and STAR-CCM+ indicate that the heat distributions are highly similar within 2% deviation in peak temperature values. The final 3D results are noted to be grid independent and independent on the angular discretization number when

N_{ϕ} \geq 16

. As a conclusion, the validated/verified numerical approach offers a general open-source framework for coupled CHT-radiation problems with applicability beyond the studied drop tube reactor.

生物质快速热解被认为是一种很有前途的生物油生产方法，可以进一步用于生产可持续燃料。为了验证离散坐标法（DOM）在OpenFOAM开源软件中的实现，进行了数值仿真。除了二维测试案例外，还研究了一维和三维测试问题，包括共轭传热和辐射传热。主要应用是三维太阳能辅助滴管反应器，从反应器内热分布的角度进行了研究。研究的主要结果如下：(1)一维模拟表明，瞬态和稳态配置下的热流密度是正确的。(2)二维矩形框研究表明，在OpenFOAM中viewFactor和fvDOM方法的热通量实现是正确的。(3)在OpenFOAM和STAR-CCM+中的三维反应器研究表明，在峰值温度偏差2%以内，热分布高度相似。当Nϕ≥16时，最终的三维结果与网格无关，与角离散化数无关。综上所述，经过验证的数值方法为耦合cht辐射问题提供了一个通用的开源框架，其适用性超出了所研究的滴管反应器。

{"title":"Thermal analysis of a solar-assisted pyrolysis drop tube reactor with radiation heat transfer","authors":"Amir Hossein Bashiri , Shervin Karimkashi , Vignesvar Krish Subramani , Sylvain Rodat , Stéphane Abanades , Mika Järvinen , Ville Vuorinen","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130033","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130033","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fast pyrolysis of biomass is recognized as a promising method for bio-oil production which can be further utilized in the production of sustainable fuels. Numerical simulations are carried out in order to verify the discrete ordinate method (DOM) implementation in OpenFOAM open-source software. 1D and 3D test problems are investigated including conjugate and radiative heat transfer in addition to a 2D test case. The main application of interest is a 3D solar-assisted drop tube reactor, which is studied from the viewpoint of heat distribution within the reactor. The main results of the research are as follows: (1) 1D modeling indicates that the heat fluxes are correctly implemented for transient and steady state configurations. (2) 2D rectangular enclosure study indicate correct heat flux implementation in OpenFOAM for the <span>viewFactor</span> and <span>fvDOM</span> methods. (3) 3D reactor studies in OpenFOAM and STAR-CCM+ indicate that the heat distributions are highly similar within 2% deviation in peak temperature values. The final 3D results are noted to be grid independent and independent on the angular discretization number when <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>N</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>ϕ</mi></mrow></msub><mo>≥</mo><mn>16</mn></mrow></math></span>. As a conclusion, the validated/verified numerical approach offers a general open-source framework for coupled CHT-radiation problems with applicability beyond the studied drop tube reactor.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 130033"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental investigation of a solar powered automatic milk pasteurization system 太阳能自动牛奶巴氏杀菌系统的实验研究

IF 6.9 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130452

Arijit Ray , Chitranayak Sinha , Kaushik Khamrui , Shaik Abdul Hussain , J.K. Dabas

The dairy sector is highly energy intensive, with pasteurization accounting for a major share of thermal and electrical demand. Although milk pasteurization systems have demonstrated potential, their wider adoption is limited by seasonal variability, lack of automation, insufficient thermal backup, and the absence of year-round energy–exergy and technoeconomic evaluation. This study addresses these gaps by developing a fully automated, hybrid solar-assisted milk pasteurization system integrating a high-performance heat exchanger. The novelty of this work lies in the year-round experimental validation of a hybrid pasteurization system combined with integrated thermal, exergy, environmental, and economic analyses within a single framework. The heat exchanger exhibited strong thermal performance (LMTD: 33.19 °C, Efficiency: 76.92%), and simulation results closely matched experimental trends, confirming reliable attainment of 72–78 °C. Seasonal solar variability influenced processing performance, with high-solar months enabling rapid pasteurization (23 ± 2 min) using 81–94 °C water without electrical input (Solar fraction:0.86–0.87), while winter temperatures (46–67 °C) were effectively managed through minimal supplemental heating (1.9kWh) to maintain reliable year-round operation. Environmental assessment showed 141–423kWh energy savings, 508–1523 MJ avoided primary energy, and reduced 116–347 kg CO₂ mitigation for 10–30batches. Technoeconomic analysis showed strong viability, with rapid payback (0.39–0.13 years), and a declining Levelized Cost of Energy (98.26–32.75 INR/kWh) as scale increased. Product physicochemical or microbiological quality was fully preserved (p > 0.05), including a negative alkaline phosphatase test. The proposed system offers a scalable and sustainable solution for decentralized dairy processing, advancing SDG 7 through renewable energy integration and reduced fossil-fuel dependence.

乳制品行业是高度能源密集型的行业，巴氏灭菌在热能和电力需求中占主要份额。尽管牛奶巴氏灭菌系统已显示出潜力，但其广泛采用受到季节性变化、缺乏自动化、热备份不足以及缺乏全年能源和技术经济评估的限制。本研究通过开发一种集成高性能热交换器的全自动混合太阳能辅助牛奶巴氏杀菌系统来解决这些差距。这项工作的新颖之处在于混合巴氏灭菌系统的全年实验验证，该系统结合了单一框架内的综合热、用能、环境和经济分析。换热器具有良好的热性能（LMTD为33.19°C，效率为76.92%），仿真结果与实验结果吻合较好，可可靠地达到72 ~ 78°C。季节性的太阳变化影响了加工性能，在高日照月份，使用81-94°C的水进行快速巴氏杀菌（23±2分钟），无需电输入（太阳分值：0.86-0.87），而冬季温度（46-67°C）通过最小的补充加热（1.9kWh）有效地控制，以保持可靠的全年运行。环境评价结果显示，在10 - 30批次中，节能141-423kWh，避免一次能源508-1523 MJ，减少116-347 kg的CO₂排放量。技术经济分析表明，随着规模的扩大，该项目具有很强的可行性，投资回收期短（0.39-0.13年），平化能源成本下降（98.26-32.75印度卢比/千瓦时）。产品的理化或微生物质量得到充分保存（p > 0.05），包括碱性磷酸酶试验阴性。拟议的系统为分散式乳制品加工提供了可扩展和可持续的解决方案，通过可再生能源整合和减少对化石燃料的依赖来推进可持续发展目标7。

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引用次数: 0

The role of graded structures in thermal management of PDC cutters under thermo-mechanical coupling 热-力耦合下梯度结构在PDC切削齿热管理中的作用

IF 6.9 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130225

Dongyu Wu , Maohua Jing , Dong Ge , Yi Lu , Xiangwang Kong , Shaohe Zhang

In extreme drilling environments such as deep-space and deep-earth exploration, polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bits often experience severe performance degradation due to localized high temperatures induced by dry drilling or abnormal operational conditions (i.e. inadequate cooling or poor cuttings removal), significantly limiting their service life and rock-breaking efficiency. Here, we systematically investigate the thermal behavior of PDC cutters under coupled thermo-mechanical loading using integrated numerical simulation and experimental testing. This work mainly focuses on the temperature field distribution and its dynamic evolution, specifically comparing graded structure PDC cutters with their conventional counterparts under various conditions, including weight on bit (WOB), rotational speed, and rock properties. The results show that the graded structure significantly enhances the thermal management performance of the cutter by optimizing heat transfer pathways. Compared to traditional homogeneous counterparts, the graded cutter exhibits superior suppression of temperature rise, with a notably lower thermal equilibrium temperature—up to 25% reduction under identical conditions. We demonstrate that introducing a compositionally graded interlayer between the PCD layer and WC-Co substrate systematically reduces interfacial thermal resistance, thereby achieving a substantial improvement in overall heat dissipation capacity at the cost of only a minor sacrifice in local thermal conductivity. This design strategy effectively mitigates thermal accumulation and extends the service life of PDC cutters in extreme drilling applications.

在深空和深地勘探等极端钻井环境中，由于干钻或异常操作条件（如冷却不足或岩屑去除不良）引起的局部高温，PDC钻头的性能经常会严重下降，严重限制了其使用寿命和破岩效率。本文采用数值模拟和实验测试相结合的方法，系统研究了PDC切削齿在热-机械耦合载荷作用下的热行为。这项工作主要关注温度场分布及其动态演变，特别是在各种条件下，包括钻压（WOB）、转速和岩石性质，将分级结构PDC切削齿与常规切削齿进行比较。结果表明，梯度结构通过优化传热路径，显著提高了刀具的热管理性能。与传统的均质切削齿相比，梯度切削齿表现出更好的温升抑制能力，在相同条件下，热平衡温度显著降低，最高可降低25%。我们证明了在PCD层和WC-Co衬底之间引入成分渐变的中间层系统地降低了界面热阻，从而在局部导热性方面仅以很小的牺牲为代价，实现了整体散热能力的实质性改善。这种设计策略有效地缓解了PDC切削齿在极端钻井应用中的热积累，延长了其使用寿命。

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引用次数: 0

Non-integer dimension modeling and sensitivity diagnostics for thermal response tests 热响应测试的非整数维建模和灵敏度诊断

IF 6.9 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130490

Hao-Chu Chen , Ting-Hsuan Chang , Yueh-Chie Lee , Li-Chen Cheng , Hsiang-Wen Wang , Jui-Pin Tsai , Ying-Fan Lin

Standard interpretation of thermal response tests (TRT) relies on the infinite line source (ILS) model, which assumes ideal conditions often violated in heterogeneous subsurface environments. To address this, we develop a generalized analytical framework that incorporates an effective dimension to act as a computationally efficient macroscopic upscaling tool for geometry-dependent heat spreading. This closed-form solution recovers the classical ILS model as a special case of integer dimension. Global sensitivity analysis using Shapley values demonstrates that the classic model incorrectly attributes geometric variance to an apparent thermal resistance. In contrast, by strictly utilizing outer-wall distributed temperature sensing (DTS) to physically truncate internal fluid and pipe resistances, the proposed model correctly isolates the effective contact thermal resistance. Field validation shows that the new framework reduces the root-mean-square error by approximately 18% compared to the classical approach. The results reveal effective dimensions ranging between 1.65 and 1.85, indicating sub-diffusive heat transport caused by non-ideal geometry, while accurately capturing the thermodynamic limit of perfect thermal contact driven by advective washout. By distinguishing between material properties and geometric constraints, this approach provides a rigorous yet computationally lightweight tool for TRT diagnostics and reliable ground source heat pump design.

热响应测试（TRT）的标准解释依赖于无限线源（ILS）模型，该模型假设了在非均匀地下环境中经常违反的理想条件。为了解决这个问题，我们开发了一个广义的分析框架，该框架包含一个有效的维度，作为计算效率高的宏观升级工具，用于几何相关的热量传播。作为整数维的特例，该封闭解恢复了经典ILS模型。使用Shapley值的全局敏感性分析表明，经典模型错误地将几何方差归因于表观热阻。相比之下，通过严格利用外壁分布式温度传感（DTS）物理截断内部流体和管道阻力，该模型正确地隔离了有效接触热阻。现场验证表明，与经典方法相比，新框架将均方根误差降低了约18%。结果表明，有效尺寸在1.65 ~ 1.85之间，表明了非理想几何形状引起的亚扩散热输运，同时准确捕获了平流冲刷驱动的完美热接触的热力学极限。通过区分材料特性和几何约束，该方法为TRT诊断和可靠的地源热泵设计提供了严格但计算轻量级的工具。

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引用次数: 0

Comparative investigation of different liquid-cooled battery thermal management systems (LC-BTMS) designs for battery module of electric vehicle 电动汽车电池模块不同液冷电池热管理系统（LC-BTMS）设计对比研究

IF 6.9 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130436

Ashutosh Sharma , Sheshadri Sreedhara , Mehdi Khatamifar , Wenxian Lin

Efficient thermal management of lithium-ion batteries is crucial to ensuring the safety, reliability, and longevity of electric vehicles, particularly in hot climates. In this study, seven different liquid-cooled battery thermal management systems (LC-BTMS) designs for cylindrical lithium-ion battery (LIB) modules are comparatively investigated. The considered configurations include cold-plate-based, rigid-channel-based, flexible-channel-based, and block-based cooling concepts. A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is developed to analyse the thermo-hydraulic behavior of each design under 1C and 3C discharge conditions at an ambient temperature of 30 °C. The performance of the LC-BTMS designs is evaluated using four key indicators: maximum battery temperature (T_max), temperature non-uniformity (ΔT), pressure drop (ΔP), and HTF outlet temperature (T_HTF,outlet). The results indicate that the block-based design provides the best thermal performance, achieving the lowest T_max of 298.62 K at 1C and 304.25 K at 3C and the smallest ΔT of 2.08 K at 1C and 3.16 K at 3C due to enhanced heat spreading and effective convection. Flexible channel-based designs offer reasonable thermal control but impose higher hydraulic penalties, with ΔP reaching 173.71 Pa. To include practical considerations, a survey involving experts from industry and academia was conducted. The combined thermo-hydraulic and practical criteria are integrated using the VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making method, which identifies the flexible straight-channel design as the best overall compromise. The findings offer valuable guidance for selecting LC-BTMS designs for electric vehicles operating in hot climate environments.

锂离子电池的高效热管理对于确保电动汽车的安全性、可靠性和使用寿命至关重要，特别是在炎热的气候条件下。在本研究中，比较研究了七种不同的圆柱形锂离子电池（LIB）模块液冷电池热管理系统（LC-BTMS）设计。考虑的配置包括基于冷板的、基于刚性通道的、基于柔性通道的和基于块的冷却概念。建立了三维计算流体动力学（CFD）模型，分析了在环境温度为30℃的1C和3C放电条件下每种设计的热水力行为。LC-BTMS设计的性能通过四个关键指标进行评估：电池最高温度（Tmax）、温度不均匀性（ΔT）、压降（ΔP）和HTF出口温度（THTF,outlet）。结果表明，基于块体的设计具有最佳的热性能，在1C和3C温度下Tmax最小，分别为298.62 K和304.25 K，最小ΔT在1C和3C温度下分别为2.08 K和3.16 K。基于柔性通道的设计提供了合理的热控制，但施加了更高的水力惩罚，ΔP达到173.71 Pa。为了考虑实际情况，我们进行了一项涉及工业界和学术界专家的调查。采用VIKOR多准则决策方法将热-液压和实际标准相结合，确定了灵活的直通道设计为最佳的整体折衷方案。研究结果为高温环境下电动汽车LC-BTMS设计的选择提供了有价值的指导。

{"title":"Comparative investigation of different liquid-cooled battery thermal management systems (LC-BTMS) designs for battery module of electric vehicle","authors":"Ashutosh Sharma , Sheshadri Sreedhara , Mehdi Khatamifar , Wenxian Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130436","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130436","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Efficient thermal management of lithium-ion batteries is crucial to ensuring the safety, reliability, and longevity of electric vehicles, particularly in hot climates. In this study, seven different liquid-cooled battery thermal management systems (LC-BTMS) designs for cylindrical lithium-ion battery (LIB) modules are comparatively investigated. The considered configurations include cold-plate-based, rigid-channel-based, flexible-channel-based, and block-based cooling concepts. A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is developed to analyse the thermo-hydraulic behavior of each design under 1C and 3C discharge conditions at an ambient temperature of 30 °C. The performance of the LC-BTMS designs is evaluated using four key indicators: maximum battery temperature (<em>T</em><sub><em>max</em></sub>), temperature non-uniformity (<em>ΔT</em>), pressure drop (<em>ΔP</em>), and HTF outlet temperature (<em>T</em><sub><em>HTF,outlet</em></sub>). The results indicate that the block-based design provides the best thermal performance, achieving the lowest <em>T</em><sub><em>max</em></sub> of 298.62 K at 1C and 304.25 K at 3C and the smallest <em>ΔT</em> of 2.08 K at 1C and 3.16 K at 3C due to enhanced heat spreading and effective convection. Flexible channel-based designs offer reasonable thermal control but impose higher hydraulic penalties, with <em>ΔP</em> reaching 173.71 Pa. To include practical considerations, a survey involving experts from industry and academia was conducted. The combined thermo-hydraulic and practical criteria are integrated using the VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making method, which identifies the flexible straight-channel design as the best overall compromise. The findings offer valuable guidance for selecting LC-BTMS designs for electric vehicles operating in hot climate environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 130436"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147387021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Overall integrated design method for the fully enclosed CO2 turbine-generator 全封闭CO2汽轮发电机整体集成设计方法

IF 6.9 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130052

Zhi Ling , Xuan Wang , Hua Tian , Ligeng Li , Yurong Wang , Yu Chen , Gequn Shu

When integrating the supercritical carbon dioxide(sCO₂) power cycle with micro-reactors for self-sufficient energy systems in isolated scenarios, zero leakage is a core requirement, as it directly determines the feasibility and reliability of long-term system operation. The fully enclosed integrated unit structure is an ideal solution to eliminate leakage, but thermo-mechanical-electrical integration brings multi-field coupling challenges.Traditional decoupled design (TDD) suffers from issues such as difficult optimization, inaccurate efficiency prediction, and unclear loss coupling relationships, which severely restrict overall efficiency. To address this, this study proposes an overall integrated design (OID) method for the first time, and designs a 100 kW opposed-arrangement axial-flow fully enclosed CO₂ turbine generation (TG) integrated unit. By comparing the optimal overall efficiency design results of TDD and OID under multiple optimization parameters, it is found that the OID can theoretically maximize overall efficiency by up to 1–15% and even when its rotational speed is 15,000 rpm lower than TDD, it can still achieve equivalent efficiency. The analysis clarifies the distribution laws, proportions of various losses, and the collaborative optimization mechanism of OID, and identifies the optimal operating range of this fully enclosed integrated TG to be approximately 1 MW. Finally, experiments verified the rationality of the layout and cooling scheme, as well as the feasibility of parameter optimization based on the OID method. The developed integrated unit achieved an efficiency of 61.5% and a power output of 97.7 kW. This design method provides a new pathway for the design and efficiency enhancement of fully enclosed CO₂ TG units.

在将超临界二氧化碳（sCO2）动力循环与微反应器集成用于隔离场景下自给能源系统时，零泄漏是一个核心要求，因为它直接决定了系统长期运行的可行性和可靠性。全封闭集成单元结构是消除泄漏的理想解决方案，但热机电集成带来了多场耦合的挑战。传统的解耦设计（TDD）存在优化困难、效率预测不准确、损失耦合关系不明确等问题，严重制约了整体效率。为了解决这一问题，本研究首次提出了整体集成设计（OID）方法，并设计了100 kW对置轴流全封闭CO2涡轮发电（TG）集成机组。通过比较TDD和OID在多个优化参数下的最优整体效率设计结果，发现OID在理论上可以将整体效率最大化1-15%，即使转速比TDD低15,000 rpm，仍能达到等效效率。通过分析，明确了各种损耗的分布规律、占比以及OID的协同优化机制，确定了该全封闭集成热重的最佳运行范围约为1 MW。最后，通过实验验证了该布局和冷却方案的合理性，以及基于OID方法进行参数优化的可行性。开发的综合机组效率为61.5%，输出功率为97.7 kW。该设计方法为全封闭CO2热重装置的设计和效率提高提供了新的途径。

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引用次数: 0