Applied Thermal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Topology optimization designed twisted conformal cooling channel for additive-manufactured hot-stamping tool","authors":"Daoming Yu ,&nbsp;Mohamed Rachik ,&nbsp;Alexandre Blaise ,&nbsp;Benjamin Sarre ,&nbsp;Gilles Brun","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124784","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124784","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hot stamping is a manufacturing process that can be used to produce complex-shaped parts with high mechanical properties. In this process, the part quality and the production rate are strongly influenced by the efficiency of the cooling system within the tool. Improving the efficiency of the cooling system is therefore a key factor in reducing production time and costs. Traditional cooling systems for hot stamping tools often rely on simple drilled channels, limiting their potential for optimization. But recent improvements in additive manufacturing of steel have made it possible to design and produce cooling channels of more complex shapes and therefore allow the use of innovative design approaches such as topology optimization. This paper proposes a new rational method for optimum design of cooling system for additively manufactured hot stamping tools. The proposed new methodology is based on fluid-thermal topology optimization (TO). A low-fidelity model using the Stokes-Darcy equations is used to simulate fluid flow in the cooling channels. The objective function and constraints are designed to minimize the maximum temperature of the tool surface (cooling efficiency) with limited pressure drop of the cooling system. Advanced computations techniques including parallel computation, stabilization techniques, adaptive mesh and iterative solvers are used to ensure the computation performance. The procedure developed is first tested on a simple example to check the consistency of the results obtained. Then, to demonstrate the contribution of our work to the field under study, the procedure developed is used to optimize the design of the cooling system for an industrial hot stamping punch to be additively manufactured. The obtained optimum design is compared with standard drilled channels design and the deign with shell and core technology (with insert). These comparisons clearly shows that the optimal design combined with additive manufacturing can reduce quenching time by 37% compared to conventional drilled straight channels, with very similar pressure drop and very similar load-bearing capacity. This research offers significant potential for improving efficiency and reducing costs in hot stamping and other manufacturing processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 124784"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142657781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of flow patterns in an opaque condenser tube by distributed fiber Bragg gratings","authors":"Haoqi Wang,&nbsp;Shizhe Wen,&nbsp;Zhenhui He","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124797","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124797","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Two-phase loops with phase change heat transfer are pivotal for cooling electronics under high heat flux and for thermal control in spacecraft. Numerous studies aim to clarify the mechanisms behind these loops to enhance cooling capacity and stability, which are closely tied to flow patterns. However, conventional flow pattern identification methods, requiring transparent tubes for direct observation, are impractical for simultaneous heat transfer measurement, especially during condensation. This paper introduces a novel approach for identifying flow patterns within an opaque, vertical condensation tube using embedded distributed fiber Bragg gratings (DFBGs) for R134a. The method involves a “fingerprint” derived from temperature profile derivatives and additional criteria based on temperature variation characteristics. These include the relative deviation from saturation temperature, the relative spatial temperature gradients, and the relative amplitude of temperature fluctuations. Validation against high-speed camera images confirms the method’s efficacy. It enables the determination of flow pattern lengths, the endpoint of condensation, and the construction of a flow regime map. Additionally, it allows for the measurement of vapor velocity in slug flow, facilitating the calculation of slip ratio and void fraction, which correlates reasonably with the Zuber-Findlay model, with systematic positive deviations up to 30%. This method also paves the way for simultaneous measurement of in-tube condensation heat transfer characteristics for various flow patterns.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 124797"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142659838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature management of liquid-cooled fuel cells based on active disturbance rejection control","authors":"Changrong Zhu ,&nbsp;Bao Li ,&nbsp;Yanzhou Qin ,&nbsp;Menghao Gao ,&nbsp;Guokun Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124806","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124806","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) systems, the operating temperature affects the gas transport, reaction rate and water balance inside the PEMFC stack, thus affecting the output performance and lifetime of the stack. Therefore, it is necessary to study the thermal management methods and control strategies to maintain the stack temperature at the expected value. A thermal management system model of the PEMFC based on the electrochemical reaction and thermodynamics is established. This study proposes a novel active disturbance rejection controller (ADRC) to solve the problem of excessive temperature fluctuation of liquid-cooled stack with the dynamic load current changes. The simulation data show that compared with the PID, Fuzzy-PID and PSO-PID controllers for the cooling fan, the overshoot amount of the coolant inlet temperature with the ADRC is significantly reduced from 1.02 %, 0.77 % and 0.26 % to 0.07 %, and the integral of time absolute error (ITAE) is decreased from 5.299 × 10⁴, 5.206 × 10⁴ and 1.255 × 10⁴ to 3.930 × 10³, respectively. The degree of temperature fluctuation is reduced and the parasitic power does not significantly increase. Therefore, the ADRC proposed in this study improves the temperature control effect of the PEMFC stack, which is conducive to enhancing the stack performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 124806"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142659962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-physical field coupling effect in micro pin-fin channel cooling with coaxial-like through-silicon via (TSV) for three-dimensional integrated chip (3D-IC)","authors":"Shiqi Xu,&nbsp;Yuanle Zhang,&nbsp;Qiang Li,&nbsp;Xuemei Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124815","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124815","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Through-silicon via (TSV) technology offers significant advantages for three-dimensional integrated chip (3D-IC) by enabling higher integration densities and faster signal transmission rates. The increased power density of 3D-IC poses substantial thermal management challenges. Microchannel cooling is widely used for chip-level thermal management. However, the balance of heat dissipation and signal integrity between layers of 3D-IC with TSV remains elusive. This work presents a study on the electrical-thermal-force-flow-solid multi-physics field coupling effect of micro pin–fin channel cooling systems embedded with coaxial-like TSVs in 3D-IC, aiming to optimize signal integrity and thermal performance. We analyze the structural parameters of coaxial-like TSVs, such as TSV aspect ratio and pitch ratio, focusing on their impact on signal shielding efficiency and thermal conductivity. The results show that a coaxial-like TSV structure with an aspect ratio of 15 and a pitch ratio of 2.5 reduces the maximum temperature and insertion loss by 3.97% and 3.60%, respectively. This structure is then embedded in a micro pin–fin channel to explore the effect of pin–fin arrangement on heat dissipation at different Reynolds numbers. Using multi-objective optimization through response surface methodology (RSM) and the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II), we obtain a series of optimal solutions for TSV-embedded micro pin–fin. When the weights of heat transfer and pressure drop are balanced, the average Nusselt number increases by 6.8% with a 2% rise in pressure drop. These findings provide valuable insights for the design and optimization of high-performance 3D-IC cooling systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 124815"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142659844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal stress in externally irradiated tubes of solar central receivers with a gas–particle fluidized dense suspension","authors":"M. Fernández-Torrijos ,&nbsp;M. Díaz-Heras ,&nbsp;J.I. Córcoles ,&nbsp;J.A. Almendros-Ibáñez","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124751","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124751","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>One of the objectives of the new generation of concentrating solar power plants is to increase the actual temperature limit (565 °C) up to or near 1000 °C. An alternative heat transfer fluid that could help to reach this objective is the use of a fluidized dense gas–particle suspension ascending through a vertical tube. Since the predominant cause of rupture in solar receivers is the creep-fatigue damage process, which is mostly influenced by the maximum temperatures and stress experienced along the tube, the main objective of this work is to numerically study the thermomechanical behavior of a non-uniform externally irradiated tube where particles are fluidized and moves upwards. The heat transfer problem in the two media present (i.e. dense suspension of particles and tube wall) was solved separately: a Computational Particles Fluid Dynamic model solves the heat transfer in the particles, whereas a three dimensional Finite Volume model simulates the heat conduction through the tube wall to obtain the temperature profile, which serves as input to calculate the thermal stress of the tube with an analytical method. Higher thermal stresses were obtained for an absorbed power of 250 kW/m<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> (<span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>σ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>V</mi><mi>M</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>219</mn><mspace></mspace><mspace></mspace><mi>MPa</mi></mrow></math></span>) compared to that for an absorbed power of 500 kW/m<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> (<span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>σ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>V</mi><mi>M</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>72</mn><mspace></mspace><mspace></mspace><mi>MPa</mi></mrow></math></span>) due to the lower temperature difference between the front and rear sides of the tube caused by the more pronounced increase of the radiative losses in the front side of the tube compared to that at the rear side. The thermomechanical behavior of a particle receiver was compared to that of a molten salt receiver. For an incident solar flux of 500 kW/m<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>, the particle receiver reduced the maximum thermal stress by 73% compared to the molten salt receiver. However, the tube’s maximum temperature exceeded the working limit for stainless steel tubes. In order for the receiver to survive heat fluxes characteristic of solar power plants, research into technological solutions that allow to improve the effectiveness of the heat transfer rate from the tube to the particle flow is necessary.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 124751"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142659850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning-inspired study of dynamical parameters of single vapor bubble under nucleate flow boiling regime","authors":"Mohd Moiz ,&nbsp;Rakhee Prajapat ,&nbsp;Arpan Srivastava ,&nbsp;Atul Srivastava","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124827","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124827","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heat transfer performance of nucleate boiling is interlinked with the departure dynamics of vapor bubbles, which also serves as the basis for heat transfer partitioning schemes and bubble growth models. Given the fast transients and multiple bubble ebullition cycles, boiling experiments lead to voluminous data that are to be analysed for determining the bubble dynamic parameters, and subsequently, the boiling heat transfer rates. Conventional approach of manual handling of such temporal and spatially-resolved experimental data is inherently time-consuming and error-prone. In the backdrop of these limitations, importance of machine learning algorithms gets highlighted in making the entire process automated and accurate as they minimize the need of any human intervention. The present work explores the potential of machine learning techniques towards quantifying the bubble departure characteristics and heat transfer partitioning during nucleate flow boiling. Water-based experiments have been conducted in a vertical channel under varying subcooling levels (Δ<em>T</em>_sub = 2, 5, and 8 K) and flow rates (<em>Re</em> = 2400, and 3600). Mask R-CNN machine learning (ML) model is employed to evaluate the temporal variations of dynamical parameters of vapor bubbles and departure characteristics. The bubble departure characteristics as well as the corresponding evaporative and convective heat transfer rates, as retrieved through ML-generated masks, showed a strong dependence on the level of bulk fluid subcooling and flow rates. Heat transfer partitioning analysis revealed a competing interplay between the evaporative and condensation components of overall boiling heat transfer rates. These findings demonstrate the potential of ML techniques towards optimizing the thermal performance of boiling phenomena that have significant implications in a range of critical engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 124827"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142657503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulation strategies and optimizations of the expander and pump in organic Rankine cycle under off-design conditions","authors":"Hai-Xiao Wang ,&nbsp;Biao Lei ,&nbsp;Yu-Ting Wu ,&nbsp;Pei-Hong Yang ,&nbsp;Xiao-Ming Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124807","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124807","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For the present investigations of the off-design performance of organic Rankine cycle systems, which are mainly based on indirect parameters such as temperature and pressure, it is difficult to provide direct theoretical guidance for the actual operation of the system. Therefore, this paper introduces a novel, directly regulated coupling model based on a quasi-two-stage single screw expander and a multistage centrifugal pump. In addition, to enhance the matching between the expander and the pump during the regulation, the coupled model is optimized using the particle swarm optimization algorithm. The results reveal that the net efficiency initially increases and then decreases when exploring regulation strategies for the expander and the pump, suggesting the existence of optimal operating points. Specifically, after applying the particle swarm algorithm, the net efficiency reached 13.23 % at an expander speed of 5076 RPM and a pump frequency of 46.8 Hz, reflecting a better match between the pump and expander regulation with the heat source conditions. For instance, at a heat source temperature of 200 °C, the net efficiency increased by up to 1.45 % compared to the original results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 124807"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142658198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exergy efficiency improvement by compression heat recovery for an integrated natural gas liquefaction-CO2 capture-NGL recovery process","authors":"Ting He ,&nbsp;Jiafu Chen ,&nbsp;Truls Gundersen ,&nbsp;Wensheng Lin ,&nbsp;Liqiong Chen ,&nbsp;Kai Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124812","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124812","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For liquefied natual gas production, cryogenic distillation offers lower thermal energy consumption and a more compact footprint for carbon capture unit than the widely used chemical absorption. However, the reduction in thermal energy consumption comes at the cost of increased power consumption. To reduce the power consumption of cryogenic distillation based natural gas lqiuefaction plants, an integrated process for liquefied natual gas production, cryogenic CO₂ capture and natural gas liquids recovery is proposed, which is called the base process. This base process is further integrated with a heat recovery unit (Organic Rankine cycle or Kalina cycle) to investigate the optimal utilization of compression heat in the system. The proposed processes are modeled in Aspen HYSYS and optimized using a genetic algorithm installed in Matlab. The results show that specific power consumption of the base case is 0.385 kWh/Nm³ NG. Due to the lack of compression heat recovery, significant exergy loss occurs at the water coolers, accounting for approximately 37 % of the total system exergy destruction. Among the evaluated methods, the supercritical Organic Rankine cycle, using R1234ze as the working fluid, recovers approximately 60 % of the exergy from compression heat with an 8.7 % improvement in system exergy efficiency. The subcritical Organic Rankine cycle, using R600a as the working fluid, achieves a slightly lower exergy efficiency improvement of 7.1 %. The Kalina cycle, while less efficient, still improves the system’s exergy efficiency by 6.3 %. Economic analysis reveals that the total annualized cost of the base process is $8,441,416, with a levelized cost of $0.1411/kg. The subcritical Organic Rankine Cycle provides the most cost-effective solution, with the lowest total annualized cost of $8,305,154 and a levelized cost of $0.1402/kg. The Kalina cycle ranks second in cost-effectiveness, with a total annualized cost of $8,345,914 and a levelized cost of $0.1405/kg NG. Although the supercritical ORC requires the highest capital investment, it proves more cost-effective than the base process due to its reduced annual operating costs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 124812"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142657721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical modelling and simulation of heat transfer for micro-sized spherical Al-4.5 wt% Cu alloy particles","authors":"Sifan Tang ,&nbsp;Yixin Yue ,&nbsp;Zhe Wang ,&nbsp;Man Yao ,&nbsp;Wei Dong ,&nbsp;Xudong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124825","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124825","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pulsated Orifice Ejection Method (POEM) is a typical containerless heat transfer and solidification process for the preparation of micron-sized spherical particles. The heat transfer mechanism dominated by convection and radiation plays crucial roles. In the context of the preparation process, heat transfer, and solidification characteristics of micrometer-sized spherical metal particles using the POEM , this paper established a numerical calculation model for particle heat transfer and solidification in a three-dimensional polar coordinate system. The model is used to simulate the temperature variations and distribution characteristics at different stages of the solidification process of Al-4.5 wt% Cu alloy particles. The temperature gradient, cooling rate, advancement of the liquid–solid interface, and solidification rate during the particle solidification process were investigated. Additionally, the dominant mechanism of heat transfer in the particle solidification process was discussed, subsequently allowing for the calculation and analysis of the convective and radiative heat transfer characteristics as well as their respective contributions. On this basis, the influence of two different cooling gases on the particle solidification process was explored. The results of this paper demonstrated that convective heat transfer is the main mechanism of heat transfer during particle solidification. Besides, He gas has a stronger effect on the heat transfer of particles than Ar gas. It will benefit the optimization of the preparation process and the regulation of the solidification process for micrometer-sized spherical particles using the POEM.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 124825"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142659922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance of sandwich type fire-resistant flexible composite phase change material PEE@EBF for battery thermal management and runaway protection","authors":"Junjie Shen ,&nbsp;Yanghan Su ,&nbsp;Xiaobin Xu ,&nbsp;Xing Chen ,&nbsp;Xiaolin Wang ,&nbsp;Junling Wang ,&nbsp;Fei Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124813","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124813","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To mitigate the risks of overheating and thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries, this study proposes a novel sandwich-type fire-resistant flexible composite phase change material (CPCM), referred to as PEE@EBF. The core material (PEE) was created by melt-blending paraffin wax (PW), expanded graphite (EG), and ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA). The outer layer, a fire-resistant coating (EBF), was applied to the surface of PEE and consists of epoxy resin (EP), boron nitride (BN), and the composite flame retardant (CFR). Test results demonstrated that PEE@EBF maintained structural integrity, exhibiting no significant deformation or leakage after being heated at 80 °C for 5 h. PEE@EBF also displayed a high latent heat of 166.6 J/g, thermal conductivity of 0.8 W/(m∙K), and excellent electrical insulation properties. Furthermore, it achieved a UL94 V-0 flame retardant rating, with notable reductions in peak heat release rate (PHRR) and peak smoke production rate (PSPR) by 67.8 % and 81.8 %, respectively. During long-term cycling at 4C, the peak temperature (PT) and maximum temperature difference (MTD) of batteries in the module incorporating PEE@EBF were reduced by 11.8 °C and 4 °C, respectively, compared to natural convection cooling. In addition, the heat generated during the battery thermal runaway was efficiently absorbed and transferred by PEE@EBF, delaying the irreversible thermal runaway process by 633 s. This indicated that the sandwich-type PEE@EBF was suitable for thermal management and fire protection in lithium-ion batteries or energy storage devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 124813"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142659944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}