B.B. Grimes Francis , F.L. Francis , E.R. Gubbels , T.C. Norman , T.M. Ribeiro , S.R. Hanson , C.R. Ross , D.M. Paulus Compart , W.C. Rusche , Z.K. Smith
Objective
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation with calcium magnesium carbonate (CMC), tylosin phosphate (TYL), or both on rumination behavior, growth performance, liver abscess prevalence, and carcass characteristics of yearling beef steers.
Materials and Methods
Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial including CMC and TYL. Beef steers (n = 156; 469 ± 18 kg) were assigned to 1 of 20 pens. Di- etary inclusion of CMC was included at 1.5% of the diet (DM basis) in replacement of dry-rolled corn, and TYL was provided at 90 mg per steer/d. Growth performance was calculated on a carcass-adjusted basis (hot carcass weight/0.625). Data were analyzed as a randomized com- plete block design with fixed effects of CMC, TYL, and their interaction; block was a random effect.
Results and Discussion
Dry matter intake was 4.9% less when CMC was fed and 1.6% greater when TYL was fed. Carcass weight tended to be lighter with CMC supplementation compared with CON (432 vs. 439 kg). Supplementation of TYL tended to reduce the percentage of abscessed livers by 55.7%.
Implications and Applications
These results indi- cate that supplementation of CMC did not result in any improvements in growth, carcass, or dietary net energy utilization, but TYL supplementation tended to reduce liver abscess prevalence.
{"title":"Supplementation of calcium magnesium carbonate, tylosin phosphate, or both on growth performance, carcass traits, liver outcomes, and rumination activity of yearling beef steers fed a finishing diet*","authors":"B.B. Grimes Francis , F.L. Francis , E.R. Gubbels , T.C. Norman , T.M. Ribeiro , S.R. Hanson , C.R. Ross , D.M. Paulus Compart , W.C. Rusche , Z.K. Smith","doi":"10.15232/aas.2023-02479","DOIUrl":"10.15232/aas.2023-02479","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation with calcium magnesium carbonate (CMC), tylosin phosphate (TYL), or both on rumination behavior, growth performance, liver abscess prevalence, and carcass characteristics of yearling beef steers.</p></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><p>Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial including CMC and TYL. Beef steers (n = 156; 469 ± 18 kg) were assigned to 1 of 20 pens. Di- etary inclusion of CMC was included at 1.5% of the diet (DM basis) in replacement of dry-rolled corn, and TYL was provided at 90 mg per steer/d. Growth performance was calculated on a carcass-adjusted basis (hot carcass weight/0.625). Data were analyzed as a randomized com- plete block design with fixed effects of CMC, TYL, and their interaction; block was a random effect.</p></div><div><h3>Results and Discussion</h3><p>Dry matter intake was 4.9% less when CMC was fed and 1.6% greater when TYL was fed. Carcass weight tended to be lighter with CMC supplementation compared with CON (432 vs. 439 kg). Supplementation of TYL tended to reduce the percentage of abscessed livers by 55.7%.</p></div><div><h3>Implications and Applications</h3><p>These results indi- cate that supplementation of CMC did not result in any improvements in growth, carcass, or dietary net energy utilization, but TYL supplementation tended to reduce liver abscess prevalence.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8519,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Science","volume":"40 3","pages":"Pages 297-306"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590286524000533/pdf?md5=64d80c67df2eb88a0fbfba9f159854fb&pid=1-s2.0-S2590286524000533-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141233388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
My objective was to summarize 16 original research manuscripts and 1 perspectives and commentary contribution that were submitted, peer reviewed, and ac- cepted in this Special Issue on liver abscesses in cattle.
Materials and Methods
A summary of key points made in the Special Issue articles is provided. Additional conclusions and thoughts about future directions of re- search to address liver abscesses (LA) in cattle are offered. Results and Discussion: This Special Issue represents the current understanding of the etiology, blood chemis- try biomarkers, dietary and management strategies, and mitigation strategies for LA in cattle used in the feedlot industry throughout the United States and Canada. Sev- enteen articles from researchers and industry professionals studying LA in cattle are included, with studies ranging from practical dietary intervention strategies to experi- ments designed to understand the mode of action and the etiology of LA development.
Implications and Applications
Liver abscess disease is a multifactorial, polymicrobial disease that affects mul- tiple organ systems within the body, reflecting complex interactions among the host, environment, and pathogens. The pathogenesis of this disease needs to be further exam- ined, and basic and applied research approaches should be employed to advance our understanding of liver abscesses in cattle.
目标我的目标是总结已提交、经同行评审并纳入本特刊的关于牛肝脓肿的 16 篇原始研究手稿和 1 篇观点与评论文章。还提供了其他结论和对未来解决牛肝脓肿（LA）问题的研究方向的思考。结果与讨论：本特刊反映了目前对美国和加拿大饲养业中使用的牛的病因、血液化学生物标志物、饮食和管理策略以及缓解 LA 的策略的理解。该书收录了研究人员和业内专业人士撰写的十七篇研究牛 LA 的文章，研究范围从实用的饮食干预策略到旨在了解 LA 作用模式和病因的实验。我们需要进一步研究这种疾病的发病机制，并采用基础和应用研究方法来加深我们对牛肝脓肿的了解。
{"title":"Review: Summary of the Special Issue on liver abscesses in cattle and thoughts on future research*","authors":"K.E. Hales","doi":"10.15232/aas.2024-02553","DOIUrl":"10.15232/aas.2024-02553","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>My objective was to summarize 16 original research manuscripts and 1 perspectives and commentary contribution that were submitted, peer reviewed, and ac- cepted in this Special Issue on liver abscesses in cattle.</p></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><p>A summary of key points made in the Special Issue articles is provided. Additional conclusions and thoughts about future directions of re- search to address liver abscesses (LA) in cattle are offered. <strong>Results and Discussion:</strong> This Special Issue represents the current understanding of the etiology, blood chemis- try biomarkers, dietary and management strategies, and mitigation strategies for LA in cattle used in the feedlot industry throughout the United States and Canada. Sev- enteen articles from researchers and industry professionals studying LA in cattle are included, with studies ranging from practical dietary intervention strategies to experi- ments designed to understand the mode of action and the etiology of LA development.</p></div><div><h3>Implications and Applications</h3><p>Liver abscess disease is a multifactorial, polymicrobial disease that affects mul- tiple organ systems within the body, reflecting complex interactions among the host, environment, and pathogens. The pathogenesis of this disease needs to be further exam- ined, and basic and applied research approaches should be employed to advance our understanding of liver abscesses in cattle.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8519,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Science","volume":"40 3","pages":"Pages 430-436"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590286524000648/pdf?md5=cc9eb5e25d05b05609b48e6fdf8365d9&pid=1-s2.0-S2590286524000648-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141235455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alyssa Deters , Xiaorong Shi , Ty Lawrence , T.G. Nagaraja
Objective
Our objective was to isolate and determine prevalence of Fusobacterium varium in liver abscesses and the corresponding ruminal and colonic epithelial tissues and ruminal and colonic contents of feedlot cattle.
Materials and Methods
A total of 96 intact liver abscess samples and matched ruminal and colonic tissues and contents from cattle, originating from feedlots that did not receive in-feed tylosin, were collected at slaughter. Liver abscesses and ruminal and colonic tissue were ho- mogenized and then plated, before and after enrichment in lactate or lysine medium with selective antibiotics, onto blood agar and selective lactate or lysine agar for isolation of Fusobacterium and to determine prevalence and concentration. Putative colonies were tested by a quantitative PCR assay targeting the hgdA gene for species confirma- tion.
Results and Discussion
None of the liver abscess samples yielded F. varium by direct plating; however, F. varium was isolated from 3 of 96 (3.1%) following enrich- ment of the homogenate in lactate or lysine medium. In contrast to liver abscesses, F. varium was isolated by direct plating from 27.1% (26/96) of ruminal epithelial and 3.1% (3/96) of colonic epithelial tissue homogenates. Overall, 10.1%, 77.1%, 44.8%, 86.5%, and 70.1% of liver abscess, ruminal, and colonic epithelial tissues and ruminal and colonic contents were positive for F. varium, respectively.
Implications and Applications
The increased fre- quency of isolation and high prevalence of F. varium in ruminal tissue and, to a lesser extent, in the colonic tissue confirms its ability to invade tissues and possibly cause bacterial ruminitis. However, the relatively low frequency of F. varium isolation and low prevalence in liver abscesses suggest that it is unlikely to be an etiologic agent. Inter- estingly, there is some evidence that ruminal strains of F. varium were resistant to tylosin; therefore, it would be of interest to determine the prevalence in cattle receiving in-feed tylosin.
{"title":"First report of isolation of Fusobacterium varium from liver abscesses and ruminal and colonic epithelial tissues of feedlot cattle*","authors":"Alyssa Deters , Xiaorong Shi , Ty Lawrence , T.G. Nagaraja","doi":"10.15232/aas.2023-02512","DOIUrl":"10.15232/aas.2023-02512","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>Our objective was to isolate and determine prevalence of <em>Fusobacterium varium</em> in liver abscesses and the corresponding ruminal and colonic epithelial tissues and ruminal and colonic contents of feedlot cattle.</p></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><p>A total of 96 intact liver abscess samples and matched ruminal and colonic tissues and contents from cattle, originating from feedlots that did not receive in-feed tylosin, were collected at slaughter. Liver abscesses and ruminal and colonic tissue were ho- mogenized and then plated, before and after enrichment in lactate or lysine medium with selective antibiotics, onto blood agar and selective lactate or lysine agar for isolation of <em>Fusobacterium</em> and to determine prevalence and concentration. Putative colonies were tested by a quantitative PCR assay targeting the <em>hgdA</em> gene for species confirma- tion.</p></div><div><h3>Results and Discussion</h3><p>None of the liver abscess samples yielded <em>F. varium</em> by direct plating; however, <em>F. varium</em> was isolated from 3 of 96 (3.1%) following enrich- ment of the homogenate in lactate or lysine medium. In contrast to liver abscesses, <em>F. varium</em> was isolated by direct plating from 27.1% (26/96) of ruminal epithelial and 3.1% (3/96) of colonic epithelial tissue homogenates. Overall, 10.1%, 77.1%, 44.8%, 86.5%, and 70.1% of liver abscess, ruminal, and colonic epithelial tissues and ruminal and colonic contents were positive for <em>F. varium,</em> respectively.</p></div><div><h3>Implications and Applications</h3><p>The increased fre- quency of isolation and high prevalence of <em>F. varium</em> in ruminal tissue and, to a lesser extent, in the colonic tissue confirms its ability to invade tissues and possibly cause bacterial ruminitis. However, the relatively low frequency of <em>F. varium</em> isolation and low prevalence in liver abscesses suggest that it is unlikely to be an etiologic agent. Inter- estingly, there is some evidence that ruminal strains of <em>F. varium</em> were resistant to tylosin; therefore, it would be of interest to determine the prevalence in cattle receiving in-feed tylosin.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8519,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Science","volume":"40 3","pages":"Pages 244-249"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S259028652400048X/pdf?md5=b7bf787bb6127cde5c04de4ebe1f3353&pid=1-s2.0-S259028652400048X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141229249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We investigated the independent and in- teractive effects of dietary starch concentration and feed- ing management regimen on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and prevalence of liver abscesses in finish- ing beef cattle.
Materials and Methods
Beef steers (n = 720) were assigned to 48 pens in a randomized complete block de- sign, with treatments arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial (12 pens per treatment). Factors were finishing diets with ei- ther low (49.1%; CON) or high (64.4%; HOT) starch con- centrations and feeding management regimens designed for consistent feed delivery (REG) or randomized varia- tions (ERR) in both feed quantity (85% followed by 115% of the previous 4-d average randomly once per week) and delivery time (randomly delayed for 1, 2, 3, or 4 h twice per week).
Results and Discussion
No interactions between diet and feeding management regimen were detected for growth performance, carcass outcomes, or liver abscess prevalence. Steers fed HOT had greater liver abscess fre- quency (55.1% vs. 33.4%) and a greater proportion of liver scars (46.7% vs. 34.0%) compared with CON. Steers consuming HOT also had less final BW, ADG, DMI, hot carcass weight, marbling score, and calculated YG versus CON. Feeding management regimen did not affect liver abscess frequency, growth performance, or carcass merit.
Implications and Applications
Feeding a high- starch diet increased liver abscess prevalence and de- creased growth and affected carcass outcomes. In contrast, erratic feeding management did not affect liver or produc- tion outcomes.
我们研究了日粮淀粉浓度和饲养管理方案对育成肉牛的生长性能、胴体特征和肝脓肿发病率的独立和交互影响。材料与方法将肉牛（n = 720）分配到 48 个随机完全区组的牛栏中，处理以 2 × 2 的阶乘排列（每个处理 12 个牛栏）。处理因素包括淀粉浓度较低（49.1%；CON）或较高（64.4%；HOT）的精养日粮，以及饲料投放量（85%，然后是前 4 天平均值的 115%，每周随机一次）和投放时间（每周两次随机延迟 1、2、3 或 4 小时）一致或随机变化（ERR）的饲养管理方案。结果与讨论 在生长性能、胴体结果或肝脓肿发病率方面，未发现日粮与饲养管理方案之间存在相互作用。与CON相比，饲喂HOT的母牛肝脓肿发生率更高（55.1% vs. 33.4%），肝疤痕比例更高（46.7% vs. 34.0%）。饲喂 HOT 的母牛与饲喂 CON 的母牛相比，其最终体重、ADG、DMI、热胴体重、大理石纹评分和计算的 YG 也较低。饲喂管理方案并不影响肝脓肿发生率、生长性能或胴体品质。相比之下，不稳定的饲喂管理不会影响肝脏或胴体结果。
{"title":"Effects of dietary composition and feeding management regimen on liver abscess prevalence, growth performance, and carcass outcomes of feedlot steers*","authors":"K.N. Schneid, J.D. Young, T.E. Lawrence, J.T. Richeson, K.L. Samuelson","doi":"10.15232/aas.2023-02490","DOIUrl":"10.15232/aas.2023-02490","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>We investigated the independent and in- teractive effects of dietary starch concentration and feed- ing management regimen on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and prevalence of liver abscesses in finish- ing beef cattle.</p></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><p>Beef steers (n = 720) were assigned to 48 pens in a randomized complete block de- sign, with treatments arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial (12 pens per treatment). Factors were finishing diets with ei- ther low (49.1%; CON) or high (64.4%; HOT) starch con- centrations and feeding management regimens designed for consistent feed delivery (REG) or randomized varia- tions (ERR) in both feed quantity (85% followed by 115% of the previous 4-d average randomly once per week) and delivery time (randomly delayed for 1, 2, 3, or 4 h twice per week).</p></div><div><h3>Results and Discussion</h3><p>No interactions between diet and feeding management regimen were detected for growth performance, carcass outcomes, or liver abscess prevalence. Steers fed HOT had greater liver abscess fre- quency (55.1% vs. 33.4%) and a greater proportion of liver scars (46.7% vs. 34.0%) compared with CON. Steers consuming HOT also had less final BW, ADG, DMI, hot carcass weight, marbling score, and calculated YG versus CON. Feeding management regimen did not affect liver abscess frequency, growth performance, or carcass merit.</p></div><div><h3>Implications and Applications</h3><p>Feeding a high- starch diet increased liver abscess prevalence and de- creased growth and affected carcass outcomes. In contrast, erratic feeding management did not affect liver or produc- tion outcomes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8519,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Science","volume":"40 3","pages":"Pages 347-357"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590286524000570/pdf?md5=07392e80ae843afe55660178c2dc1f41&pid=1-s2.0-S2590286524000570-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141230900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sierra L. Pillmore , Kaitlyn R. Wesley , Tylo J. Kirkpatrick , Kimberly B. Cooper , Forest L. Francis , Travis C. Tennant , Wade T. Nichols , Lee-Anne J. Walter , John P. Hutcheson , Ty E. Lawrence
Objective
We investigated incremental growth of carcass and non-carcass components and tissue partitioning of implanted or non-implanted steers.
Materials and Methods
Steers (n = 80; 271 ± 45 kg) were paired and randomized to harvest date (d 0, 42, 84, 126, 168, 210, 252, 294, 336, or 378), and individuals within pairs were randomized to CON (negative control) or REV (Revalor-XS, Merck Animal Health, on d 0 and 190) treatments. Non-carcass components were removed, cleaned, and weighed. Growth coefficients were calculated using the allometric equation Y = bXa.
Results and Discussion
Empty body weight (EBW), and hot carcass weight (HCW) were 6% greater (P < 0.01) in REV steers versus CON. No treatment effects (P ≥ 0.12) occurred for fill or dressed carcass yield (DY); however, EBW, HCW, and DY increased (P ≤ 0.01) and percentage fill decreased as an effect of days on feed (DOF). Absolute fill weight did not change across DOF (P = 0.82). Implanted steers had greater (P ≤ 0.05) absolute mass of blood, head, hide, oxtail, liver, spleen, bladder, heart, reticulum, omasum, stomach, small intestine, intestines, gastrointestinal tract (GIT), total splanchnic tissue, and total offal. Implanted steers also had smaller (P ≤ 0.05) absolute mass of thymus glands and kidney-pelvic- heart fat (KPH) than non-implanted steers. Non-carcass components with lowest growth coefficients included small intestine (0.02), large intestine (0.12), and brain and spinal cord (0.13). However, KPH (2.01) accumulated at more than 2 times the rate of the empty body, whereas cod fat (1.42) and GIT fat (1.61) grew notably faster than the empty body.
Implication and Applications
Results suggest that Revalor-XS increased body and carcass weights and altered many non-carcass components and their growth co- efficients, ultimately playing key biological, nutritional, and financial roles across sectors of the beef industry.
{"title":"Carcass and non-carcass component yields of trenbolone acetate + estradiol-17β implanted steers vs. non-implanted steers across serial harvest endpoints","authors":"Sierra L. Pillmore , Kaitlyn R. Wesley , Tylo J. Kirkpatrick , Kimberly B. Cooper , Forest L. Francis , Travis C. Tennant , Wade T. Nichols , Lee-Anne J. Walter , John P. Hutcheson , Ty E. Lawrence","doi":"10.15232/aas.2023-02492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15232/aas.2023-02492","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>We investigated incremental growth of carcass and non-carcass components and tissue partitioning of implanted or non-implanted steers.</p></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><p>Steers (n = 80; 271 ± 45 kg) were paired and randomized to harvest date (d 0, 42, 84, 126, 168, 210, 252, 294, 336, or 378), and individuals within pairs were randomized to CON (negative control) or REV (Revalor-XS, Merck Animal Health, on d 0 and 190) treatments. Non-carcass components were removed, cleaned, and weighed. Growth coefficients were calculated using the allometric equation Y = bX<sup>a</sup>.</p></div><div><h3>Results and Discussion</h3><p>Empty body weight (EBW), and hot carcass weight (HCW) were 6% greater (<em>P</em> < 0.01) in REV steers versus CON. No treatment effects (<em>P</em> ≥ 0.12) occurred for fill or dressed carcass yield (DY); however, EBW, HCW, and DY increased (<em>P</em> ≤ 0.01) and percentage fill decreased as an effect of days on feed (DOF). Absolute fill weight did not change across DOF (<em>P</em> = 0.82). Implanted steers had greater (<em>P</em> ≤ 0.05) absolute mass of blood, head, hide, oxtail, liver, spleen, bladder, heart, reticulum, omasum, stomach, small intestine, intestines, gastrointestinal tract (GIT), total splanchnic tissue, and total offal. Implanted steers also had smaller (<em>P</em> ≤ 0.05) absolute mass of thymus glands and kidney-pelvic- heart fat (KPH) than non-implanted steers. Non-carcass components with lowest growth coefficients included small intestine (0.02), large intestine (0.12), and brain and spinal cord (0.13). However, KPH (2.01) accumulated at more than 2 times the rate of the empty body, whereas cod fat (1.42) and GIT fat (1.61) grew notably faster than the empty body.</p></div><div><h3>Implication and Applications</h3><p>Results suggest that Revalor-XS increased body and carcass weights and altered many non-carcass components and their growth co- efficients, ultimately playing key biological, nutritional, and financial roles across sectors of the beef industry.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8519,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Science","volume":"40 2","pages":"Pages 176-190"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590286524000259/pdf?md5=966ea9629f237e2cc57a7625773b5005&pid=1-s2.0-S2590286524000259-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140295962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Smith , E. Darambazar , G.B. Penner , N. Erickson , K. Larson , J. McKinnon , D. Damiran , H.A. (Bart) Lardner
Objective
This study evaluated 2 beef cattle manage- ment strategies, conventional (CONV) or natural (NAT), for 3 BW groups at weaning to evaluate growth perfor- mance during backgrounding and finishing and carcass characteristics.
Materials and Methods
A total of 240 weaned steers, free of preweaning implants, were allocated into heavy (HV) (290 ± 21 kg; mean ± SD), medium (MD) (247 ± 8 kg), or light (LT) (214 ± 15.6 kg) weight groups over 2 yr. Each weight group (n = 80) was randomly allo- cated to 1 of 2 treatments (n = 40): either conventional or natural (n = 4). Conventional treatments used hormonal implants and feed additives, but the natural treatment did not. Following a 41-d receiving phase, HV steers entered direct finishing, MD steers entered a short backgrounding and finishing, and LT steers entered a long backgrounding, grazing, and finishing, all fed to a shrink weight of 620 kg.
Results and Discussion
Steer ADG was 19% and 22% greater for MD- and LT-CONV, respectively, at backgrounding, compared with NAT. The G:F was 20% greater for HV- and MD-CONV at finishing and 25% greater for LT-CONV at backgrounding. The HV-, MD-, and LT-CONV took 50, 71, and 59 fewer days on feed, respectively, to finish, relative to NAT. The rib-eye area were greatest in HV-CONV, and NAT produced greater marbling, QG (AAA), and backfat thickness and had a greater proportion of liver abscesses.
Implications and Applications
Steers managed without performance-enhancing technologies under west- ern Canadian conditions will have lower ADG, G:F, and YG1, but greater days on feed to a target weight, AAA grade, marbling, and backfat thickness, than convention- ally-managed steers.
{"title":"Effects of conventional and natural management systems on backgrounding and finishing performance of beef steers","authors":"J. Smith , E. Darambazar , G.B. Penner , N. Erickson , K. Larson , J. McKinnon , D. Damiran , H.A. (Bart) Lardner","doi":"10.15232/aas.2023-02425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15232/aas.2023-02425","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>This study evaluated 2 beef cattle manage- ment strategies, conventional (CONV) or natural (NAT), for 3 BW groups at weaning to evaluate growth perfor- mance during backgrounding and finishing and carcass characteristics.</p></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><p>A total of 240 weaned steers, free of preweaning implants, were allocated into heavy (HV) (290 ± 21 kg; mean ± SD), medium (MD) (247 ± 8 kg), or light (LT) (214 ± 15.6 kg) weight groups over 2 yr. Each weight group (n = 80) was randomly allo- cated to 1 of 2 treatments (n = 40): either conventional or natural (n = 4). Conventional treatments used hormonal implants and feed additives, but the natural treatment did not. Following a 41-d receiving phase, HV steers entered direct finishing, MD steers entered a short backgrounding and finishing, and LT steers entered a long backgrounding, grazing, and finishing, all fed to a shrink weight of 620 kg.</p></div><div><h3>Results and Discussion</h3><p>Steer ADG was 19% and 22% greater for MD- and LT-CONV, respectively, at backgrounding, compared with NAT. The G:F was 20% greater for HV- and MD-CONV at finishing and 25% greater for LT-CONV at backgrounding. The HV-, MD-, and LT-CONV took 50, 71, and 59 fewer days on feed, respectively, to finish, relative to NAT. The rib-eye area were greatest in HV-CONV, and NAT produced greater marbling, QG (AAA), and backfat thickness and had a greater proportion of liver abscesses.</p></div><div><h3>Implications and Applications</h3><p>Steers managed without performance-enhancing technologies under west- ern Canadian conditions will have lower ADG, G:F, and YG1, but greater days on feed to a target weight, AAA grade, marbling, and backfat thickness, than convention- ally-managed steers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8519,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Science","volume":"40 2","pages":"Pages 150-166"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590286524000235/pdf?md5=cb9ad1de0a2c0fc323521a5b56abf16f&pid=1-s2.0-S2590286524000235-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140295959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sierra L. Pillmore , Tylo J. Kirkpatrick , Kaitlyn R. Wesley , Kimberly B. Cooper , Forest L. Francis , Travis C. Tennant , Wade T. Nichols , John P. Hutcheson , Ty E. Lawrence
Objective
Rumination and activity of growing feedlot steers were evaluated in response to growth-promoting implant administration, feeding duration, and dietary rough- age.
Materials and Methods
Charolais × Angus steers (n = 80) were randomized to harvest (1, 42, 84, 126, 168, 210, 252, 294, 336, or 378 d on feed) and implant treatment (REV: Revalor-XS on d 0 and d 190; CON: no implant). Activity and rumination were objectively monitored via accelerometers attached to the left ear. Steers consumed 3 rations throughout the study: starter (38.5% roughage), intermediate (23% roughage), and finishing (8.5% rough- age). Data were logged in 2-h increments from 77 steers across 361 d and analyzed using mixed models.
Results and Discussion
Rumination and activity varied within 24-h, exhibiting bimodal patterns; rumination peaked at 0600 and 1400 h and troughed at 1000 and 1800 h. Activity peaked at 0800 and 1800 h and troughed at 0400, 1200 to 1400, and 2200 h. Steers administered REV ruminated less (331 vs. 354 min/d) than CON; however, activity was similar between treatments. Treatment × roughage interactions occurred for rumination and activity. Rumination tended to be greater for CON steers consuming 38.5% than CON steers consuming 23% roughage, furthermore, CON steers ruminated more than REV when consuming 8.5% roughage. Implanted and non-implanted steers ruminated less as roughage inclusion decreased from 38.5% and 23% to 8.5% (457 and 439 vs. 317 min/d, respectively) in the finishing ration. Activity was greatest for steers consuming 38.5% roughage and was similar between treatments; however, activity decreased upon transition to 23% and 8.5% roughage. Observed surges and declines in activity can be attributed to processing days and weather events. Implanted steers consuming 8.5% roughage were more active (342 vs. 337 and 333 min/d) than CON and REV steers consuming 23% roughage.
Implications and Applications
In conclusion, rumination and activity are responsive to hour of day, dietary roughage and growth-promoting implants.
{"title":"Activity and rumination of implanted Charolais × Angus feedlot steers versus non-implanted counterparts consuming 3 levels of roughage throughout a 361-day feeding duration","authors":"Sierra L. Pillmore , Tylo J. Kirkpatrick , Kaitlyn R. Wesley , Kimberly B. Cooper , Forest L. Francis , Travis C. Tennant , Wade T. Nichols , John P. Hutcheson , Ty E. Lawrence","doi":"10.15232/aas.2023-02517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15232/aas.2023-02517","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>Rumination and activity of growing feedlot steers were evaluated in response to growth-promoting implant administration, feeding duration, and dietary rough- age.</p></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><p>Charolais × Angus steers (n = 80) were randomized to harvest (1, 42, 84, 126, 168, 210, 252, 294, 336, or 378 d on feed) and implant treatment (REV: Revalor-XS on d 0 and d 190; CON: no implant). Activity and rumination were objectively monitored via accelerometers attached to the left ear. Steers consumed 3 rations throughout the study: starter (38.5% roughage), intermediate (23% roughage), and finishing (8.5% rough- age). Data were logged in 2-h increments from 77 steers across 361 d and analyzed using mixed models.</p></div><div><h3>Results and Discussion</h3><p>Rumination and activity varied within 24-h, exhibiting bimodal patterns; rumination peaked at 0600 and 1400 h and troughed at 1000 and 1800 h. Activity peaked at 0800 and 1800 h and troughed at 0400, 1200 to 1400, and 2200 h. Steers administered REV ruminated less (331 vs. 354 min/d) than CON; however, activity was similar between treatments. Treatment × roughage interactions occurred for rumination and activity. Rumination tended to be greater for CON steers consuming 38.5% than CON steers consuming 23% roughage, furthermore, CON steers ruminated more than REV when consuming 8.5% roughage. Implanted and non-implanted steers ruminated less as roughage inclusion decreased from 38.5% and 23% to 8.5% (457 and 439 vs. 317 min/d, respectively) in the finishing ration. Activity was greatest for steers consuming 38.5% roughage and was similar between treatments; however, activity decreased upon transition to 23% and 8.5% roughage. Observed surges and declines in activity can be attributed to processing days and weather events. Implanted steers consuming 8.5% roughage were more active (342 vs. 337 and 333 min/d) than CON and REV steers consuming 23% roughage.</p></div><div><h3>Implications and Applications</h3><p>In conclusion, rumination and activity are responsive to hour of day, dietary roughage and growth-promoting implants.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8519,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Science","volume":"40 2","pages":"Pages 227-235"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590286524000302/pdf?md5=b8d3c812f141091d4075ff2bae8ee149&pid=1-s2.0-S2590286524000302-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140296050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C.E. Newman , C.L. Gifford , D.P. Anderson , J.D. Scasta , W.C. Stewart
Objective
The objectives of this research were to assess the awareness and perceptions of technology currently available to the US sheep industry, to determine how each industry segment prioritizes data records, to understand what level of premiums are needed and realistic, and to assess changes by industry segment and operation size.
Materials and Methods
An online survey was distributed at the 2022 American Sheep Industry Association (ASI) Convention and through the University of Wyoming Sheep Extension and ASI Emerging Entrepreneurs social media pages. Respondents were asked demographic questions and specific segment questions that assessed knowledge of blockchain, importance of records, and current adoption of technology. All descriptive and ANOVA analyses used R statistical procedures (R Core Team; version 2023.03.0). Least squares means were calculated, and the glm procedure of R was used to develop a binary logit model to assess statistical probabilities. Significance was considered at α = 0.05.
Results and Discussion
A total of 61 responses were acquired (n = 52 producers; n = 9 wool warehousers/ processors), representing operations in 19 US states and Ontario, Canada. Respondents indicated they are somewhat familiar with using blockchain technology for tracking records of importance. Adoption of electronic identification (EID) technology and digital record keeping were significant by operation size, with inflection points for operations with <99 head or >2,000 head (i.e., extremes). A market premium 8.1–12% over base price is needed to submit a raw wool core test into a blockchain-based system, but wool warehousers/processors are willing to pay a premium to have access to the records on a blockchain- based system at 4.1–8% over base price.
Implications and Applications
Producers and wool warehousers/processors are somewhat familiar with block-chain technology for tracking records of importance, but producer adoption of the current technologies (e.g., EID, software) is limited. Adoption of current management technologies is influenced by operation size, so further work should be conducted to determine the largest barriers to adoption. Further adoption of the current technologies is needed before blockchain technology can be used to its full potential in the sheep industry.
{"title":"US wool industry perceptions of digital record keeping and wool supply-chain traceability","authors":"C.E. Newman , C.L. Gifford , D.P. Anderson , J.D. Scasta , W.C. Stewart","doi":"10.15232/aas.2023-02496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15232/aas.2023-02496","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>The objectives of this research were to assess the awareness and perceptions of technology currently available to the US sheep industry, to determine how each industry segment prioritizes data records, to understand what level of premiums are needed and realistic, and to assess changes by industry segment and operation size.</p></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><p>An online survey was distributed at the 2022 American Sheep Industry Association (ASI) Convention and through the University of Wyoming Sheep Extension and ASI Emerging Entrepreneurs social media pages. Respondents were asked demographic questions and specific segment questions that assessed knowledge of blockchain, importance of records, and current adoption of technology. All descriptive and ANOVA analyses used R statistical procedures (R Core Team; version 2023.03.0). Least squares means were calculated, and the glm procedure of R was used to develop a binary logit model to assess statistical probabilities. Significance was considered at α = 0.05.</p></div><div><h3>Results and Discussion</h3><p>A total of 61 responses were acquired (n = 52 producers; n = 9 wool warehousers/ processors), representing operations in 19 US states and Ontario, Canada. Respondents indicated they are somewhat familiar with using blockchain technology for tracking records of importance. Adoption of electronic identification (EID) technology and digital record keeping were significant by operation size, with inflection points for operations with <99 head or >2,000 head (i.e., extremes). A market premium 8.1–12% over base price is needed to submit a raw wool core test into a blockchain-based system, but wool warehousers/processors are willing to pay a premium to have access to the records on a blockchain- based system at 4.1–8% over base price.</p></div><div><h3>Implications and Applications</h3><p>Producers and wool warehousers/processors are somewhat familiar with block-chain technology for tracking records of importance, but producer adoption of the current technologies (e.g., EID, software) is limited. Adoption of current management technologies is influenced by operation size, so further work should be conducted to determine the largest barriers to adoption. Further adoption of the current technologies is needed before blockchain technology can be used to its full potential in the sheep industry.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8519,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Science","volume":"40 2","pages":"Pages 205-211"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590286524000284/pdf?md5=3d43f919c27e406983403fa3bcabf54a&pid=1-s2.0-S2590286524000284-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140295861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M.R. Beck , M.L. Griffin , J.A. Proctor , R. Foster , N.S. Long , J.K. Smith , V.N. Gouvêa
Objective
The objective was to evaluate the effect of using a diet predigestion (PD) of HCl and pepsin along with different in situ ruminal incubation lengths on indi- gestible NDF (INDF) and ADF (IADF) content recovery from diet and fecal samples.
Materials and Methods
Diet and total fecal collec- tion samples from steers fed a high-roughage starter or a low-roughage finisher diet were collected from a larger experiment. Diet samples either underwent PD or not (NPD). Then, diet and fecal samples were ruminally in- cubated for 72, 96, 120, or 288-h. After incubation, NDF or ADF protocols were conducted to determine INDF and IADF.
Results and Discussion
For PD, a 120-h ruminal incubation length was needed to achieve fecal recoveries that were not different from 100% for all marker by diet combinations. For NPD, a 288-h incubation was required to achieve 100% fecal recovery for all diet by marker com- binations, except for IADF with the finisher diet. A 120-h incubation resulted in the highest agreement [Lin’s concor- dance correlation coefficient (CCC) ≥0.90] with observed dry matter digestibility (DMD) for INDF and IADF for PD. With NPD, a 288-h incubation was needed to achieve estimates of DMD with excellent agreement (CCC ≥0.89) for INDF and IADF.
Implications and Applications
Based on these re- sults, PD followed by a 120-h ruminal incubation shortens time requirements and provides acceptable measurements of INDF and IADF concentrations in feeds and feces. For NPD a 288-h ruminal incubation length is required.
{"title":"Optimization of indigestible neutral and acid detergent fiber measurement protocols*","authors":"M.R. Beck , M.L. Griffin , J.A. Proctor , R. Foster , N.S. Long , J.K. Smith , V.N. Gouvêa","doi":"10.15232/aas.2023-02521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15232/aas.2023-02521","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>The objective was to evaluate the effect of using a diet predigestion (PD) of HCl and pepsin along with different in situ ruminal incubation lengths on indi- gestible NDF (INDF) and ADF (IADF) content recovery from diet and fecal samples.</p></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><p>Diet and total fecal collec- tion samples from steers fed a high-roughage starter or a low-roughage finisher diet were collected from a larger experiment. Diet samples either underwent PD or not (NPD). Then, diet and fecal samples were ruminally in- cubated for 72, 96, 120, or 288-h. After incubation, NDF or ADF protocols were conducted to determine INDF and IADF.</p></div><div><h3>Results and Discussion</h3><p>For PD, a 120-h ruminal incubation length was needed to achieve fecal recoveries that were not different from 100% for all marker by diet combinations. For NPD, a 288-h incubation was required to achieve 100% fecal recovery for all diet by marker com- binations, except for IADF with the finisher diet. A 120-h incubation resulted in the highest agreement [Lin’s concor- dance correlation coefficient (CCC) ≥0.90] with observed dry matter digestibility (DMD) for INDF and IADF for PD. With NPD, a 288-h incubation was needed to achieve estimates of DMD with excellent agreement (CCC ≥0.89) for INDF and IADF.</p></div><div><h3>Implications and Applications</h3><p>Based on these re- sults, PD followed by a 120-h ruminal incubation shortens time requirements and provides acceptable measurements of INDF and IADF concentrations in feeds and feces. For NPD a 288-h ruminal incubation length is required.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8519,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Science","volume":"40 2","pages":"Pages 124-131"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S259028652400020X/pdfft?md5=d1b1d9ae7c52f0f483659ed67b0c56d8&pid=1-s2.0-S259028652400020X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140295956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Beatriz Ramos, Georgget Banchero, Alejandro La Manna, Maria Eugênia Andrighetto Canozzi, Enrique Fernández, Juan Clariget
Objective
Our objective was to evaluate 2 methods of external marker dosing, at 2 levels of forage allowance, to estimate forage intake in beef cattle.
Materials and Methods
Sixteen Aberdeen Angus steers (mean age of 18 mo; 350 ± 9 kg BW), kept in in- dividual pens, were used in a quadruplicated 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment, in a 2 × 2 factorial arrange- ment. The factors were forage allowance level (4 vs. 7 kg DM/d of alfalfa plus orchard grass haylage) and supple- ment feeding method (manual vs. automatic). A supple- ment consisting of 2 kg DM of pelleted corn with 1% ti- tanium dioxide (TiO2) per day was offered to each steer. Total DMI and diet DM digestibility were estimated using the dual-marker technique, with acid insoluble ash (AIA; 2 different methods) or ADL used as the internal marker. Fecal output was estimated by TiO2 concentration using feces from the daily total fecal collection (TFC) samples and others from a morning subsample. The TFC was car- ried out individually and daily during the last 4 d of each 21-d period.
Results and Discussion
The overall mean recovery of TiO2 was 104% (SD: 0.05; range: 101–107%). Fecal subsamples obtained in the morning overestimated fecal production with no difference between dosing methods. The DM digestibility was overestimated with AIA and ADL. The estimation of DM digestibility by ADL was closer than AIA to those obtained by TFC, without differ- ences between the 2 AIA techniques. The overestimation of forage intake using the dual-marker technique was more affected by the overvalued DM digestibility using the in- ternal markers than by fecal production using the external marker, without the effect of the dosing method.
Implications and Applications
It is viable and reli- able to automatically supply pelleted corn with TiO2 for fecal production estimation. The accuracy could be im- proved by obtaining at least 2 fecal samples during the day. Under the current experimental conditions, ADL is more accurate than AIA for estimating DM digestibility when the diet offered to cattle is based on alfalfa plus or- chard grass haylage and concentrate.
{"title":"Applicability of an automated supplement feeder to dose titanium dioxide to estimate forage intake, fecal output, and diet digestibility of beef cattle","authors":"Beatriz Ramos, Georgget Banchero, Alejandro La Manna, Maria Eugênia Andrighetto Canozzi, Enrique Fernández, Juan Clariget","doi":"10.15232/aas.2023-02448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15232/aas.2023-02448","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>Our objective was to evaluate 2 methods of external marker dosing, at 2 levels of forage allowance, to estimate forage intake in beef cattle.</p></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><p>Sixteen Aberdeen Angus steers (mean age of 18 mo; 350 ± 9 kg BW), kept in in- dividual pens, were used in a quadruplicated 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment, in a 2 × 2 factorial arrange- ment. The factors were forage allowance level (4 vs. 7 kg DM/d of alfalfa plus orchard grass haylage) and supple- ment feeding method (manual vs. automatic). A supple- ment consisting of 2 kg DM of pelleted corn with 1% ti- tanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) per day was offered to each steer. Total DMI and diet DM digestibility were estimated using the dual-marker technique, with acid insoluble ash (AIA; 2 different methods) or ADL used as the internal marker. Fecal output was estimated by TiO<sub>2</sub> concentration using feces from the daily total fecal collection (TFC) samples and others from a morning subsample. The TFC was car- ried out individually and daily during the last 4 d of each 21-d period.</p></div><div><h3>Results and Discussion</h3><p>The overall mean recovery of TiO<sub>2</sub> was 104% (SD: 0.05; range: 101–107%). Fecal subsamples obtained in the morning overestimated fecal production with no difference between dosing methods. The DM digestibility was overestimated with AIA and ADL. The estimation of DM digestibility by ADL was closer than AIA to those obtained by TFC, without differ- ences between the 2 AIA techniques. The overestimation of forage intake using the dual-marker technique was more affected by the overvalued DM digestibility using the in- ternal markers than by fecal production using the external marker, without the effect of the dosing method.</p></div><div><h3>Implications and Applications</h3><p>It is viable and reli- able to automatically supply pelleted corn with TiO<sub>2</sub> for fecal production estimation. The accuracy could be im- proved by obtaining at least 2 fecal samples during the day. Under the current experimental conditions, ADL is more accurate than AIA for estimating DM digestibility when the diet offered to cattle is based on alfalfa plus or- chard grass haylage and concentrate.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8519,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Science","volume":"40 2","pages":"Pages 132-141"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590286524000211/pdf?md5=f324661a1b53a0522dc31080de60cb66&pid=1-s2.0-S2590286524000211-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140295957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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