Pub Date : 2022-07-05DOI: 10.1163/19589514-05202009
Denis Bertet
Tikuna (isolate, western Amazonia) features a system of five nominal agreement classes: Feminine, Masculine, Neuter, Salientive, and Non-Salientive. Like in well-known Indo-European gender languages, the targets of class agreement (nominal modifiers and pronominal morphemes, essentially) obligatorily agree in class with the participant they relate to. Tikuna, however, usually offers several options of class assignment to given participants in discourse, and even allows participants to change class over the course of a single discourse performance. A participant designated by means of the noun kŏwǘ ‘deer’ may thus be assigned to any class except Neuter, suggesting that lexical properties of nouns cannot fully account for class assignment. I argue that the primary factor underlying class assignment (and reassignment) in Tikuna are the inherent semantic and pragmatic values of each class. Lexical properties and, occasionally, the class assignment of other participants in the immediate context, do come into play, but as secondary factors. Flexibility and secondary reliance on lexical information are the most visibly divergent characteristics of class assignment in Tikuna relative to typical Indo-European gender systems.
{"title":"Nominal Agreement Class Assignment in Tikuna (Isolate, Western Amazonia): a Dynamic Process Conditioned by Both Lexicon and Context","authors":"Denis Bertet","doi":"10.1163/19589514-05202009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/19589514-05202009","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Tikuna (isolate, western Amazonia) features a system of five nominal agreement classes: Feminine, Masculine, Neuter, Salientive, and Non-Salientive. Like in well-known Indo-European gender languages, the targets of class agreement (nominal modifiers and pronominal morphemes, essentially) obligatorily agree in class with the participant they relate to. Tikuna, however, usually offers several options of class assignment to given participants in discourse, and even allows participants to change class over the course of a single discourse performance. A participant designated by means of the noun kŏwǘ ‘deer’ may thus be assigned to any class except Neuter, suggesting that lexical properties of nouns cannot fully account for class assignment. I argue that the primary factor underlying class assignment (and reassignment) in Tikuna are the inherent semantic and pragmatic values of each class. Lexical properties and, occasionally, the class assignment of other participants in the immediate context, do come into play, but as secondary factors. Flexibility and secondary reliance on lexical information are the most visibly divergent characteristics of class assignment in Tikuna relative to typical Indo-European gender systems.","PeriodicalId":90499,"journal":{"name":"Faits de langues","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46960003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-20DOI: 10.1163/19589514-05202008
Marine Vuillermet
Ese Ejja is an Amazonian language spoken in Peru and Bolivia. It possesses four posture verbs that appear in multiple constructions to express location, possession, existence, imperfective aspect and present tense. Firstly, the article examines the criteria for associating these verbs (be they grammaticalized or not) to the animate or inanimate entities. These criteria are not necessarily linked directly to posture, be it real or prototypical for a given entity, but may involve the sex of the entity, or even to the place where the entity is located. Secondly, it argues that the Ese Ejja posture verbs are better analyzed as verbal classifiers rather than classificatory verbs, as they participate in a number of constructions spanning the continuum from purely lexical to entirely grammatical ones, using the same semantic criteria.
Ese Ejja是一种亚马逊语言，通行于秘鲁和玻利维亚。它有四个姿势动词，出现在多个结构中，分别表示位置、占有、存在、不完全体和现在时。首先，本文考察了将这些动词（无论是否语法化）与有生命或无生命实体联系起来的标准。这些标准不一定与姿势直接相关，无论是真实的还是特定实体的原型，但可能涉及实体的性别，甚至与实体所在的地方有关。其次，它认为Ese Ejja姿势动词更适合作为动词分类器而不是分类动词来分析，因为它们使用相同的语义标准，参与了从纯词汇到完全语法的一系列结构。
{"title":"Les verbes de posture en ese ejja: Un système de classificateurs verbaux","authors":"Marine Vuillermet","doi":"10.1163/19589514-05202008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/19589514-05202008","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Ese Ejja is an Amazonian language spoken in Peru and Bolivia. It possesses four posture verbs that appear in multiple constructions to express location, possession, existence, imperfective aspect and present tense. Firstly, the article examines the criteria for associating these verbs (be they grammaticalized or not) to the animate or inanimate entities. These criteria are not necessarily linked directly to posture, be it real or prototypical for a given entity, but may involve the sex of the entity, or even to the place where the entity is located. Secondly, it argues that the Ese Ejja posture verbs are better analyzed as verbal classifiers rather than classificatory verbs, as they participate in a number of constructions spanning the continuum from purely lexical to entirely grammatical ones, using the same semantic criteria.","PeriodicalId":90499,"journal":{"name":"Faits de langues","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46116804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-07DOI: 10.1163/19589514-05202006
S. Loiseau
This article describes noun classes in Tuwari, a Papuan language of Papua New Guinea. The exponents of gender are clitics, realized once per clause-level phrase, and always at their right periphery. In noun phrases, the exponent is a gender-agreeing article, while on verb phrases it is a subject index. This agreement system is uncanonical since it brings into play a set of complex syntactic rules. As in other Papuan languages, such gender markers used at the periphery of the noun phrase share formal and semantic properties with markers of subordination.
{"title":"Les classes nominales en tuwari (Nouvelle-Guinée)","authors":"S. Loiseau","doi":"10.1163/19589514-05202006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/19589514-05202006","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article describes noun classes in Tuwari, a Papuan language of Papua New Guinea. The exponents of gender are clitics, realized once per clause-level phrase, and always at their right periphery. In noun phrases, the exponent is a gender-agreeing article, while on verb phrases it is a subject index. This agreement system is uncanonical since it brings into play a set of complex syntactic rules. As in other Papuan languages, such gender markers used at the periphery of the noun phrase share formal and semantic properties with markers of subordination.","PeriodicalId":90499,"journal":{"name":"Faits de langues","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49516533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-07DOI: 10.1163/19589514-05202005
T. Chacon
This paper analyzes Kubeo’s system of nominal classification from a synchronic, diachronic and typological perspective. It is argued that Kubeo has two distinct but integrated systems, labeled as “gender” and “noun class markers” (CMs). Gender contrasts animacy and number for all nouns and sex-based gender only for animate nouns. CMs mostly code for physical properties. Both systems are productively used in several morphosyntactic, semantic and discourse functions, such as noun derivation, syntactic agreement, individuation, reference identification and management. The paper focusses on highlighting formal and functional asymmetries between the systems, especially in situations where gender and noun class overlap and compete. It is shown that despite a great deal of functional equivalence, Kubeo’s “gender” is more similar to typologically defined gender systems than the language’s class marker system, while the latter, by contrast, is more similar to specific types of noun class and classifier systems found in Amazonia and elsewhere.
{"title":"Gender and Noun Class Markers in Kubeo (Tukanoan)","authors":"T. Chacon","doi":"10.1163/19589514-05202005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/19589514-05202005","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This paper analyzes Kubeo’s system of nominal classification from a synchronic, diachronic and typological perspective. It is argued that Kubeo has two distinct but integrated systems, labeled as “gender” and “noun class markers” (CMs). Gender contrasts animacy and number for all nouns and sex-based gender only for animate nouns. CMs mostly code for physical properties. Both systems are productively used in several morphosyntactic, semantic and discourse functions, such as noun derivation, syntactic agreement, individuation, reference identification and management. The paper focusses on highlighting formal and functional asymmetries between the systems, especially in situations where gender and noun class overlap and compete. It is shown that despite a great deal of functional equivalence, Kubeo’s “gender” is more similar to typologically defined gender systems than the language’s class marker system, while the latter, by contrast, is more similar to specific types of noun class and classifier systems found in Amazonia and elsewhere.","PeriodicalId":90499,"journal":{"name":"Faits de langues","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46460354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-07DOI: 10.1163/19589514-05202007
Sylvie Voisin
Kobiana is a Niger-Congo language belonging to the Atlantic language family, mostly spoken in Guinea Bissau by about seven hundred people. This language has a quite typical Niger-Congo noun class system with 16 classes for singular, 11 classes for plural and 6 classes non-sensitive to any number contrast. This language also has developed another system of number marking, different from the noun class system whereby the plural number is marked on nouns by means of a -a suffix. This suffixed plural combines with a sizeable part of Kobiana nouns. Such nouns also trigger agreement within the noun phrase, with both singular and plural agreement markers. After presenting the two types of number marking on Kobiana nouns, we observe the morphological behavior of these nouns when they combine with numerals. We also describe how the agreement markers enable us to account for the syntactic analysis of numerals and to show how numerals can be ascribed to different parts of speech. We also discuss several striking morphosyntactic peculiarities of Kobiana numerals.
{"title":"Numération, quantification et accords en classe en kobiana","authors":"Sylvie Voisin","doi":"10.1163/19589514-05202007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/19589514-05202007","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Kobiana is a Niger-Congo language belonging to the Atlantic language family, mostly spoken in Guinea Bissau by about seven hundred people. This language has a quite typical Niger-Congo noun class system with 16 classes for singular, 11 classes for plural and 6 classes non-sensitive to any number contrast. This language also has developed another system of number marking, different from the noun class system whereby the plural number is marked on nouns by means of a -a suffix. This suffixed plural combines with a sizeable part of Kobiana nouns. Such nouns also trigger agreement within the noun phrase, with both singular and plural agreement markers. After presenting the two types of number marking on Kobiana nouns, we observe the morphological behavior of these nouns when they combine with numerals. We also describe how the agreement markers enable us to account for the syntactic analysis of numerals and to show how numerals can be ascribed to different parts of speech. We also discuss several striking morphosyntactic peculiarities of Kobiana numerals.","PeriodicalId":90499,"journal":{"name":"Faits de langues","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41507822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1163/19589514-05202003
V. Alice, Mouton Léa
This article focuses on classifiers, one system of the nominal classification domain which is found in Southeast Asian languages. One of the functions associated with classifiers is the categorization of the nominal lexicon according to the semantic characteristics of the referent. Unsurprisingly, classifiers in Southeast Asia are organized around the basic semantic domains of the different systems of nominal classification. Although the system of so-called ‘numeral’ classifiers, whose primary function is to quantify referents, is the best known and most widespread in Southeast Asia, classifiers can encode various functions according to the syntactic constructions in which they appear. In some languages, these morphemes compete with class terms, a second nominal classification system. Sometimes the same form may belong to several paradigms, thus recalling a well-known characteristic of South-East Asian languages: the polyfunctionalty of forms.
{"title":"Systèmes De Classification Nominale En Asie Du Sud-Est : Les Différentes Fonctions Des Morphèmes Classificatoires","authors":"V. Alice, Mouton Léa","doi":"10.1163/19589514-05202003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/19589514-05202003","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article focuses on classifiers, one system of the nominal classification domain which is found in Southeast Asian languages. One of the functions associated with classifiers is the categorization of the nominal lexicon according to the semantic characteristics of the referent. Unsurprisingly, classifiers in Southeast Asia are organized around the basic semantic domains of the different systems of nominal classification. Although the system of so-called ‘numeral’ classifiers, whose primary function is to quantify referents, is the best known and most widespread in Southeast Asia, classifiers can encode various functions according to the syntactic constructions in which they appear. In some languages, these morphemes compete with class terms, a second nominal classification system. Sometimes the same form may belong to several paradigms, thus recalling a well-known characteristic of South-East Asian languages: the polyfunctionalty of forms.","PeriodicalId":90499,"journal":{"name":"Faits de langues","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49176671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1163/19589514-05202004
Guillaume Segerer
{"title":"L’assignation des noms aux classes nominales dans une perspective comparatiste: Le cas des langues bak (Niger-Congo, Atlantique)","authors":"Guillaume Segerer","doi":"10.1163/19589514-05202004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/19589514-05202004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":90499,"journal":{"name":"Faits de langues","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45174683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1163/19589514-05202001
NakHun Song, Marc Allassonnière-Tang
Our study compares Standard Mandarin (the Beijing dialect used in spoken and written registers) with the Mandarin dialect of Baoding (one of the Mandarin dialects belonging to the Jì-lŭ Mandarin group, Hebei-Shandong). Standard Mandarin and Baoding are geographically and phylogenetically closely related, but they differ in terms of their classifier system, as Standard Mandarin resorts to a wide array of sortal classifiers whereas Baoding only uses one general classifier. We first provide a detailed analysis of the unconventional classifier system in Baoding. Then, we compare the lexical and discourse functions of sortal classifiers in Standard Mandarin and Baoding. We show that Standard Mandarin does present a certain level of convergence with its geographical neighbour Baoding. However, these varieties also display significant divergences, as several lexical and discourse functions typically associated with classifier systems cannot be fulfilled by the only classifier found in Boading.
{"title":"The Diversity of Classifier Inventory in Mandarin Dialects: A Case Study of Baoding","authors":"NakHun Song, Marc Allassonnière-Tang","doi":"10.1163/19589514-05202001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/19589514-05202001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Our study compares Standard Mandarin (the Beijing dialect used in spoken and written registers) with the Mandarin dialect of Baoding (one of the Mandarin dialects belonging to the Jì-lŭ Mandarin group, Hebei-Shandong). Standard Mandarin and Baoding are geographically and phylogenetically closely related, but they differ in terms of their classifier system, as Standard Mandarin resorts to a wide array of sortal classifiers whereas Baoding only uses one general classifier. We first provide a detailed analysis of the unconventional classifier system in Baoding. Then, we compare the lexical and discourse functions of sortal classifiers in Standard Mandarin and Baoding. We show that Standard Mandarin does present a certain level of convergence with its geographical neighbour Baoding. However, these varieties also display significant divergences, as several lexical and discourse functions typically associated with classifier systems cannot be fulfilled by the only classifier found in Boading.","PeriodicalId":90499,"journal":{"name":"Faits de langues","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45659134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The traditional approach to Niger-Congo gender systems conflates the number markers of nouns and the gender-number markers of adnominals and pronouns into a single category of ‘class markers’. Using Jóola Fóoñi as an illustration, this paper discusses several types of phenomena commonly found in these systems that are problematic for the traditional notion of noun class and support the necessity of a revision of the conceptual and terminological framework commonly used in the description of Niger-Congo gender systems.
{"title":"Orphan Classes, Chameleon Stems, Ghost Controllers, Adverbial Classes, and Versatile Relativizers in Jóola Fóoñi (Atlantic)","authors":"Denis Creissels, Alain-Christian Bassène, Boubacar Sambou","doi":"10.1163/19589514-05202002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/19589514-05202002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The traditional approach to Niger-Congo gender systems conflates the number markers of nouns and the gender-number markers of adnominals and pronouns into a single category of ‘class markers’. Using Jóola Fóoñi as an illustration, this paper discusses several types of phenomena commonly found in these systems that are problematic for the traditional notion of noun class and support the necessity of a revision of the conceptual and terminological framework commonly used in the description of Niger-Congo gender systems.","PeriodicalId":90499,"journal":{"name":"Faits de langues","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45388020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-23DOI: 10.1163/19589514-05201007
E. Palancar
This paper tackles issues that involve distinguishing clefts from other monoclausal focus constructions when describing the syntax of lesser-known languages. I concentrate on Tilapa Otomi, which is, morphologically speaking, the most conservative language of the Otomi family from Mexico (Oto-Pamean; Oto-Manguean). I propose that Tilapa Otomi has (at least) two specialized focus constructions: one that is a biclausal, and which I analyze as a cleft construction, and another that is monoclausal, and it is thus not a cleft but which could be superficially mistaken to be a cleft with a zero copula. I use various syntactic tests to distinguish both constructions, which mainly involve word order and negation.
{"title":"Biclausal vs. monoclausal focus constructions in Tilapa Otomi","authors":"E. Palancar","doi":"10.1163/19589514-05201007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/19589514-05201007","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This paper tackles issues that involve distinguishing clefts from other monoclausal focus constructions when describing the syntax of lesser-known languages. I concentrate on Tilapa Otomi, which is, morphologically speaking, the most conservative language of the Otomi family from Mexico (Oto-Pamean; Oto-Manguean). I propose that Tilapa Otomi has (at least) two specialized focus constructions: one that is a biclausal, and which I analyze as a cleft construction, and another that is monoclausal, and it is thus not a cleft but which could be superficially mistaken to be a cleft with a zero copula. I use various syntactic tests to distinguish both constructions, which mainly involve word order and negation.","PeriodicalId":90499,"journal":{"name":"Faits de langues","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45594185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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