Pub Date : 2021-07-23DOI: 10.1163/19589514-05201012
R. Valin
This paper investigates a construction in Lakhota (Siouan, North America) to ascertain whether it has the properties of a cleft construction. The construction in question is marked by čha, a word-form that has numerous functions in the grammar. It is shown that the čha-construction in question has the properties of a cleft construction, even though the distribution of the focussed and presupposed material is the opposite of that in the usual cleft constructions. It is suggested that it is an inverted cleft construction.
本文调查了Lakhota (Siouan, North America)的一个结构，以确定它是否具有裂缝结构的性质。所讨论的结构用 ha标记，这是一种在语法中具有多种功能的词形。结果表明，尽管聚焦和预设材料的分布与通常的裂缝结构相反，但所讨论的 ha结构具有裂缝结构的性质。有人认为这是一个倒立的裂缝结构。
{"title":"An unusual cleft construction in Lakhota (Siouan, North America)","authors":"R. Valin","doi":"10.1163/19589514-05201012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/19589514-05201012","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This paper investigates a construction in Lakhota (Siouan, North America) to ascertain whether it has the properties of a cleft construction. The construction in question is marked by čha, a word-form that has numerous functions in the grammar. It is shown that the čha-construction in question has the properties of a cleft construction, even though the distribution of the focussed and presupposed material is the opposite of that in the usual cleft constructions. It is suggested that it is an inverted cleft construction.","PeriodicalId":90499,"journal":{"name":"Faits de langues","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41419767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-07DOI: 10.1163/19589514-05102007
Maximilien Guérin
The Wolof (Atlantic, Niger-Congo) numeral system is decimal, with an additive pivot 5. This means that there are special words for the numbers 1 to 5, but that 6, 7, 8 and 9 are formed by 5 + one unit (1, 2, 3, 4 respectively). From 10 onwards, the count starts again. The system is very regular, as only 20 and 30 have unpredictable forms. In addition, despite the relative genetic proximity between the members of the Atlantic family, the numeral systems of these languages display many differences, in particular with regard to the structure of complex numbers. This article provides a detailed description of the Wolof numeral system (list and status of lexical units, morphosyntactic structure of complex numbers), as well as a comparison with the systems of other Atlantic languages.
{"title":"Système de numération en wolof : description et comparaison avec les autres langues atlantiques","authors":"Maximilien Guérin","doi":"10.1163/19589514-05102007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/19589514-05102007","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The Wolof (Atlantic, Niger-Congo) numeral system is decimal, with an additive pivot 5. This means that there are special words for the numbers 1 to 5, but that 6, 7, 8 and 9 are formed by 5 + one unit (1, 2, 3, 4 respectively). From 10 onwards, the count starts again. The system is very regular, as only 20 and 30 have unpredictable forms. In addition, despite the relative genetic proximity between the members of the Atlantic family, the numeral systems of these languages display many differences, in particular with regard to the structure of complex numbers.\u0000This article provides a detailed description of the Wolof numeral system (list and status of lexical units, morphosyntactic structure of complex numbers), as well as a comparison with the systems of other Atlantic languages.","PeriodicalId":90499,"journal":{"name":"Faits de langues","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45014740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-07DOI: 10.1163/19589514-05102009
Hyunjung Son, K. Nam
This article aims to examine the Korean connective -ko, which is generally considered an equivalent of the French connective et. The connective -ko is semantically polyvalent, having several interpretations such as enumeration, temporal succession, simultaneity, causality, and manner. In this article, we examine the expression of “manner” by the connective -ko on the hypothesis that such interpretation is derived from the temporal function of simultaneity of -ko. We introduce two main functions of -ko, temporal connection and simple connection by contiguity and then show how the temporal function interacts with the aspectual properties of propositions connected by -ko to generate the interpretation of manner.
{"title":"Fonctionnement sémantique du connecteur coréen -ko : temporalité, aspectualité et manière","authors":"Hyunjung Son, K. Nam","doi":"10.1163/19589514-05102009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/19589514-05102009","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article aims to examine the Korean connective -ko, which is generally considered an equivalent of the French connective et. The connective -ko is semantically polyvalent, having several interpretations such as enumeration, temporal succession, simultaneity, causality, and manner. In this article, we examine the expression of “manner” by the connective -ko on the hypothesis that such interpretation is derived from the temporal function of simultaneity of -ko. We introduce two main functions of -ko, temporal connection and simple connection by contiguity and then show how the temporal function interacts with the aspectual properties of propositions connected by -ko to generate the interpretation of manner.","PeriodicalId":90499,"journal":{"name":"Faits de langues","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44369116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-07DOI: 10.1163/19589514-05102003
Carmen González
The Quechuan and Aymaran numeral systems show strong similarities, e.g., they have a decimal base and thirteen simple lexemes (simple cardinal numerals). In the case of Quechuan, when forming compound cardinal numerals (namely, numerals with two or more simple lexemes), two distinct sets can be identified: in the first, the compound cardinals are the results of the juxtaposition of simple lexemes. In the second, to this juxtaposition are added nominal suffixes: /-yuq/ or /-n/ or /-wan/. This paper is focused on studying these two numeral Quechua sets involving both diachronic and geographical considerations, and puts forward the hypothesis that nominal suffixes presence in one of them is a consequence of its intense contact with the other great Andean linguistic family, the Aymara. Indeed, Aymaran in all its components, as will be described, adds nominal suffixes to its compound cardinals similarly to the Quechua suffixal numeral set.
{"title":"Les systèmes numéraux en quechua et en aymara : une histoire de suffixes","authors":"Carmen González","doi":"10.1163/19589514-05102003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/19589514-05102003","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The Quechuan and Aymaran numeral systems show strong similarities, e.g., they have a decimal base and thirteen simple lexemes (simple cardinal numerals). In the case of Quechuan, when forming compound cardinal numerals (namely, numerals with two or more simple lexemes), two distinct sets can be identified: in the first, the compound cardinals are the results of the juxtaposition of simple lexemes. In the second, to this juxtaposition are added nominal suffixes: /-yuq/ or /-n/ or /-wan/. This paper is focused on studying these two numeral Quechua sets involving both diachronic and geographical considerations, and puts forward the hypothesis that nominal suffixes presence in one of them is a consequence of its intense contact with the other great Andean linguistic family, the Aymara. Indeed, Aymaran in all its components, as will be described, adds nominal suffixes to its compound cardinals similarly to the Quechua suffixal numeral set.","PeriodicalId":90499,"journal":{"name":"Faits de langues","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47267248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-07DOI: 10.1163/19589514-05102005
M. Thouvenot
The vigesimal Nahuatl numeration has been well known, in language, since the 16th century. But its graphic expression in pictographic writing is less well known. It is this difference that this text seeks to reduce, by presenting, jointly, the writing of the referential numeration and that which is denominative. The sources used - both pictographic and alphabetic – are diverse both spatially and temporally. They come from Mexico-Tenochtitlan as well as from nearby but distinct localities such as Texcoco, Chalco or the Puebla region. Some sources are probably close to the time of the Conquest, while others were written a century later. For the purposes of this presentation everything has been put together. This therefore represents the state of numeration and its writing over a period of a century after the Conquest and over a wide area. It would, of course, be desirable to have a more precise view of the local forms and developments that occurred during this century, because it is inconceivable that the brutality of the shock of conquest and colonization had no effect on the system that the Nahuatl language and its pictographic writing constituted, especially in the field of numeration.
{"title":"La numération cardinale en nahuatl, aux XVIe-XVIIe siècles","authors":"M. Thouvenot","doi":"10.1163/19589514-05102005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/19589514-05102005","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The vigesimal Nahuatl numeration has been well known, in language, since the 16th century. But its graphic expression in pictographic writing is less well known. It is this difference that this text seeks to reduce, by presenting, jointly, the writing of the referential numeration and that which is denominative. The sources used - both pictographic and alphabetic – are diverse both spatially and temporally. They come from Mexico-Tenochtitlan as well as from nearby but distinct localities such as Texcoco, Chalco or the Puebla region. Some sources are probably close to the time of the Conquest, while others were written a century later.\u0000For the purposes of this presentation everything has been put together. This therefore represents the state of numeration and its writing over a period of a century after the Conquest and over a wide area. It would, of course, be desirable to have a more precise view of the local forms and developments that occurred during this century, because it is inconceivable that the brutality of the shock of conquest and colonization had no effect on the system that the Nahuatl language and its pictographic writing constituted, especially in the field of numeration.","PeriodicalId":90499,"journal":{"name":"Faits de langues","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45837617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-07DOI: 10.1163/19589514-05102004
Jean-Michel Hoppan, S. Schwer
Overcounting is a neologism which was proposed in the late XXth century to define « the operation that designates a number by its orientation towards a boundary ». With a few examples taken from Asiatic languages, Mayan numerations from Central America are generally given as representative of this uncommon type of linguistic operation to build words for numbers. However, our analysis of the operative pattern in this kind of Mayan numeration (which has cohabited for many centuries with a more simply additive type of number construction) as well as the analysis of the data from pre-hispanic times and the colonial period brought us to question this definition, at least for Mayan languages. Our study indeed shows that the so-called “overcounting” system in Mayan numerations, if it was definitely present there a long time before the Europeans, was strongly associated to an aspect of the comput that sets to work an “encapsulation” of the vigesimal scores and where a number is actually not designated for its orientation towards the higher boundary but where the aim is to process in a non-linear way following an “encapsulation of the numerical knots” and looking for a retrograde anteriority.
{"title":"De la protraction en maya?","authors":"Jean-Michel Hoppan, S. Schwer","doi":"10.1163/19589514-05102004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/19589514-05102004","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Overcounting is a neologism which was proposed in the late XXth century to define « the operation that designates a number by its orientation towards a boundary ». With a few examples taken from Asiatic languages, Mayan numerations from Central America are generally given as representative of this uncommon type of linguistic operation to build words for numbers.\u0000However, our analysis of the operative pattern in this kind of Mayan numeration (which has cohabited for many centuries with a more simply additive type of number construction) as well as the analysis of the data from pre-hispanic times and the colonial period brought us to question this definition, at least for Mayan languages. Our study indeed shows that the so-called “overcounting” system in Mayan numerations, if it was definitely present there a long time before the Europeans, was strongly associated to an aspect of the comput that sets to work an “encapsulation” of the vigesimal scores and where a number is actually not designated for its orientation towards the higher boundary but where the aim is to process in a non-linear way following an “encapsulation of the numerical knots” and looking for a retrograde anteriority.","PeriodicalId":90499,"journal":{"name":"Faits de langues","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42581530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-07DOI: 10.1163/19589514-05102010
Gabriel Thiberge, Flora Badin, Loïc Liégeois
In this paper we report and analyse data from the ESLO corpus of oral French, constituted during two time periods (1960–2010), allowing for an in-depth exploration of French partial interrogatives under a refined sociolinguistic perspective. With an original methodology for extracting the data we were able to create several subcorpora based on age of the speakers, interactive context and time period. The combination of all the data and the use of raw frequencies as well as Bayesian modeling shed new light on the variation available to French native speakers as to how they can structure a partial interrogative (position of the interrogative element, verb-subject inversion, “est-ce que” idiom). This variation has evolved throughout the 20th century, and both the social group (age) of the speaker and perceived characteristics of the context of interaction combine in different ways to weigh on what type of partial interrogative people will use.
在本文中，我们报告并分析了两个时期（1960-2010年）的法语口语ESLO语料库中的数据，以便从精细的社会语言学角度对法语部分疑问句进行深入探索。通过提取数据的原始方法，我们能够根据说话者的年龄、互动背景和时间段创建几个子公司。所有数据的结合、原始频率的使用以及贝叶斯建模，为法语母语人士如何构建部分疑问句（疑问句元素的位置、动主语倒置、“est ce que”习语）提供了新的线索。这种变化在整个20世纪都在演变，说话者的社会群体（年龄）和互动背景的感知特征以不同的方式结合在一起，来衡量人们将使用哪种类型的部分疑问句。
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Pub Date : 2021-04-07DOI: 10.1163/19589514-05102006
M. Mahieu
Although the Inuit numeration system has no structural limits, its actual use is limited to concrete situations where the quantities involved are small. In Inuktitut (Inuit dialects of the Canadian Eastern Arctic), this system has traditionally had very little use in measuring the passage of time. As a result of contact with Westerners, the situation has partially changed, as shown by the expression of the days of the week and the time of the day. This article presents the essential data relevant to the dialect of Nunavik (Arctic Quebec).
{"title":"Numération et repérage temporel en inuktitut du Nunavik","authors":"M. Mahieu","doi":"10.1163/19589514-05102006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/19589514-05102006","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Although the Inuit numeration system has no structural limits, its actual use is limited to concrete situations where the quantities involved are small. In Inuktitut (Inuit dialects of the Canadian Eastern Arctic), this system has traditionally had very little use in measuring the passage of time. As a result of contact with Westerners, the situation has partially changed, as shown by the expression of the days of the week and the time of the day. This article presents the essential data relevant to the dialect of Nunavik (Arctic Quebec).","PeriodicalId":90499,"journal":{"name":"Faits de langues","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44371050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-07DOI: 10.1163/19589514-05102002
S. Schwer, Jean‑Michel Hoppan
{"title":"Temps et systèmes de numération","authors":"S. Schwer, Jean‑Michel Hoppan","doi":"10.1163/19589514-05102002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/19589514-05102002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":90499,"journal":{"name":"Faits de langues","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43555203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-07DOI: 10.1163/19589514-05102008
D. Gaatone
Rather than a subordinating conjunction, French que is an “embedder”, a “nominalizer”, since it can introduce a subject clause, where there is neither linking, nor subordination. It makes it possible to transform a sentence into the component of a sentence, functioning as a nominal. In some contexts, que is not allowed, for instance, with certain prepositions, and is then replaced by ce que and le fait que/de, his poor relations (“parents pauvres”), less investigated, and functioning as free or contextual variants. Ce que behaves like a single word, a grammatical instrument, devoid of any meaning, while le fait que/de allow insertions and keep some of their original meaning, which accounts for their incompatibility with non factive contexts.
法语中的que不是从属连词，而是一个“嵌入词”，一个“名词化词”，因为它可以引入一个既没有连接也没有从属关系的主语从句。它可以将一个句子转化为一个句子的组成部分，作为一个名词。例如，在某些上下文中，que不允许与某些介词连用，然后被ce que和le fait que/de，他的穷亲戚(“父母pauvres”)所取代，较少被研究，并作为自由或上下文变体发挥作用。Ce que的行为就像一个单独的词，一个没有任何意义的语法工具，而le fait que/de允许插入并保留一些原意，这就是它们与非活动上下文不相容的原因。
{"title":"Les parents pauvres de la nominalisation en français","authors":"D. Gaatone","doi":"10.1163/19589514-05102008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/19589514-05102008","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Rather than a subordinating conjunction, French que is an “embedder”, a “nominalizer”, since it can introduce a subject clause, where there is neither linking, nor subordination. It makes it possible to transform a sentence into the component of a sentence, functioning as a nominal. In some contexts, que is not allowed, for instance, with certain prepositions, and is then replaced by ce que and le fait que/de, his poor relations (“parents pauvres”), less investigated, and functioning as free or contextual variants. Ce que behaves like a single word, a grammatical instrument, devoid of any meaning, while le fait que/de allow insertions and keep some of their original meaning, which accounts for their incompatibility with non factive contexts.","PeriodicalId":90499,"journal":{"name":"Faits de langues","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43122372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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