Applied Thermal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Programmable interfacial Nanofluids for high-heat-flux Chip cooling via heat networks","authors":"Chenghang Li ,&nbsp;Zhumei Luo ,&nbsp;Shan Qing ,&nbsp;Xiaohui Zhang ,&nbsp;Zichang Shi ,&nbsp;Guili He ,&nbsp;Shuai Feng ,&nbsp;Haoming Huang ,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Huang ,&nbsp;Jing Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130142","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130142","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To overcome thermal bottlenecks in high–heat-flux chip cooling, we develop a programmable interfacial nanofluid (CuO@APTES/L-cysteine/SSA) through surface molecular engineering integrated with a multiscale framework spanning material synthesis, density functional theory (DFT), molecular dynamics (MD), microchannel experiments, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) validation. DFT calculations confirm robust interfacial stability enabled by Si–O–Cu anchoring, yielding a total binding energy of −33.48 eV. Spectroscopic and microscopic characterizations verify ordered multilayer functionalization, defining a grafting maximum load (GML) of 174.97% and excellent dispersion stability (zeta potential up to +59 mV).</div><div>At 358.15 K and 2.5 vol%, the nanofluid achieves a thermal conductivity of 1.517 W/m·K (138.5% enhancement over water), significantly exceeding Maxwell predictions, with the optimized S30.4 formulation reaching 1.79 W/m·K. Molecular-level analysis reveals a transition from passive to programmable interfacial heat transport, characterized by enhanced Cu<img>O radial distribution functions, increased coordination numbers, and strengthened Si<img>O and O<img>S heat-transfer pathways.</div><div>Microchannel experiments demonstrate a 14.7% reduction in junction temperature and a 17.3% improvement in temperature uniformity at 10 W/cm², accompanied by reduced thermal resistance and improved convective heat transfer. CFD predictions agree well with experiments (deviation &lt;1.5%) and confirm superior cooling performance up to 10,000 W/cm² with only a modest pressure-drop penalty. Thereby establishing a validated multiscale framework that provides predictive insight into interfacial heat transport and guides the design of advanced nanofluids for high–heat-flux electronic cooling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 130142"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient thermal management of lithium-ion battery modules using a simplified two-phase immersion cooling system","authors":"He Bai ,&nbsp;Xiutao Li ,&nbsp;Zhenyang Zhou ,&nbsp;Yue Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhaoyu Jin ,&nbsp;Haoyu Wang ,&nbsp;Penglun Zheng ,&nbsp;Xiaomeng Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129993","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129993","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the increasing energy density and fast-charging requirements of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), effective thermal management has become critical for ensuring safety, performance, and longevity. This study proposes a simplified two-phase immersion cooling (TLIC) system that eliminates the conventional condensation reflux apparatus, thereby reducing system complexity. Using fluorinated liquid coolants and an optimized battery housing, the system's thermal management performance was evaluated under high-rate charge-discharge conditions. Experimental results demonstrate that TLIC significantly outperforms air cooling (AC) and single-phase immersion cooling (SLIC), reducing the maximum temperature by 56% and the maximum temperature difference by 88% relative to AC, maintaining the maximum battery temperature below 37.7 °C and temperature differences within 1.7 °C under 3C cycling at 25 °C. Even at elevated ambient temperatures up to 40 °C, TLIC maintains effective cooling with a heat dissipation efficiency exceeding 80%. Numerical simulations further validate the experimental findings and reveal the influence of ambient temperature on boiling behavior and heat transfer efficiency. The proposed TLIC system offers a promising solution for next-generation electric vehicles and energy storage systems by combining high cooling performance with structural simplicity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 129993"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical investigation of phase change material (PCM) melting in a two-dimensional rotary kiln","authors":"Athanasios Balachtsis,&nbsp;Yannis Dimakopoulos,&nbsp;John Tsamopoulos","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130049","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130049","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This fundamental study investigates the coupled thermal and fluid dynamics including melting of a granular bed within a rotating kiln, a process critical to optimizing efficiency in various material processing applications, like clinker production. Unlike previous simpler models, the framework simultaneously resolves the deformable gas-bed interface via a phase-field method and the internal solid-liquid phase change using the enthalpy method. A temperature dependent viscosity technique is employed, assigning extremely high viscosity to the solid phase and low viscosity to the liquid. This allows the solid-liquid transition to be captured implicitly without mesh deformation. The simulations reveal that doubling the wall angular velocity from <span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>rpm</mi></mrow></math></span> to <span><math><mrow><mn>2</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>rpm</mi></mrow></math></span> reduces the total melting time by approximately <span><math><mrow><mn>38</mn><mo>%</mo></mrow></math></span>. Lower melt viscosity accelerates flow and heat transport, while higher viscosity limits recirculation and delays melting. Conversely, increasing the characteristic temperature difference intensifies heat transfer and leads to faster melting without altering the underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, the analysis identifies a distinct regime transition in heat transfer mechanisms at a critical value of <span><math><mrow><mi>Pr</mi><mo>≈</mo><mn>120</mn></mrow></math></span>, separating buoyancy-driven flows from forced convection regimes. The findings conclusively demonstrate that natural convection, as indicated by the Richardson number, plays an indispensable role in the melting rate. Higher filling degrees prolonged the melting duration due to increased thermal mass, whereas lower filling degrees intensified circulation and accelerated melting. Finally, a sensitivity analysis examines a more realistic scenario by prescribing distinct properties for the solid and liquid phases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 130049"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leveraging band bending in SnS/SnSe type-I heterojunction for high thermoelectric performance and on-chip hotspot cooling","authors":"Yixuan Liu ,&nbsp;Lifu Yan ,&nbsp;Shangchao Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130042","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130042","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermoelectric thin films are ideal for highly integrated on-chip cooling, especially for local hotspots. However, the thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) of thin films is far below their bulk material counterparts. Environmentally friendly SnSe-based heterojunction thin films have been hypothesized as a promising solution for high performance thermoelectric films due to additional carrier transfer at the interface. However, a rational design of heterojunctions with experimentally relevant larger thickness has not been reported yet. Therefore, in this work we firstly design larger-thickness SnS/SnSe heterojunctions to leverage electronic band bending at the SnS-SnSe interface. The designed multilayer (SnS)₆/(SnSe)₆ heterojunction shows a remarkable power factor, up to 96.4 μW cm⁻¹ K⁻² at 500 K, across a wide range of charge carrier concentrations for easier doping. It shows significant improvement compared to other thin films, ∼8 times of the predicted SnSe monolayer here and ∼ 3.7 times of the highest experimental value in SnSe thin films. The SnS/SnSe heterojunctions not only have excited electrons from the SnS layer near the SnS/SnSe interface, but also have increased total carrier mobility because electron transfer caused by band bending provides a fast channel for hole transport along the <em>b</em>-axis (in-plane). Meanwhile, the SnS/SnSe heterojunctions exhibit double-peaked high PFs with respect to the carrier concentrations under compressive strains due to the reduced band gap and the band convergence effect. After thermal conductivity estimation, the in-plane ZT of the (SnS)₆/(SnSe)₆ heterojunction is estimated to range from 0.81 to 1.6 at temperatures from 300 to 500 K, which is very high among the thin film thermoelectric materials. Finally, we theoretically demonstrate that integrating the (SnS)₆/(SnSe)₆ heterojunction-based thermoelectric thin film onto a chip can achieve a maximum cooling power density of ∼13.5 W cm⁻², showing great promises for local on-chip hotspot cooling in computing and power electronics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 130042"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive structural parameter for thermal optimization of PCM composites under constant heat flux: Experiments and simulations","authors":"Yufeng Shuai ,&nbsp;Chuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Xusheng Hu ,&nbsp;Siyuan He ,&nbsp;Xiao-lu Gong","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130101","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130101","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we focus on the comprehensive structural parameter <em>A</em> introduced and validated in our prior research. Five distinct metal foam samples using aluminum alloy AS7G through 3D printing were fabricated. The heating was maintained at a constant heat flux and positioned at various locations on the phase change material-metal foam composites (PCM composites). Our investigation encompasses both simulations and experiments, to explore the thermal behaviors of samples using parameter <em>A</em> under diverse heating conditions. The thermal performance of PCM composites is assessed with different indicators that we proposed. We examine the relation between the structural parameter <em>A</em> and the thermal performance and also the impact of gravity, sample size, heat flux, structural non-homogeneity and ambient temperature. This paper establishes the reliability of parameter <em>A</em> as a structural optimization criterion for metal foam. Furthermore, we find that if the heat transfer mode changes, the relation between the structural parameter and the thermal performance can be different. For conduction-dominated mode, lower parameter <em>A</em> structure shows better performance. For convection-dominated mode, higher parameter <em>A</em> structure improves performance. This may provide explanation for the existing debut regarding the influence of pore density. The study concludes with a comprehensive strategy for structural optimization of thermal performance of PCM composite based on all obtained results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 130101"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on thermophysical properties and performance enhancement of novel quaternary molten salt for thermal energy storage","authors":"Yuanyuan Wang,&nbsp;Yue Wang,&nbsp;Yuanwei Lu,&nbsp;Yuting Wu,&nbsp;Cancan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130122","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130122","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Molten salts are commonly used as heat transfer and thermal storage media in CSP systems. However, conventional molten salts may have drawbacks such as high melting points, narrow operating temperature ranges, and low thermal conductivity, which limit the overall system efficiency. In this work, a novel quaternary nitrate-nitrite molten salt is developed, featuring low melting point, wide operating temperature range, high thermal conductivity, and low cost. The melting point of the quaternary salt (composed of 41.4wt%KNO₃–32.7wt%NaNO₂–7.9wt%KNO₂-18 wt% Ca(NO₃)₂·4H₂O) is 96.6 °C, and the decomposition temperature is 622.3 °C. The quaternary salt shows an average specific heat capacity of 1.58 J∙g⁻¹∙K⁻¹ and an average thermal conductivity of 0.574 W∙m⁻¹∙K⁻¹ in the liquid state. The long-term thermal stability testing (including 1000 h of high-temperature aging and 500 thermal shock cycles) indicates that the thermal properties of this quaternary salt undergo certain changes, primarily attributed to the conversion of NO₂⁻ to NO₃⁻ within the molten salt. Using precursor decomposition method, MgO-molten salt nanocomposites and Al₂O₃-molten salt nanocomposites were synthesized in situ. In terms of both cost-effectiveness and performance enhancement, the Al₂O₃ additive underperforms compared to the MgO additive. Adding 0.5 wt% MgO to quaternary salt can increase its specific heat capacity by 20.4%, enhance its thermal conductivity by 55.5%, and simultaneously reduce its sensible heat storage cost by 18.3%. The novelty of this work is the design and systematic evaluation of novel molten salt, focusing on its long-term stability, performance enhancement mechanism, and economic viability, thereby offering the promising candidate materials for TES applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 130122"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laser Rayleigh scattering vs. pyrometer thermometry for DME-based fuels under flame and MILD combustion regimes in a semi-industrial furnace","authors":"M. Mustafa Kamal ,&nbsp;Marianna Cafiero ,&nbsp;Alessandro Parente","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate in-furnace temperature measurements are essential for temperature-based CFD validation and NO_x risk assessment, yet intrusive probes can under-read in regions with strong gradients and evidence for DME-based blends across flame and MILD operation remains limited. This study investigates the sensitivity and accuracy of intrusive (suction pyrometer probe) versus non-intrusive (planar laser Rayleigh scattering, LRS) thermometry in measuring temperature, using CFD simulations as a complementary benchmark for interpretation and model assessment, in a semi-industrial scale furnace. By comparing temperature data across three techniques, it is shown how fuel composition and burning regime (conventional flame vs. MILD combustion) affect measurement agreement and accuracy. The analysis covers pure DME, DME/CH₄, and DME/H₂ mixtures under both flame and MILD conditions, extending earlier work in this furnace to a broader fuel-regime matrix. LRS successfully captured the thermal field for all fuel compositions in both flame and MILD modes, generally aligning well with CFD-predicted temperature distributions. Intrusive probe measurement yielded similar overall trends but showed significant deviations in regions of steep temperature gradients, particularly near burner jets and in highly reactive, hydrogen rich flames. In these zones, the probe-measured temperatures were up to <span><math><mrow><mo>∼</mo></mrow></math></span>200 K lower than LRS values, a discrepancy far exceeding experimental uncertainty and attributed to the probe's volumetric averaging and flow disturbance effects. The effect was most pronounced for the DME/H₂ blend under flame-like conditions, reflecting the increased measurement sensitivity to fuel reactivity. The numerical simulations capture the overall combustion behaviour across fuel mixtures, though modelling of the mixtures with high H₂ required adjusting turbulence-chemistry parameters to capture its mixing-controlled flame characteristics and NO_x emissions. Overall, the results provide a semi-industrial benchmark comparison of LRS and suction-probe thermometry for DME-based blends across flame and MILD regimes, clarifying the fuel- and regime-dependence of diagnostic bias and its implications for temperature-based CFD validation and diagnostic selection in practical combustion systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 130121"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vortex-induced forced immersion of droplets levitating on liquid nitrogen","authors":"Jose H. Lizama ,&nbsp;I-Ming Hsiao ,&nbsp;Noel A. Sanchez,&nbsp;Chiu-Jen Chen,&nbsp;Yong-Ming Ye,&nbsp;Hsiu-Yang Tseng","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130114","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>When plunged onto liquid nitrogen (LN₂), droplets below a critical size or density remain levitated for several seconds due to the inverse Leidenfrost effect (LFE), where continuous vaporized nitrogen flow generated at the droplet–LN₂ interface establishes an upward pressure field that, together with LN₂ surface tension, counteracts the droplet weight. At sufficiently large droplet size or density, this balance is broken, leading to immediate immersion. To date, this levitation–immersion threshold has only been studied for static LN₂ baths, and the influence of how LN₂ flow imposed within the bath affects the stability of LFE-supported levitation remains unexplored. Here, the effects of a controlled free-surface vortex on droplet–LN₂ interactions are investigated. High-speed imaging across a range of droplet volumes, landing positions, and vortex angular speeds shows that the vortex can alter the levitation state and lead to immersion for droplets that would remain levitated on static LN₂. An approximate thermal/force-balance formulation is used to interpret these observations by assessing how centrifugal force competes with levitation supported by the vapor film. The results further show that, because the vortex immerses the larger droplets more readily than the smaller ones, those larger droplets (provided they are not so large that thermal inertia dominates) can achieve higher overall cooling rates. This overturns the usual trend on static LN₂, where smaller droplets cool faster than larger ones. A controlled LN₂ vortex therefore offers a means of reshaping levitation–immersion behavior in cryogenic droplet systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 130114"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-dimensional layer-level model of cylindrical lithium-ion batteries","authors":"Junghyun Nam,&nbsp;Seunghun Jung","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130124","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130124","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The shift toward large-format cylindrical lithium-ion batteries necessitates precise modeling of electro-thermal non-uniformity. However, conventional distributed equivalent circuit models (Distributed ECMs) oversimplify the spiral-wound structure as a homogeneous layer, neglecting the critical coupling between through-plane ionic transport and in-plane electronic conduction. To address this, we propose a three-dimensional layer-level overlapped potential-pair network (OPPN) framework. This electro-thermal model, implemented using the finite volume method, physically reconstructs the bipolar connectivity through the jellyroll thickness. Validation against Panasonic NCR18650B experiments confirmed high predictive accuracy. Crucially, comparative analysis reveals that the Distributed ECM fundamentally miscalculates internal current distribution. Specifically, while the Distributed ECM predicted negligible variations across tab configurations (potential drop &lt;0.001 V, temperature difference &lt; 0.4 °C), the layer-level OPPN model captured significant structure-induced gradients, revealing potential drops and temperature deviations up to 0.04 V and 1.7 °C, respectively. This confirms that Distributed ECMs predict unrealistic uniformity in State-of-Charge (SOC) and temperature fields. Since overlooking these gradients poses severe risks for thermal design and lifetime estimation, this study establishes the OPPN framework as an essential engineering tool for the robust design of modern, scaling cylindrical batteries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 130124"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal analysis of a solar-assisted pyrolysis drop tube reactor with radiation heat transfer","authors":"Amir Hossein Bashiri ,&nbsp;Shervin Karimkashi ,&nbsp;Vignesvar Krish Subramani ,&nbsp;Sylvain Rodat ,&nbsp;Stéphane Abanades ,&nbsp;Mika Järvinen ,&nbsp;Ville Vuorinen","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130033","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130033","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fast pyrolysis of biomass is recognized as a promising method for bio-oil production which can be further utilized in the production of sustainable fuels. Numerical simulations are carried out in order to verify the discrete ordinate method (DOM) implementation in OpenFOAM open-source software. 1D and 3D test problems are investigated including conjugate and radiative heat transfer in addition to a 2D test case. The main application of interest is a 3D solar-assisted drop tube reactor, which is studied from the viewpoint of heat distribution within the reactor. The main results of the research are as follows: (1) 1D modeling indicates that the heat fluxes are correctly implemented for transient and steady state configurations. (2) 2D rectangular enclosure study indicate correct heat flux implementation in OpenFOAM for the <span>viewFactor</span> and <span>fvDOM</span> methods. (3) 3D reactor studies in OpenFOAM and STAR-CCM+ indicate that the heat distributions are highly similar within 2% deviation in peak temperature values. The final 3D results are noted to be grid independent and independent on the angular discretization number when <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>N</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>ϕ</mi></mrow></msub><mo>≥</mo><mn>16</mn></mrow></math></span>. As a conclusion, the validated/verified numerical approach offers a general open-source framework for coupled CHT-radiation problems with applicability beyond the studied drop tube reactor.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 130033"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}