{"title":"Variations of the Fibular Portion of the Human Plantar Aponeurosis","authors":"Y. Hiramoto","doi":"10.1537/ASE1911.98.107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ASE1911.98.107","url":null,"abstract":"ヒト足底腱膜のうち腓側部の腱膜は踵骨の底面から起こり、次の二つの線維束に分岐している場合が多い。それらの線維束は、第5中足骨粗面へ向かった後に脛側へ向きを変えて第4中足指節関節下の深足底靱帯に達する細く薄い線維束と、第5中足骨粗面へ直線的に走行してその粗面に停止する比較的発達良好な線維束とである。前者の線維束には形態的変異が見られ、筆者の調査した現代日本人の出現頻度は83.9%である。","PeriodicalId":84964,"journal":{"name":"Jinruigaku zasshi = The Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nihon","volume":"98 1","pages":"107-110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67045605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A series of 21 variables representing foot skeletal elements were measured on a sample of 152 Japanese macaques to examine the relationship between ontogenetic and static adult allometry. The similarity of ontogenetic and static allometries was tested by comparing the multivariate allometric coefficients extracted by the first principal component. In both groups, the metatarsals were positive allometry and the tarsal portion and phalanges were negative allometry compared with total size. In these measurements, static adult allometry resembled the process of ontogenetic allometry. Comparison of the anterior portion of the tarsus with the posterior portion revealed that the latter portion was positive allometry in ontogeny, and negative allometry in adult. The discrepancy of allometric coefficients between groups was also seen in the component bones of the hallux. From the results, there can be differences in size and shape relationships among ontogenetic and adult group. Therefore, at least in these measurements, static adult allometry is not an accurate guide to processes of relative growth.
{"title":"Relationship between Ontogenetic and Intraspecific Allometry of the Foot Skeleton in Japanese Macaques","authors":"K. Shinoda","doi":"10.1537/ASE1911.98.65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ASE1911.98.65","url":null,"abstract":"A series of 21 variables representing foot skeletal elements were measured on a sample of 152 Japanese macaques to examine the relationship between ontogenetic and static adult allometry. The similarity of ontogenetic and static allometries was tested by comparing the multivariate allometric coefficients extracted by the first principal component. In both groups, the metatarsals were positive allometry and the tarsal portion and phalanges were negative allometry compared with total size. In these measurements, static adult allometry resembled the process of ontogenetic allometry. Comparison of the anterior portion of the tarsus with the posterior portion revealed that the latter portion was positive allometry in ontogeny, and negative allometry in adult. The discrepancy of allometric coefficients between groups was also seen in the component bones of the hallux. From the results, there can be differences in size and shape relationships among ontogenetic and adult group. Therefore, at least in these measurements, static adult allometry is not an accurate guide to processes of relative growth.","PeriodicalId":84964,"journal":{"name":"Jinruigaku zasshi = The Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nihon","volume":"98 1","pages":"65-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67046302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The occlusal surfaces of deciduous upper second molars were photographed by moire contourography using the standard trigonal plane. The ridges of a cusp, omprising a central ridge and the mesial and distal accessory ridges, were identified by the patterns of the moire fringes. The central ridge was present on all cusps except for the hypocone in both sexes. Frequencies of the two accessory ridges on trigonal cusps exceeded 60% except for the distal accessory ridge on the etacone. The mesial accessory ridge on the metacone was significantly more common in females than in males, but the running pattern of the cuspal ridges showed little difference between sexes. The oblique ridge of the deciduous molar was well developed compared with that of the permanent first molar. This ridge was observed in all subjects, but its height and structural components varied remarkably. A small tubercle on the oblique ridge was sometimes observed, usually located on the metacone side. This tubercle was similar to the metaconule in its position and morphology. Intercuspal distances showed larger mean values in the molars with a metaconule than those without. This implied that the overall crown size was affected by the degree of development of some crown components, such as the ridges and tubercles.
{"title":"Cuspal Ridges of Deciduous Upper Second Molars in Japanese Subjects","authors":"M. Sekikawa, E. Kanazawa, T. Ozaki, L. Richards","doi":"10.1537/ASE1911.98.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ASE1911.98.39","url":null,"abstract":"The occlusal surfaces of deciduous upper second molars were photographed by moire contourography using the standard trigonal plane. The ridges of a cusp, omprising a central ridge and the mesial and distal accessory ridges, were identified by the patterns of the moire fringes. The central ridge was present on all cusps except for the hypocone in both sexes. Frequencies of the two accessory ridges on trigonal cusps exceeded 60% except for the distal accessory ridge on the etacone. The mesial accessory ridge on the metacone was significantly more common in females than in males, but the running pattern of the cuspal ridges showed little difference between sexes. The oblique ridge of the deciduous molar was well developed compared with that of the permanent first molar. This ridge was observed in all subjects, but its height and structural components varied remarkably. A small tubercle on the oblique ridge was sometimes observed, usually located on the metacone side. This tubercle was similar to the metaconule in its position and morphology. Intercuspal distances showed larger mean values in the molars with a metaconule than those without. This implied that the overall crown size was affected by the degree of development of some crown components, such as the ridges and tubercles.","PeriodicalId":84964,"journal":{"name":"Jinruigaku zasshi = The Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nihon","volume":"98 1","pages":"39-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67046436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Foot in Mammals, Primates, and Humans: A Functional-Morphological Overview","authors":"H. Baba","doi":"10.1537/ASE1911.98.51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ASE1911.98.51","url":null,"abstract":"ヒトの足の構造を理解するために、陸上哺乳類のロコモーション適応の歴史を比較機能形態学的に分析した。その結果、ヒトの足は第1指の巨大な点で樹上適応の歴史を示すものの、現時点では抗重力的な構造を持ち、速歩に適応しているとみなすことができる。","PeriodicalId":84964,"journal":{"name":"Jinruigaku zasshi = The Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nihon","volume":"22 1","pages":"51-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67046252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Okada, Hideko Kokubo, M. Shindo, Mitsuhiko Morimoto
{"title":"Multi-item anthropometry of the foot in Japanese aged 7 to 15","authors":"M. Okada, Hideko Kokubo, M. Shindo, Mitsuhiko Morimoto","doi":"10.1537/ASE1911.98.75","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ASE1911.98.75","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":84964,"journal":{"name":"Jinruigaku zasshi = The Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nihon","volume":"98 1","pages":"75-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67046336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The configuration of the femur cross section is usually described in terms of the cross section index. However, the morphological information which is presented in this index is limited. A new technique is introduced here to analyze the variation of whole cross-sectional outlines statistically, in which morphological variability can be summarized in terms of fundamental variational patterns. This technique was applied to cross sections of the modern Japanese and Jomon (Japanese Neolithic) femora. It was revealed that the variation was represented by the combination of two underlying patterns: pilastering and asymmetry ("torsion"). Both fundamental patterns varied continuously in the studied populations, although the ranges differed by population. The results were shown visually to clarify that the range of variation was great in the modern Japanese, and that the degree of pilastering and sexual dimorphism were rather great in the Jomon femora. In the degree of torsion, the population difference was not found to be significant, despite that modern Japanese showed a wider range of variation.
{"title":"Cross Section Contour of Femoral Shaft at the Mid Point: Variation in Modern Japanese and Jomon Populations","authors":"M. Nakatsukasa","doi":"10.1537/ASE1911.98.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ASE1911.98.1","url":null,"abstract":"The configuration of the femur cross section is usually described in terms of the cross section index. However, the morphological information which is presented in this index is limited. A new technique is introduced here to analyze the variation of whole cross-sectional outlines statistically, in which morphological variability can be summarized in terms of fundamental variational patterns. This technique was applied to cross sections of the modern Japanese and Jomon (Japanese Neolithic) femora. It was revealed that the variation was represented by the combination of two underlying patterns: pilastering and asymmetry (\"torsion\"). Both fundamental patterns varied continuously in the studied populations, although the ranges differed by population. The results were shown visually to clarify that the range of variation was great in the modern Japanese, and that the degree of pilastering and sexual dimorphism were rather great in the Jomon femora. In the degree of torsion, the population difference was not found to be significant, despite that modern Japanese showed a wider range of variation.","PeriodicalId":84964,"journal":{"name":"Jinruigaku zasshi = The Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nihon","volume":"98 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67045594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Late Pleistocene Sundaland is thought to be the geogenetic centedr from which all the Pacific populations have radiated. As early as 30, 000-40, 000 years B. P., the ancestral "Proto-Australoid" of Southeast Asia might have moved into Wallacea as well as Sahulland and evolved under the particular selective forces. In the tropical rain-forest of Sundaland, this "Proto-Australoid" might have evolved into the "Proto-Malay", one of whose descendants might be modern Negritos of the Philippines. On the other hand, a late Pleistocene population occupying the Sundaland was probably the direct ancestor of the Proto-Mongoloid population, which might be the lineage leading to the Neolithic Jomon population and modern Ainu. The final populating of the Pacific was by Polynesians and Micronesians extending from Southeast Asia.The population history described above emphasizes the necessity of broad comparisons and investigations in studies on the origin and affinities of modern Japanese. In this study, the dental measurements of some geographically isolated populations in Japan whose ancestors could be traced back to the Southeast Asian Proto-Mongoloid population were compared with those of the Neolithic Jomon population, Negritos, Australian Aborigines, Polynesians, Micronesians, and Melanesians.The results obtained indicate that there may be a dichotomous relationship between Japanese and the Pacific populations (Micronesians and Polynesians). The dental characteristics of Negritos have something in common with those of the two population groups. The basic population of native Japanese are discussed based on such findings.
{"title":"Affinities of the Philippine Negritos with Japanese and the Pacific Populations Based on Dental Measurements: The Basic Populations in East Asia, I","authors":"T. Hanihara","doi":"10.1537/ASE1911.98.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ASE1911.98.13","url":null,"abstract":"Late Pleistocene Sundaland is thought to be the geogenetic centedr from which all the Pacific populations have radiated. As early as 30, 000-40, 000 years B. P., the ancestral \"Proto-Australoid\" of Southeast Asia might have moved into Wallacea as well as Sahulland and evolved under the particular selective forces. In the tropical rain-forest of Sundaland, this \"Proto-Australoid\" might have evolved into the \"Proto-Malay\", one of whose descendants might be modern Negritos of the Philippines. On the other hand, a late Pleistocene population occupying the Sundaland was probably the direct ancestor of the Proto-Mongoloid population, which might be the lineage leading to the Neolithic Jomon population and modern Ainu. The final populating of the Pacific was by Polynesians and Micronesians extending from Southeast Asia.The population history described above emphasizes the necessity of broad comparisons and investigations in studies on the origin and affinities of modern Japanese. In this study, the dental measurements of some geographically isolated populations in Japan whose ancestors could be traced back to the Southeast Asian Proto-Mongoloid population were compared with those of the Neolithic Jomon population, Negritos, Australian Aborigines, Polynesians, Micronesians, and Melanesians.The results obtained indicate that there may be a dichotomous relationship between Japanese and the Pacific populations (Micronesians and Polynesians). The dental characteristics of Negritos have something in common with those of the two population groups. The basic population of native Japanese are discussed based on such findings.","PeriodicalId":84964,"journal":{"name":"Jinruigaku zasshi = The Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nihon","volume":"98 1","pages":"13-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1537/ASE1911.98.13","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67045708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
THOMPSON'S core technique for estimation of age at death was applied to 52 modern Japanese cadavers. Bone cores with 4mm in diameter were removed from anterior midshaft of left femur of 28 males and 24 females ranged in age from 43 to 98 years. Variables used in this study include cortical thickness, core weight, total secondary osteon number, mean secondary osteon area, secondary osteon area standard deviation, mean secondary osteon perimeter, secondary osteon perimeter standard deviation, and total secondary osteon area. Multiple regression formula was calculated in both sexes. Multiple correlation coefficients and standard errors were 0.581 and 9.28 in males, 0.748 and 9.95 in females, respectively.
{"title":"Estimation of Age at Death by Femoral Osteon Remodeling: Application of THOMPSON'S Core Technique to Modern Japanese","authors":"S. Narasaki","doi":"10.1537/ASE1911.98.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ASE1911.98.29","url":null,"abstract":"THOMPSON'S core technique for estimation of age at death was applied to 52 modern Japanese cadavers. Bone cores with 4mm in diameter were removed from anterior midshaft of left femur of 28 males and 24 females ranged in age from 43 to 98 years. Variables used in this study include cortical thickness, core weight, total secondary osteon number, mean secondary osteon area, secondary osteon area standard deviation, mean secondary osteon perimeter, secondary osteon perimeter standard deviation, and total secondary osteon area. Multiple regression formula was calculated in both sexes. Multiple correlation coefficients and standard errors were 0.581 and 9.28 in males, 0.748 and 9.95 in females, respectively.","PeriodicalId":84964,"journal":{"name":"Jinruigaku zasshi = The Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nihon","volume":"98 1","pages":"29-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67045669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
縄文時代人骨3体から DNA を抽出し, PCR 法を用いてミトコンドリア DNAを増幅して解析を行い,その方法論的な問題点を考察した。今回用いた方法では,試料の保存状態•部位にかかわらず,ほぼ安定して DNA の分離と増幅が可能であり,その有効性が確かめられた。分離された DNA は,そのほとんどがヒト由来のものではなかったが, PCR 法によりヒトミトコンドリア由来の DNA の増幅を確認することができた。ミトコンドリア DNAのV 領域および D ループ領域に対する制限酵素を用いた解析では多型は検出できなかった。しかし増幅した V 領域の塩基配列を決定したところ,1個体では1箇所の変異が見出された。
{"title":"Extraction and Amplification of the Human Mitochondrial DNA from the Jomon Skeletal Remains","authors":"T. Kunisada, K. Shinoda","doi":"10.1537/ASE1911.98.471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ASE1911.98.471","url":null,"abstract":"縄文時代人骨3体から DNA を抽出し, PCR 法を用いてミトコンドリア DNAを増幅して解析を行い,その方法論的な問題点を考察した。今回用いた方法では,試料の保存状態•部位にかかわらず,ほぼ安定して DNA の分離と増幅が可能であり,その有効性が確かめられた。分離された DNA は,そのほとんどがヒト由来のものではなかったが, PCR 法によりヒトミトコンドリア由来の DNA の増幅を確認することができた。ミトコンドリア DNAのV 領域および D ループ領域に対する制限酵素を用いた解析では多型は検出できなかった。しかし増幅した V 領域の塩基配列を決定したところ,1個体では1箇所の変異が見出された。","PeriodicalId":84964,"journal":{"name":"Jinruigaku zasshi = The Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nihon","volume":"98 1","pages":"471-482"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67046072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Effects of erect bipedal standing exercise on the skeletal morphology were investigated in seventeen growing male rats divided into control and exercise group. Using the newly devised 'bipedal training box', in which rats achieved a fully upright stance through positively reinforced operant conditioning, the exercise group was burdened with the bipedal standing exercise from 64 days to 140 days of age, totally in 136-138 sessions. At the age of 140 days, the left femur was dissected out, ten serial cross sections of the femoral diaphysis were cut from proximal to distal and cross-sectional properties were calculated from the photographs of the sections. The bipedal standing exercise had the following effects on the femoral diaphysis; an increase in the cross-sectional area, area moments of inertia in the proximal half of the shaft, i.e. the strength of the femoral diaphysis increased against axial compressive, antero-posterior bending and medio-lateral bending, respectively; an increase in the polar moment of inertia and an external rotation of the principal axis in the vicinity of mid-shaft, i.e. the strength against the torsional load increased and the direction to resist the maximum bending load more or less approached the antero-posterior direction. These observations were discussed in comparison with the effects of quadrupedal running exercise on the femoral cross section previously observed by us.
{"title":"Effects of Erect Bipedal Standing on the Cross-sectional Geometry of the Rat Femur","authors":"A. Matsumura, M. Okada","doi":"10.1537/ASE1911.98.451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ASE1911.98.451","url":null,"abstract":"Effects of erect bipedal standing exercise on the skeletal morphology were investigated in seventeen growing male rats divided into control and exercise group. Using the newly devised 'bipedal training box', in which rats achieved a fully upright stance through positively reinforced operant conditioning, the exercise group was burdened with the bipedal standing exercise from 64 days to 140 days of age, totally in 136-138 sessions. At the age of 140 days, the left femur was dissected out, ten serial cross sections of the femoral diaphysis were cut from proximal to distal and cross-sectional properties were calculated from the photographs of the sections. The bipedal standing exercise had the following effects on the femoral diaphysis; an increase in the cross-sectional area, area moments of inertia in the proximal half of the shaft, i.e. the strength of the femoral diaphysis increased against axial compressive, antero-posterior bending and medio-lateral bending, respectively; an increase in the polar moment of inertia and an external rotation of the principal axis in the vicinity of mid-shaft, i.e. the strength against the torsional load increased and the direction to resist the maximum bending load more or less approached the antero-posterior direction. These observations were discussed in comparison with the effects of quadrupedal running exercise on the femoral cross section previously observed by us.","PeriodicalId":84964,"journal":{"name":"Jinruigaku zasshi = The Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nihon","volume":"98 1","pages":"451-470"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67046518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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