Behavioural Brain Research最新文献_第9页

Neurophysiological correlates of reward and punishment feedback processing in individuals with test anxiety 考试焦虑个体奖惩反馈加工的神经生理学相关性。

IF 2.3 3区心理学 Q2 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Brain Research

Pub Date : 2025-12-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115991

Yuhong Ou , Renlai Zhou

Understanding how individuals with high test anxiety (HTA) process evaluative feedback is essential to clarifying their responses in evaluative situations. This study examined how individuals with HTA differ from those with low test anxiety (LTA) in processing positive and negative outcomes presented in reward and punishment contexts. Using event-related potentials (ERPs) and a probabilistic learning task, we implemented separate reward and punishment blocks with test-related and test-unrelated images.

Behavioral results indicated that, across reward and punishment blocks, both HTA and LTA individuals responded more quickly and accurately as the task progressed, with no significant performance differences between the groups. ERP findings revealed no deficits in reward processing for individuals with HTA. However, during punishment processing, HTA individuals showed smaller feedback-related negativity (FRN) and larger late positive potential (LPP) amplitudes in response to negative feedback for test-related stimuli. They also exhibited larger FRN amplitudes after positive feedback for test-related stimuli, while no significant group differences were observed in P3 or LPP amplitudes. These findings suggest altered neural responses to evaluative feedback in individuals with HTA, particularly under punitive conditions, which may reflect differences in expectancy and emotional engagement.

了解高考试焦虑（HTA）个体如何处理评估性反馈对于澄清他们在评估情境中的反应是至关重要的。本研究考察了HTA个体与低测试焦虑个体（LTA）在处理奖惩情境中呈现的积极和消极结果方面的差异。利用事件相关电位（erp）和概率学习任务，我们实现了带有测试相关和测试无关图像的单独奖惩块。行为结果表明，在奖励和惩罚块中，随着任务的进行，HTA和LTA个体的反应都更快、更准确，两组之间没有显著的表现差异。ERP结果显示，HTA患者在奖励处理方面没有缺陷。然而，在惩罚加工过程中，HTA个体对测试相关刺激的负反馈反应表现出较小的反馈相关负性（FRN）和较大的后期正电位（LPP）振幅。他们在测试相关刺激的正反馈后也表现出更大的FRN振幅，而在P3或LPP振幅上没有观察到显著的组差异。这些发现表明，HTA患者对评价反馈的神经反应发生了改变，特别是在惩罚性条件下，这可能反映了期望和情感投入的差异。

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引用次数: 0

Beyond the road not taken: Experienced regret-induced risk seeking in maximizers 超越未走的路：在最大化者中经历过后悔诱导的风险寻求。

IF 2.3 3区心理学 Q2 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Brain Research

Pub Date : 2025-12-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115992

Shuai Jin , Xue Wei , Peihua Xian , Junshu Ma , Shenghao Shi , Zhiyuan Liu

Given the complexity of the environment and the constraints on cognitive resources, missed opportunities frequently arise in risky decision-making. However, the relationship between regret feelings for missed opportunities and subsequent risky decision-making among maximizers, as well as the influence of time pressure on this dynamic, remains unclear. Based on 580 participants, we conducted a cross-sectional survey and two EEG experiments to investigate these issues. The results revealed a positive correlation between maximization and risk-taking tendency (Study 1). Compared to satisficers, maximizers showed stronger regret feelings and increased the late positive potential (LPP) amplitudes in response to missed opportunities, and were more inclined to engage in risky decisions. Moreover, maximizers’ regret feelings about missed opportunities facilitated their risky decision-making by amplifying LPP amplitudes (Study 2). Compared to the low-time-pressure condition, maximizers exhibited diminished regret feelings and reduced LPP amplitudes in response to missed opportunities, and less risky decision-making behavior under the high-time-pressure condition. Additionally, time pressure attenuated the association between regret feelings for missed opportunities and risky decision-making (Study 3). Overall, this study highlights that maximizers’ regret feelings about missed opportunities drive them to take risky decision-making, and time pressure can reduce the degree to which this occurs.

考虑到环境的复杂性和认知资源的限制，在高风险决策中经常会出现错失机会的情况。然而，对错失机会的后悔情绪与最大化者随后的冒险决策之间的关系，以及时间压力对这种动态的影响，目前尚不清楚。基于580名参与者，我们进行了横断面调查和两次脑电图实验来研究这些问题。结果显示，最大化与冒险倾向呈正相关（研究1）。与满足者相比，最大化者在错失机会时表现出更强烈的后悔情绪，并增加了后期积极电位（LPP）振幅，更倾向于从事风险决策。此外，最大化者对错失机会的后悔情绪通过放大LPP振幅促进了他们的风险决策（研究2）。与低时间压力条件下相比，在高时间压力条件下，最大化者对错失机会的后悔情绪和LPP振幅有所减少，风险决策行为也有所减少。此外，时间压力减弱了错失机会的后悔情绪与冒险决策之间的联系（研究3）。总的来说，这项研究强调了最大化者对错过机会的后悔情绪驱使他们做出冒险的决策，而时间压力可以降低这种情况发生的程度。

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引用次数: 0

Cognitive styles diversity and group creativity: Evidence from fNIRS hyperscanning 认知风格多样性与群体创造力：来自近红外超扫描的证据。

IF 2.3 3区心理学 Q2 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Brain Research

Pub Date : 2025-12-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115986

Liu Ning , Ou Yang Yan Ping , Ren Sai Nan

This study explores how cognitive style diversity (differences in information processing among team members) influences group creativity through interpersonal neural mechanisms. 116 college students were assigned to high-diversity (HD) groups (mix of field-independent and field-dependent individuals) or low-diversity (LD) groups (homogeneous cognitive styles). Both groups completed a creative task (umbrella design) and a routine task (desk purchase) while their prefrontal cortex (PFC) and right temporoparietal junction (r-TPJ) activity was monitored via fNIRS. Results revealed that HD groups produced significantly more novel ideas than LD groups. fNIRS data showed enhanced brain synchronization in HD groups within the frontal pole and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Field-independent individuals dominated neural interactions in HD groups, with delayed inter-brain synchronization positively correlating with creative novelty. Findings suggest cognitive diversity fosters group creativity through complementary neural coordination between field-independent and field-dependent individuals.

本研究探讨认知风格多样性（团队成员之间信息加工的差异）如何通过人际神经机制影响团队创造力。116名大学生被分为高多样性（HD）组（领域独立和领域依赖个体的混合）和低多样性（LD）组（同质认知风格）。两组都完成了一项创造性任务（设计雨伞）和一项常规任务（购买书桌），同时通过近红外光谱监测他们的前额叶皮层（PFC）和右颞顶叶交界处（r-TPJ）的活动。结果显示，HD组比LD组产生了更多的新想法。fNIRS数据显示，HD组在额极和背外侧前额叶皮层（DLPFC）内的大脑同步增强。在HD组中，场独立个体主导着神经相互作用，延迟的脑间同步与创造性新颖性正相关。研究结果表明，认知多样性通过领域独立和领域依赖个体之间的互补神经协调来促进群体创造力。

引用次数: 0

Tracking the developing brain: Resting-state aperiodic activity reveals nonlinear cortical maturation in externalizing disorders 追踪发育中的大脑：静息状态的非周期性活动揭示外化障碍中的非线性皮层成熟。

IF 2.3 3区心理学 Q2 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Brain Research

Pub Date : 2025-12-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115994

Hongchi Zhang , Amir Jahanian-Najafabadi , Khaled Bagh , Lorenza Colzato , Bernhard Hommel

Previous research has linked psychiatric disorders to alterations in the aperiodic exponent—a measure of excitatory–inhibitory (E/I) balance derived from resting-state EEG that reflects broadband, non-oscillatory brain activity. This measure also appears sensitive to age-related neurodevelopmental changes. In this study, we investigated whether the aperiodic exponent varies with age in children and adolescents diagnosed with adjustment disorder (AD) or oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), compared to age-matched healthy controls. While healthy participants showed no significant association between age and the aperiodic exponent, both clinical groups exhibited a pronounced nonlinear relationship. Specifically, the exponent was lower in early childhood and early adulthood, but peaked around 9–10 years of age. This U-shaped developmental trajectory suggests a deviation from normative brain maturation in AD and ODD and points to temporally specific alterations in cortical E/I balance. These findings underscore the potential of the aperiodic exponent as a developmentally sensitive neural marker of externalising psychopathology and may inform age-tailored diagnostic and intervention strategies in child and adolescent psychiatry.

先前的研究已经将精神疾病与非周期指数的改变联系起来，非周期指数是一种来自静息状态脑电图的兴奋-抑制（E/I）平衡的测量，反映了宽带、非振荡的大脑活动。这一指标似乎对与年龄相关的神经发育变化也很敏感。在这项研究中，我们调查了被诊断为适应障碍（AD）或对立违抗障碍（ODD）的儿童和青少年与年龄匹配的健康对照相比，非周期指数是否随年龄变化。虽然健康的参与者在年龄和非周期指数之间没有显著的关联，但两个临床组都表现出明显的非线性关系。具体来说，该指数在儿童早期和成年早期较低，但在9至10岁左右达到峰值。这种u型发育轨迹表明AD和ODD患者偏离了正常的大脑成熟，并指出了皮层E/I平衡的暂时特异性改变。这些发现强调了非周期性指数作为外化精神病理的发育敏感神经标志物的潜力，并可能为儿童和青少年精神病学的年龄定制诊断和干预策略提供信息。

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引用次数: 0

Heightened sensitivity to negative crowd facial expressions in individuals with a high tendency for problematic social networking site use 问题社交网站使用倾向高的个体对人群负面面部表情的高度敏感性

IF 2.3 3区心理学 Q2 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Brain Research

Pub Date : 2025-12-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115993

Zhi Yang , Xinlan Xu , Renhao Liu , Nan Zhang , Weiqi He

Social factors are regarded as key contributors to the development of problematic social networking site use (PSNSU). The processing of crowd facial expressions, an important social cue, remains unclear among individuals with PSNSU. This study investigated differences in the processing of crowd negative facial expressions between individuals with high (HPSNSU) and low (LPSNSU) tendencies for PSNSU. Participants judged intensity differences between crowds and a probe face, while electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded during the crowd presentation. The results showed that the HPSNSU group exhibited higher sensitivity to the intensity differences. Importantly, the amplitude of vertex positive potential (VPP) was significantly higher in the HPSNSU group compared to that of the LPSNSU group. Furthermore, brain networks in the HPSNSU group exhibited lower modularity around the N170/VPP time window. These results suggest that individuals with HPSNSU may be particularly attentive to social cues, providing partial support for the notion that fear of missing out (FoMO) contributes to the development of PSNSU. Our study advances the understanding of the role of social factors in PSNSU development and provides implications for prevention and intervention strategies.

社会因素被认为是问题社交网站使用（PSNSU）发展的关键因素。PSNSU患者对人群面部表情这一重要的社交线索的处理尚不清楚。本研究探讨了高、低群体消极面部表情倾向个体对群体消极面部表情的加工差异。参与者判断人群和探针脸之间的强度差异，同时在人群展示期间记录脑电图（EEG）。结果表明，HPSNSU组对强度差异具有较高的敏感性。重要的是，与LPSNSU组相比，HPSNSU组的顶点正电位（VPP）幅值明显更高。此外，HPSNSU组的大脑网络在N170/VPP时间窗周围表现出较低的模块化。这些结果表明，患有PSNSU的个体可能特别关注社会线索，这部分支持了错失恐惧（FoMO）有助于PSNSU发展的观点。我们的研究促进了对社会因素在PSNSU发展中的作用的理解，并为预防和干预策略提供了启示。

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引用次数: 0

Resveratrol prevents arsenic-induced depression-like phenotypes via modulation of BDNF signaling 白藜芦醇通过调节BDNF信号传导阻止砷诱导的抑郁样表型。

IF 2.3 3区心理学 Q2 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Brain Research

Pub Date : 2025-12-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115988

Mohaddeseh Kharazmi , Tayyebeh Khalili , Marzieh Dehghan-Shasaltaneh , Abbas Bahari , Mohaddeseh Ebrahimi-Ghiri

Growing evidence suggests that resveratrol possesses neuroprotective properties against arsenic toxicity. This study investigated whether resveratrol could ameliorate arsenic-induced depression-like behaviors in male Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) mice and explored potential molecular mechanisms. Mice were exposed to arsenic (50 mg/L in drinking water) for 4 weeks and treated with resveratrol (10 or 20 mg/kg). Behavioral assessments included the hole-board test (HBT) for exploratory behavior, and the sucrose splash test (SST), tail suspension test (TST), and forced swim test (FST) for depression-like behaviors. The mRNA levels of Bdnf, Creb1, and Dvl1 in the brain were analyzed by qRT-PCR. Arsenic exposure induced significant depression-like behaviors, characterized by decreased grooming in SST and increased immobility in TST and FST. Resveratrol treatment prevented these behavioral alterations and exhibited intrinsic antidepressant effects in naïve mice, with dose-dependent reductions in immobility time (FST) and increased grooming (SST). Notably, resveratrol (20 mg/kg) enhanced rearing frequency in naïve mice and decreased it in the arsenic-treated mice. At the molecular level, arsenic downregulated Bdnf expression, while resveratrol restored its levels. In contrast, no significant changes in Creb1 and Dvl1 expression were observed. These findings indicate that resveratrol mitigates arsenic-induced depression-like behaviors primarily through the modulation of Bdnf-dependent pathways, independent of Creb1 and Dvl1. These results position resveratrol as a potential antidepressant and underscore its therapeutic promise for mood disorders associated with environmental toxicant exposure.

越来越多的证据表明，白藜芦醇具有抗砷毒性的神经保护特性。本研究旨在探讨白藜芦醇是否能改善美国海军医学研究所（Naval Medical Research Institute， NMRI）雄性小鼠砷诱导的抑郁样行为，并探讨可能的分子机制。小鼠暴露于砷（饮用水中50mg/L） 4周，并用白藜芦醇（10或20mg/kg）处理。行为评估包括探索性行为的孔板测试（HBT），以及抑郁样行为的蔗糖飞溅测试（SST）、悬尾测试（TST）和强迫游泳测试（FST）。采用qRT-PCR分析脑内Bdnf、Creb1、Dvl1 mRNA表达水平。砷暴露诱导了显著的抑郁样行为，其特征是SST的修饰减少，TST和FST的不动增加。在naïve小鼠中，白藜芦醇治疗阻止了这些行为改变，并表现出内在的抗抑郁作用，其剂量依赖性地减少了静止时间（FST）和增加了梳洗（SST）。值得注意的是，白藜芦醇（20mg/kg）提高了naïve小鼠的饲养频率，降低了砷处理小鼠的饲养频率。在分子水平上，砷降低了Bdnf的表达，而白藜芦醇则恢复了Bdnf的表达。相比之下，Creb1和Dvl1的表达没有明显变化。这些发现表明，白藜芦醇减轻砷诱导的抑郁样行为主要是通过调节bdnf依赖途径，独立于Creb1和Dvl1。这些结果将白藜芦醇定位为一种潜在的抗抑郁药，并强调了其治疗与环境毒物暴露相关的情绪障碍的前景。

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引用次数: 0

Retraction notice to “Inhibition of glucocorticoid receptors ameliorates hypobaric hypoxia induced memory impairment in rat” [Behav. Brain Res. 240 (2013) 76–86] “抑制糖皮质激素受体可改善低氧缺氧引起的大鼠记忆障碍”的撤回通知[行为]。脑科学进展，2013(4):376 - 386。

IF 2.3 3区心理学 Q2 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Brain Research

Pub Date : 2025-12-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115980

Iswar Baitharu , Satya Narayan Deep , Vishal Jain , Dipti Prasad , G. Ilavazhagan

引用次数: 0

Time-dependent characterisation of sex differences in the chronic constriction injury (CCI) model of neuropathic pain 神经性疼痛慢性收缩损伤（CCI）模型中性别差异的时间依赖性特征。

IF 2.3 3区心理学 Q2 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Brain Research

Pub Date : 2025-12-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115990

Joana Gonçalves , Diana Fonseca-Rodrigues , Inês Martins Laranjeira , Armando Almeida , Filipa Pinto-Ribeiro

Chronic neuropathic pain affects 7–10 % of the population and is often accompanied by emotional impairments, greatly reducing the quality of life of patients. Recently, we showed that in the chronic constriction injury (CCI) model of experimental neuropathic pain, female (but not male) rats showed a delayed but progressive development of mechanical and cold allodynia, which did not improve over time. In this work, we characterised the CCI-induced nociceptive and emotional impairments at earlier (2 weeks) and later (8 weeks) time points in both male and female rats. Both neuropathic males and females developed mechanical allodynia from week 1 onwards; however, males were shown to recover earlier at week 3, corroborated by sciatic nerve histopathology. Importantly, both males and females displayed cold allodynia throughout the experimental period (8 weeks). Regarding emotional impairments, males showed a more anxious and depressive phenotype than females, independently of CCI. Electrophysiological recordings suggest time-dependent changes in descending inhibition from the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) in response to CCI-induced neuropathic pain. Altogether, our results show the existence of sex-specific differences in the development and maintenance of CCI-induced nociceptive and emotional impairments, highlighting the need to include female subjects in the study of neuropathic pain mechanisms and treatments.

慢性神经性疼痛影响7-10%的人口，通常伴有情绪障碍，大大降低了患者的生活质量。最近，我们发现在实验性神经性疼痛的慢性收缩损伤（CCI）模型中，雌性（而不是雄性）大鼠表现出机械和冷异常性疼痛的延迟但进行性发展，并没有随着时间的推移而改善。在这项工作中，我们在雄性和雌性大鼠的较早（2周）和较晚（8周）时间点描述了cci诱导的伤害性和情绪损伤。从第1周开始，神经性男性和女性都出现了机械性异常性疼痛；然而，男性在第3周恢复得更早，坐骨神经组织病理学证实了这一点。重要的是，在整个实验期间（8周），雄性和雌性都表现出冷异常性痛。在情绪障碍方面，男性比女性表现出更多的焦虑和抑郁表型，与CCI无关。电生理记录表明，在cci诱导的神经性疼痛反应中，从吻侧腹内侧延髓（RVM）下降抑制的时间依赖性变化。总之，我们的研究结果表明，在cci诱导的伤害性和情绪损伤的发展和维持中存在性别特异性差异，突出了在神经性疼痛机制和治疗研究中纳入女性受试者的必要性。

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引用次数: 0

Transmuscular vocal fold injury reduces frequency complexity of rat ultrasonic vocalizations 经肌肉声带损伤可降低大鼠超声发声频率的复杂性。

IF 2.3 3区心理学 Q2 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Brain Research

Pub Date : 2025-12-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115989

Marilla Gould , Ryosuke Nakamura , Wenqing Yang , Ryan C. Branski , Aaron M. Johnson

Rapid and precise activation of the laryngeal musculature, particularly the thyroarytenoid (TA), is required for the production of rat ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs). Although the role of the TA in USV production has been established through denervation and excised larynx studies, how TA muscle dysfunction affects USV acoustics remains unknown. This study examined how iatrogenic, transmuscular vocal fold injury influences USV production by comparing acoustic parameters between rats receiving bilateral transmuscular vocal fold injury (including the TA muscle) versus sham surgery. Twenty adult male rats were randomly assigned to injury or sham groups and assessed at 30 or 60 days post-surgery. USVs were recorded at each timepoint (pre- and post-surgery) and analyzed for changes in principal frequency, frequency complexity (standard deviation and sinuosity), power (intensity of the USV), tonality, and duration. Injury significantly decreased USV frequency complexity and reduced the likelihood of producing frequency-modulated vocalizations in both post-surgical time groups. These findings demonstrate that while TA muscle integrity is crucial for frequency modulation, it is not necessary for basic USV production, offering new insights into the biomechanical role of the TA muscle in rat vocalization and laying the groundwork for investigating therapeutic interventions targeting laryngeal muscle function.

快速和精确地激活喉部肌肉组织，特别是类甲状腺肌（TA），是产生大鼠超声发声（usv）所必需的。虽然通过去神经支配和切除喉的研究已经确定了TA在USV产生中的作用，但TA肌肉功能障碍如何影响USV声学仍然未知。本研究通过比较双侧经肌性声带损伤（包括TA肌）和假手术大鼠的声学参数，研究了医源性经肌性声带损伤对USV产生的影响。将20只成年雄性大鼠随机分为损伤组和假手术组，分别于术后30天和60天进行评估。在每个时间点记录USV，并分析主频率、频率复杂度（标准差和弯曲度）、功率（USV强度）、音调和持续时间的变化。损伤显著降低了USV频率的复杂性，并减少了术后两个时间点产生调频发声的可能性。这些发现表明，虽然TA肌的完整性对于频率调制至关重要，但对于基本的USV产生并非必需，这为TA肌在大鼠发声中的生物力学作用提供了新的见解，并为研究针对喉肌功能的治疗干预奠定了基础。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of intranasal oxytocin administration on histophysiology of the hippocampus in maternally separated adolescent male rats 鼻内注射催产素对母分离雄性大鼠海马组织生理学的影响。

IF 2.3 3区心理学 Q2 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Brain Research

Pub Date : 2025-12-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115983

Parisa Salehi Najafabadi , Ali Shamsara , Vida Mirzaie , Vahid Sheibani , Mahdiyeh Ahmadi , Sara Joushi , Mohsen Basiri

Astrocytes are one of the glial cells of the nervous system. These cells reach their maximum number in the first two weeks after birth. Therefore, during this period they are sensitive to adverse conditions, including separation from the mother. One of the factors is the stress-modulating hormone oxytocin (OT). Adolescent male Wistar rats were used in this study. Rat pups were subjected to the MS protocol for 180 min per day from postnatal day 1–21 (postnatal day (PND)). Then, from PND 22–34, OT was administered intranasally (2 μg/μl, for 7 days). Behavioral assessments were performed on PND 35–37, we prespecified glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)+ astrocyte density and morphology as the primary outcome, given astrocytes’ active roles in synaptic plasticity, stress regulation, and oxytocin signaling; the neuron degeneration ratio and p38/p-p38 expression were treated as secondary outcomes. MS did not alter locomotion; it increased anxiety-like behavior in the Zero Maze Test (ZMT) (but not in the Open Field Test (OFT)) and elevated olfactory thresholds. MS also increased the degenerated/healthy neuron ratio and p38/p-p38 protein levels, and reduced GFAP+ astrocyte density and process size in hippocampal CA1; OT partly reversed these glial/inflammatory changes without affecting the neuron degeneration ratio. These findings suggest that OT could serve as a therapeutic agent to improve some of the adverse behavioral and histological effects of MS in modern societies.

星形胶质细胞是神经系统的一种胶质细胞。这些细胞在出生后的前两周达到最大数量。因此，在此期间，他们对不利条件很敏感，包括与母亲分离。其中一个因素是压力调节激素催产素（OT）。本研究采用青春期雄性Wistar大鼠。从大鼠出生后第1天至第21天（PND），每天进行180分钟的MS治疗。然后，从PND 22至34，经鼻给药OT （2μg/μl, 7 d）。考虑到星形胶质细胞在突触可塑性、应激调节和催产素信号传导方面的积极作用，我们预先指定了胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)+星形胶质细胞密度和形态作为主要结果；神经元变性率和p38/p-p38表达作为次要结局。MS不改变运动；它在零迷宫测试（ZMT）中增加了焦虑样行为（但在开放场地测试（OFT）中没有），并提高了嗅觉阈值。MS还增加了退化/健康神经元比例和p38/p-p38蛋白水平，降低了海马CA1中GFAP+星形胶质细胞密度和过程大小；OT部分逆转了这些胶质/炎症变化，而不影响神经元变性率。这些发现表明，在现代社会中，OT可以作为一种治疗药物来改善MS的一些不良行为和组织学影响。

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引用次数: 0