Pub Date : 1972-12-01DOI: 10.1177/106591297202500411
J. Astin
N THE political science literature called "behavioralist" which has emerged in the past twenty years, two distinct and incompatible approaches have been used. Mathematics has been employed for rank-ordering, for the computation of correlations, and for whatever other purposes numbers may serve. This method is analytical and reductionist and assumes the validity of mechanical cause-andeffect explanation. The other outlook is called "system theory" or "systems theory." Most commonly systems theory appeals to the analogy of organicist biology, which rejects the analytical and reductionist method and adopts a teleological perspective. Its origins are to be found in Aristotle, who believed that all of nature was purposive. The organicist or "organismic" view has been abandoned by virtually all twentieth-century biologists. An exception is Ludwig von Bertalanffy, who revived the organicist outlook in biology in the 1920s and generalized it into a cosmology in 1949.' Systems theory in social science derives from Bertalanffy's advocacy. Like its counterpart in biology, systems theory in social studies is frequently holistic rather than analytical, and ordinarily it seeks to answer the question "why" 2 in terms of function or purpose, in terms of goals, rather than in terms of antecedent propelling causes. The mechanical and organicist approaches are clearly incompatible, but it is very common for a single behavioral author to employ them both. A simulacrum of scientific method is presented in a discussion of cause-and-effect; but functionalist or organicist language is employed to suggest that what is at work is a teleological process. The best-known exponent of systems theory in political science is David Easton of the University of Chicago. The difficulties which result from mixing mechanism and organicism are clearly exemplified in Easton's work. Indeed, it is fair to say that unknown to Easton himself there are two David Eastons. One is a mechanist, the other a vitalist. We will call the former Easton I, the latter Easton II. As might be expected since Easton is oblivious to the mixture the organism Easton cannot be identified entirely with one or the other position at particular periods in the development of Easton's thought; these two incompatible strands compete in his work, with one predominating, then the other. As we will see, a final victory appeared to have been won by vitalism; nevertheless, Easton's presidential address to the American Political Science Association in 1969 his most recent statement concerning "behavioralism" shows that he believes he has been faithful to the assumptions of analytical science. In this same address, he claims for behavioralism a victory over other approaches to the study of politics. He cites his own work as part of a virtually completed "behavioral revolution" in political sci-
{"title":"Easton I ad Easton II","authors":"J. Astin","doi":"10.1177/106591297202500411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/106591297202500411","url":null,"abstract":"N THE political science literature called \"behavioralist\" which has emerged in the past twenty years, two distinct and incompatible approaches have been used. Mathematics has been employed for rank-ordering, for the computation of correlations, and for whatever other purposes numbers may serve. This method is analytical and reductionist and assumes the validity of mechanical cause-andeffect explanation. The other outlook is called \"system theory\" or \"systems theory.\" Most commonly systems theory appeals to the analogy of organicist biology, which rejects the analytical and reductionist method and adopts a teleological perspective. Its origins are to be found in Aristotle, who believed that all of nature was purposive. The organicist or \"organismic\" view has been abandoned by virtually all twentieth-century biologists. An exception is Ludwig von Bertalanffy, who revived the organicist outlook in biology in the 1920s and generalized it into a cosmology in 1949.' Systems theory in social science derives from Bertalanffy's advocacy. Like its counterpart in biology, systems theory in social studies is frequently holistic rather than analytical, and ordinarily it seeks to answer the question \"why\" 2 in terms of function or purpose, in terms of goals, rather than in terms of antecedent propelling causes. The mechanical and organicist approaches are clearly incompatible, but it is very common for a single behavioral author to employ them both. A simulacrum of scientific method is presented in a discussion of cause-and-effect; but functionalist or organicist language is employed to suggest that what is at work is a teleological process. The best-known exponent of systems theory in political science is David Easton of the University of Chicago. The difficulties which result from mixing mechanism and organicism are clearly exemplified in Easton's work. Indeed, it is fair to say that unknown to Easton himself there are two David Eastons. One is a mechanist, the other a vitalist. We will call the former Easton I, the latter Easton II. As might be expected since Easton is oblivious to the mixture the organism Easton cannot be identified entirely with one or the other position at particular periods in the development of Easton's thought; these two incompatible strands compete in his work, with one predominating, then the other. As we will see, a final victory appeared to have been won by vitalism; nevertheless, Easton's presidential address to the American Political Science Association in 1969 his most recent statement concerning \"behavioralism\" shows that he believes he has been faithful to the assumptions of analytical science. In this same address, he claims for behavioralism a victory over other approaches to the study of politics. He cites his own work as part of a virtually completed \"behavioral revolution\" in political sci-","PeriodicalId":83314,"journal":{"name":"The Western political quarterly","volume":"24 1","pages":"726 - 737"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79172305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1972-12-01DOI: 10.1177/106591297202500414
P. Bartholomew
IF THE HISTORIANS of the future set a "watershed" point between the "Warren Court" and the "Burger Court" the recent term of the Court undoubtedly will be a part of that dividing line. The close vote in a considerable number of cases was one indication of a transitional stage. Too, in this term the nature of a remarkable number of the cases supported the proposition that this is a public law court. Once again the Court operated without a full complement of justices for much of its term. The death of Associate Justice Hugo L. Black before the opening of the term and the retirement and later death of Associate Justice John M. Harlan left only seven justices participating in proceedings until Lewis F. Powell and William H. Rehnquist took the oath on January 7, 1972. Even then there was a period of abstention by them from voting and decisions because they had not been present for the oral arguments. As to the statistical "box score" for the term, the Court disposed of a total of 3,645 cases, a new all-time record. In the 1970-71 term it was 3,322 (as corrected in the publication of this year's statistics) and in the 1969-70 term the total was 3,409. The number of cases remaining on the docket declined slightly from the previous term's 890 to 888. Cases argued went to 176 (including one of original jurisdiction now pending) from the 151 and 144 respectively of the two previous terms. A rather dramatic increase came in the number of cases disposed of by signed opinions, 143 by 129 signed opinions compared with 126 by 109 signed opinions in the previous term. Per curiam opinions remained stable with 24 this term and 22 the previous term. Cases set for reargument this term were 5 compared with 3 in the 1970-71 term.
{"title":"The Supreme Court of the United States, 1971-1972","authors":"P. Bartholomew","doi":"10.1177/106591297202500414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/106591297202500414","url":null,"abstract":"IF THE HISTORIANS of the future set a \"watershed\" point between the \"Warren Court\" and the \"Burger Court\" the recent term of the Court undoubtedly will be a part of that dividing line. The close vote in a considerable number of cases was one indication of a transitional stage. Too, in this term the nature of a remarkable number of the cases supported the proposition that this is a public law court. Once again the Court operated without a full complement of justices for much of its term. The death of Associate Justice Hugo L. Black before the opening of the term and the retirement and later death of Associate Justice John M. Harlan left only seven justices participating in proceedings until Lewis F. Powell and William H. Rehnquist took the oath on January 7, 1972. Even then there was a period of abstention by them from voting and decisions because they had not been present for the oral arguments. As to the statistical \"box score\" for the term, the Court disposed of a total of 3,645 cases, a new all-time record. In the 1970-71 term it was 3,322 (as corrected in the publication of this year's statistics) and in the 1969-70 term the total was 3,409. The number of cases remaining on the docket declined slightly from the previous term's 890 to 888. Cases argued went to 176 (including one of original jurisdiction now pending) from the 151 and 144 respectively of the two previous terms. A rather dramatic increase came in the number of cases disposed of by signed opinions, 143 by 129 signed opinions compared with 126 by 109 signed opinions in the previous term. Per curiam opinions remained stable with 24 this term and 22 the previous term. Cases set for reargument this term were 5 compared with 3 in the 1970-71 term.","PeriodicalId":83314,"journal":{"name":"The Western political quarterly","volume":"12 1","pages":"761 - 788"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80213904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1972-12-01DOI: 10.1177/106591297202500416
R. Ross
{"title":"Book Reviews : President and Congress: Power and Policy. By LOUIS FISHER. (New York: The Free Press, 1972. PP. xvi. 347. $7.95.)","authors":"R. Ross","doi":"10.1177/106591297202500416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/106591297202500416","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":83314,"journal":{"name":"The Western political quarterly","volume":"22 1","pages":"790 - 791"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79985630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1972-12-01DOI: 10.1177/106591297202500420
Willard F. Barber
{"title":"Book Reviews : American Foreign Policy Officials. Who They Are and What They Believe Regarding International Politics. By BERNARD MENNIS. (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 19971. Pp. xii, 210. $11.00.)","authors":"Willard F. Barber","doi":"10.1177/106591297202500420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/106591297202500420","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":83314,"journal":{"name":"The Western political quarterly","volume":"17 1","pages":"795 - 796"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89685012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1972-12-01DOI: 10.1177/106591297202500425
Everett W. Chard
Among the main obstacles to party transformation leading to the emergence of a catch-all party of the left, the author stresses the durability of traditional voting patterns, the persistence of historical perspectives, organizational resistance within the parties, absence of adequate leadership and, most importantly, the persistence of strong ideologies. According to him, the French Socialists have remained dedicated to their Marxist ideology and &dquo;retain a deep emotional commitment to the basic
{"title":"Book Reviews : Modernization: Latecomers and Survivors. By MARION J. LEVY. (Basic Books: New York, 1972. PP.160. $5.95.)","authors":"Everett W. Chard","doi":"10.1177/106591297202500425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/106591297202500425","url":null,"abstract":"Among the main obstacles to party transformation leading to the emergence of a catch-all party of the left, the author stresses the durability of traditional voting patterns, the persistence of historical perspectives, organizational resistance within the parties, absence of adequate leadership and, most importantly, the persistence of strong ideologies. According to him, the French Socialists have remained dedicated to their Marxist ideology and &dquo;retain a deep emotional commitment to the basic","PeriodicalId":83314,"journal":{"name":"The Western political quarterly","volume":"9 1","pages":"803 - 804"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77468922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1972-12-01DOI: 10.1177/106591297202500417
G. Durham
{"title":"Book Reviews : The Constitutionalist: Notes on the First Amendment. By GEORGE ANASTAPLO. (Dallas, Texas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1971. PP. xiii, 826. $20.00.)","authors":"G. Durham","doi":"10.1177/106591297202500417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/106591297202500417","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":83314,"journal":{"name":"The Western political quarterly","volume":"43 1","pages":"791 - 792"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76716941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1972-12-01DOI: 10.1177/106591297202500409
L. R. Beres
HE USE of alliances represents a time-honored means of protecting actors in world politics. At the same time, the history of international political theorizing is replete with skeptical utterances concerning the deterrent capacity of alliances. Most often, the crux of such skepticism lies in what is believed to be the demonstrated unreliability of actors faithfully to honor their alliance commitments once the inducement of expected benefits has been replaced by the expectation of injury or loss. Of the many factors which may significantly affect the reliability of alliance or collective defense arrangements, only the structural configuration of the world system has been entirely disregarded by scholars.' Indeed, there has as yet been no systematic effort to determine the extent to which alliance reliability2 varies in accordance with the number of systemwide and regional axes of conflict. It is the purpose of the following discussion to remedy this situation.
{"title":"Bipolarity, Multipolarity, and the Reliability of Alliance Commitments","authors":"L. R. Beres","doi":"10.1177/106591297202500409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/106591297202500409","url":null,"abstract":"HE USE of alliances represents a time-honored means of protecting actors in world politics. At the same time, the history of international political theorizing is replete with skeptical utterances concerning the deterrent capacity of alliances. Most often, the crux of such skepticism lies in what is believed to be the demonstrated unreliability of actors faithfully to honor their alliance commitments once the inducement of expected benefits has been replaced by the expectation of injury or loss. Of the many factors which may significantly affect the reliability of alliance or collective defense arrangements, only the structural configuration of the world system has been entirely disregarded by scholars.' Indeed, there has as yet been no systematic effort to determine the extent to which alliance reliability2 varies in accordance with the number of systemwide and regional axes of conflict. It is the purpose of the following discussion to remedy this situation.","PeriodicalId":83314,"journal":{"name":"The Western political quarterly","volume":"44 1","pages":"702 - 710"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76836864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1972-12-01DOI: 10.1177/106591297202500427
Lyndon R. Musolf
{"title":"Book Reviews : Milwaukee: A Contemporary Urban Profile. By HENRY J. SCHMANDT, JOHN C. GOLDBACH, and DONALD B. VOGEL. (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1971, Pp. 244. $9.50.)","authors":"Lyndon R. Musolf","doi":"10.1177/106591297202500427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/106591297202500427","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":83314,"journal":{"name":"The Western political quarterly","volume":"1 1","pages":"805 - 806"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83569403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1972-12-01DOI: 10.1177/106591297202500407
C. Astiz, José Z. Garcı́a
EARLY four years after the Velasco government took power in Peru, students and observers of Latin American politics are still exploring the extent ~ ~ to which the Peruvian military establishment is altering the distribution of social, economic, and political power. Without presuming in this brief article to reply definitively to these and other pertinent questions, we feel that it would be rewarding to consider two institutional aspects that have been associated wih the Peruvian military by those who have analyzed their political behavior: the degree to which achievement within the military establishment plays a more important role than in the rest of Peruvian society, and the type of intellectual orientation which senior officers have received from the Center for Higher Military Studies. The first item is relevant in practical terms because, if the military are in fact highly achievement-oriented and can impose (as they say they would like to) this orientation on the rest of Peruvian society, such change by itself might within a few years realign the still ascriptive social, economic, and political relations of the entire country. The second item is more abstract, but, if the Center for Higher Military Studies has influenced the thinking of the present regime, it may give us an idea of the ideological guidelines those in political positions are receiving from the military institution, and may help us in perceiving the internal preferences of the military establishment, as well as some of the cleavages that exist within it.
{"title":"The Peruvian Military: Achievement Orientation, Training, and Political Tendencies","authors":"C. Astiz, José Z. Garcı́a","doi":"10.1177/106591297202500407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/106591297202500407","url":null,"abstract":"EARLY four years after the Velasco government took power in Peru, students and observers of Latin American politics are still exploring the extent ~ ~ to which the Peruvian military establishment is altering the distribution of social, economic, and political power. Without presuming in this brief article to reply definitively to these and other pertinent questions, we feel that it would be rewarding to consider two institutional aspects that have been associated wih the Peruvian military by those who have analyzed their political behavior: the degree to which achievement within the military establishment plays a more important role than in the rest of Peruvian society, and the type of intellectual orientation which senior officers have received from the Center for Higher Military Studies. The first item is relevant in practical terms because, if the military are in fact highly achievement-oriented and can impose (as they say they would like to) this orientation on the rest of Peruvian society, such change by itself might within a few years realign the still ascriptive social, economic, and political relations of the entire country. The second item is more abstract, but, if the Center for Higher Military Studies has influenced the thinking of the present regime, it may give us an idea of the ideological guidelines those in political positions are receiving from the military institution, and may help us in perceiving the internal preferences of the military establishment, as well as some of the cleavages that exist within it.","PeriodicalId":83314,"journal":{"name":"The Western political quarterly","volume":"115 1","pages":"667 - 685"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74898875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1972-12-01DOI: 10.1177/106591297202500423
R. Putnam
{"title":"Book Reviews : Regional Problems and Policies in Italy and France. By KEVIN ALLEN and M. C. MACLENNAN. (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1970. Pp. 352. $13.50.)","authors":"R. Putnam","doi":"10.1177/106591297202500423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/106591297202500423","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":83314,"journal":{"name":"The Western political quarterly","volume":"57 1","pages":"800 - 802"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76478940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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