Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD) impose a substantial global health burden, yet the joint impact of arterial stiffness and depression on their incidence remains underexplored.
Methods
This cohort study analyzed adults aged ≥45 years from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (2011–2018). Participants with baseline COPD or missing data were excluded. Cox proportional hazards models assessed associations, while mediation analysis evaluated bidirectional roles of the estimated pulse wave velocity (ePWV) and 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD-10) in new-onset COPD.
Results
Over 7 years, 718 participants developed COPD. ePWV (HR = 1.11, P < 0.0001) and depression (HR = 1.63, P < 0.0001) independently increased risk, with the highest hazard in comorbid cases (HR = 2.17, P < 0.0001). ePWV mediated 1.7% of depression's effect, while depression mediated 4.8% of ePWV's impact (P < 0.05).
Conclusion
Higher ePWV and depressive symptoms were independently associated with incident chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The observed mediation effects were statistically significant but small in magnitude and should be interpreted as exploratory rather than clinically meaningful. These findings are hypothesis-generating and warrant confirmation using objective measurements and causal study designs.
背景：慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）造成了巨大的全球健康负担，但动脉僵硬和抑郁对其发病率的共同影响仍未得到充分探讨。方法：本队列研究分析了中国健康与退休纵向研究（2011-2018）中年龄≥45岁的成年人。基线COPD或数据缺失的参与者被排除在外。Cox比例风险模型评估了相关性，而中介分析评估了估计脉搏波速度（ePWV）和10项流行病学研究中心抑郁量表（csd -10）在新发COPD中的双向作用。结果：在7年多的时间里，718名参与者患上了COPD。ePWV （HR = 1.11, P < 0.0001）和抑郁（HR = 1.63, P < 0.0001）分别增加了患者的风险，其中合并症患者的风险最高（HR = 2.17, P < 0.0001）。ePWV介导抑郁效应的1.7%，抑郁介导ePWV影响的4.8% （P < 0.05）。结论：高ePWV和抑郁症状与慢性阻塞性肺疾病的发生独立相关。观察到的中介效应具有统计学意义，但幅度较小，应解释为探索性而非临床意义。这些发现是假设的产生和保证确认使用客观测量和因果研究设计。
{"title":"Joint Association of Arterial Stiffness and Depression With New-Onset Self-Reported Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Among Elderly Chinese Population","authors":"Qinqin Shen, Xingyun Zhu, Yu-Jun Xiong, Tianshui Li, Tian Lv, Hongxia Wang","doi":"10.1002/brb3.71200","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.71200","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD) impose a substantial global health burden, yet the joint impact of arterial stiffness and depression on their incidence remains underexplored.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This cohort study analyzed adults aged ≥45 years from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (2011–2018). Participants with baseline COPD or missing data were excluded. Cox proportional hazards models assessed associations, while mediation analysis evaluated bidirectional roles of the estimated pulse wave velocity (ePWV) and 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD-10) in new-onset COPD.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Over 7 years, 718 participants developed COPD. ePWV (HR = 1.11, <i>P</i> < 0.0001) and depression (HR = 1.63, <i>P</i> < 0.0001) independently increased risk, with the highest hazard in comorbid cases (HR = 2.17, <i>P</i> < 0.0001). ePWV mediated 1.7% of depression's effect, while depression mediated 4.8% of ePWV's impact (<i>P</i> < 0.05).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Higher ePWV and depressive symptoms were independently associated with incident chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The observed mediation effects were statistically significant but small in magnitude and should be interpreted as exploratory rather than clinically meaningful. These findings are hypothesis-generating and warrant confirmation using objective measurements and causal study designs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12816158/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146002858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<div> <section> <h3> Background</h3> <p>Beyond the primary lesion, spinal cord injury (SCI) induces secondary neuroinflammation in the frontal cortex, a critical factor exacerbating neural damage and impeding functional recovery. This remote inflammatory response is predominantly regulated by the HMGB1/TLR4 signaling pathway. While electroacupuncture (EA) shows therapeutic promise, whether its efficacy is causally dependent on modulating this supraspinal inflammation remains unproven. This study investigated whether EA promotes functional recovery by suppressing the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway in the frontal cortex of rats with SCI.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Methods</h3> <p>One hundred and fifty adult male rats were randomly assigned to Sham, SCI, EA, SCI+ HMGB1 Inhibitor (I), and SCI + EA + HMGB1 Inhibitor (EA + I) groups. Functional recovery was assessed at 1, 7, 14, and 28 days post-SCI using Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scores and the inclined plate test. Frontal cortex tissue was analyzed at 7, 14, and 28 days post-injury for proteins in the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway, TNF-α (via Western blot and immunofluorescence), and microglial activation (Iba-1 via immunofluorescence). The mRNA levels of these targets were assessed by qPCR at 7 and 28 days. Spinal cord tissue was evaluated for axonal integrity (NF200 via immunofluorescence) and for motor neuron survival (Nissl staining) at 28 days post-injury.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Results</h3> <p>EA treatment significantly improved locomotor and postural recovery compared to the SCI group. Concurrently, EA suppressed the SCI-induced upregulation of HMGB1, TLR4, NF-κB, and TNF-α in the brain throughout the subacute (Day 7), transition (Day 14), and chronic (Day 28) phases, thereby inhibiting microglial activation. This neuroprotective effect was accompanied by spinal motor neuron survival and axonal integrity. The co-administration of an HMGB1 inhibitor with EA established the pathway's necessity by showing that the resulting potentiation of therapeutic outcomes positions the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB axis as a central mechanism for EA.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Conclusion</h3> <p>EA effectively ameliorates motor dysfunction following SCI by attenuating neuroinflammation in the frontal cortex. The underlying mechanism is causally linked to the downregulation of the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signaling axis. The enhanced neuroprotection observed when combining EA with HMGB1 inhibition validates this signaling axis as the primary and essential target for EA's therapeutic effects in SCI management.</p>
背景：除了原发损伤外，脊髓损伤（SCI）还会在额叶皮层诱发继发性神经炎症，这是加剧神经损伤和阻碍功能恢复的关键因素。这种远程炎症反应主要由HMGB1/TLR4信号通路调节。虽然电针（EA）显示出治疗前景，但其疗效是否与调节这种棘上炎症有因果关系仍未得到证实。本研究探讨EA是否通过抑制脊髓损伤大鼠额叶皮质HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB通路促进功能恢复。方法：150只成年雄性大鼠随机分为Sham组、SCI组、EA组、SCI+ HMGB1 Inhibitor (I)组和SCI+ EA + HMGB1 Inhibitor （EA + I）组。使用Basso， Beattie, and Bresnahan （BBB）评分和斜板测试评估脊髓损伤后1、7、14和28天的功能恢复情况。在损伤后7、14和28天分析额叶皮质组织中HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB通路、TNF-α（通过Western blot和免疫荧光）和小胶质细胞活化（通过免疫荧光）中的蛋白。在第7天和第28天通过qPCR评估这些靶点的mRNA水平。损伤后28天脊髓组织轴突完整性（免疫荧光法检测NF200）和运动神经元存活（尼氏染色法检测）。结果：与SCI组相比，EA治疗显著改善了运动和姿势恢复。同时，EA在亚急性期（第7天）、转化期（第14天）和慢性期（第28天）抑制scii诱导的脑组织HMGB1、TLR4、NF-κB和TNF-α的上调，从而抑制小胶质细胞的激活。这种神经保护作用伴随着脊髓运动神经元的存活和轴突的完整性。HMGB1抑制剂与EA的联合应用证实了这一通路的必要性，表明由此产生的治疗效果增强表明HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB轴是EA的主要机制。结论：EA通过减轻额叶皮层的神经炎症有效改善脊髓损伤后的运动功能障碍。其潜在机制与HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB信号轴下调有因果关系。当EA联合HMGB1抑制时观察到增强的神经保护作用，验证了该信号轴是EA治疗SCI治疗效果的主要和必要靶点。
{"title":"Targeting the Spinal Cord-Brain Axis: Electroacupuncture Mitigates Remote Frontal Cortex Neuroinflammation via HMGB1/TLR4 to Aid Functional Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury","authors":"Yu Ning, Xin Hao, Phattharapon Rattanasakon, Yifei Dong, Ying Yang, Keduo Liu, Yuting Lin, Suhua Shi, Yuping Mo, Zhigang Li","doi":"10.1002/brb3.71215","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.71215","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Beyond the primary lesion, spinal cord injury (SCI) induces secondary neuroinflammation in the frontal cortex, a critical factor exacerbating neural damage and impeding functional recovery. This remote inflammatory response is predominantly regulated by the HMGB1/TLR4 signaling pathway. While electroacupuncture (EA) shows therapeutic promise, whether its efficacy is causally dependent on modulating this supraspinal inflammation remains unproven. This study investigated whether EA promotes functional recovery by suppressing the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway in the frontal cortex of rats with SCI.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>One hundred and fifty adult male rats were randomly assigned to Sham, SCI, EA, SCI+ HMGB1 Inhibitor (I), and SCI + EA + HMGB1 Inhibitor (EA + I) groups. Functional recovery was assessed at 1, 7, 14, and 28 days post-SCI using Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scores and the inclined plate test. Frontal cortex tissue was analyzed at 7, 14, and 28 days post-injury for proteins in the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway, TNF-α (via Western blot and immunofluorescence), and microglial activation (Iba-1 via immunofluorescence). The mRNA levels of these targets were assessed by qPCR at 7 and 28 days. Spinal cord tissue was evaluated for axonal integrity (NF200 via immunofluorescence) and for motor neuron survival (Nissl staining) at 28 days post-injury.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>EA treatment significantly improved locomotor and postural recovery compared to the SCI group. Concurrently, EA suppressed the SCI-induced upregulation of HMGB1, TLR4, NF-κB, and TNF-α in the brain throughout the subacute (Day 7), transition (Day 14), and chronic (Day 28) phases, thereby inhibiting microglial activation. This neuroprotective effect was accompanied by spinal motor neuron survival and axonal integrity. The co-administration of an HMGB1 inhibitor with EA established the pathway's necessity by showing that the resulting potentiation of therapeutic outcomes positions the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB axis as a central mechanism for EA.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>EA effectively ameliorates motor dysfunction following SCI by attenuating neuroinflammation in the frontal cortex. The underlying mechanism is causally linked to the downregulation of the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signaling axis. The enhanced neuroprotection observed when combining EA with HMGB1 inhibition validates this signaling axis as the primary and essential target for EA's therapeutic effects in SCI management.</p>\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12816758/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146002840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While previous studies link larger ischemic penumbra volumes to worse AIS outcomes, clinical results are inconsistent. This study seeks to explore how baseline mismatch volume (a proxy for ischemic penumbra) relates to 90-day AIS prognosis and the mediating role of inflammatory markers herein.
Methods
This study conducted a retrospective analysis of 473 patients with AIS. Logistic regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis were used to evaluate the relationship between baseline mismatch volume and poor 90-day outcomes. The mediating role of inflammatory markers was assessed using the bootstrap method. Participants were divided into four groups based on baseline mismatch volume and outcome to further explore the role of inflammation in ischemic penumbra volume and poor outcome.
Results
Logistic regression analysis showed that baseline mismatch volume was significantly associated with poor outcomes at 90 days (OR = 1.04 [95% CI, 1.01–1.06]; p < 0.01), and RCS curve analysis showed a linear relationship between the two (p > 0.05). Inflammatory markers partially mediated the relationship between the two (NLR: 22.9%, MLR: 17.5%, PNR: 27.4%). In addition, a small number of patients with large mismatch volumes had good outcomes, while patients with small mismatch volumes had poor outcomes, which was significantly related to the severity of their inflammatory response (p < 0.001).
Conclusion
Larger baseline mismatch volume, higher NLR and MLR, and lower PNR were significantly associated with poor outcomes in patients with 90-day AIS. It is worth noting that in some cases with smaller mismatch volume, patients with high NLR and MLR and low PNR still had poor outcomes. Some patients with low NLR and MLR, and high PNR still experienced favorable outcomes, even with larger mismatch volumes. These findings suggest that AIS prognosis is not solely determined by baseline mismatch volume but is also significantly influenced by systemic inflammatory responses.
{"title":"Inflammatory Markers Mediate the Prognosis of Baseline Mismatch Volume and 90-Day Outcomes in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients","authors":"Lianhong Ji, Xinyu Xu, Peian Liu, Li Li, Jiale Gan, Junqi Liao, Yongxing Deng, Hui Jiang, Yunfei Han, Wenlei Li, Yuan Zhu, Minghua Wu","doi":"10.1002/brb3.71219","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.71219","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>While previous studies link larger ischemic penumbra volumes to worse AIS outcomes, clinical results are inconsistent. This study seeks to explore how baseline mismatch volume (a proxy for ischemic penumbra) relates to 90-day AIS prognosis and the mediating role of inflammatory markers herein.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study conducted a retrospective analysis of 473 patients with AIS. Logistic regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis were used to evaluate the relationship between baseline mismatch volume and poor 90-day outcomes. The mediating role of inflammatory markers was assessed using the bootstrap method. Participants were divided into four groups based on baseline mismatch volume and outcome to further explore the role of inflammation in ischemic penumbra volume and poor outcome.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Logistic regression analysis showed that baseline mismatch volume was significantly associated with poor outcomes at 90 days (OR = 1.04 [95% CI, 1.01–1.06]; <i>p</i> < 0.01), and RCS curve analysis showed a linear relationship between the two (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Inflammatory markers partially mediated the relationship between the two (NLR: 22.9%, MLR: 17.5%, PNR: 27.4%). In addition, a small number of patients with large mismatch volumes had good outcomes, while patients with small mismatch volumes had poor outcomes, which was significantly related to the severity of their inflammatory response (<i>p</i> < 0.001).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Larger baseline mismatch volume, higher NLR and MLR, and lower PNR were significantly associated with poor outcomes in patients with 90-day AIS. It is worth noting that in some cases with smaller mismatch volume, patients with high NLR and MLR and low PNR still had poor outcomes. Some patients with low NLR and MLR, and high PNR still experienced favorable outcomes, even with larger mismatch volumes. These findings suggest that AIS prognosis is not solely determined by baseline mismatch volume but is also significantly influenced by systemic inflammatory responses.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12816761/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146003408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ye Wenhao, Wu Huan, Zou Xiaoyun, Yang Yuanyuan, Bi Junlei, Liu Changqing, Zhao Mengyi, Zhang Yuyuan, Lu Jin, Wen Hebao, Ma Caiyun
Background
NSUN5 is a conserved RNA methyltransferase whose oncogenic role has been demonstrated in various cancers. However, its function and prognostic value in gliomas remain unclear.
Methods
In this study, we systematically analyzed the expression and functional associations of NSUN5 in glioma using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) databases. A total of 117 machine learning algorithm combinations were employed to construct and validate a prognostic model for glioma patients. In addition, in vitro experiments were performed to further validate the expression and biological functions of NSUN5.
Results
NSUN5 expression is significantly upregulated in glioma and is positively associated with tumor malignancy and poor prognosis. Immune infiltration analysis revealed a marked increase in M2 macrophages in the NSUN5 high-expression group, and NSUN5 levels were positively correlated with the expression of multiple inhibitory immune checkpoints. In addition, drug sensitivity analysis and molecular docking suggested that NSUN5 may influence the response to Olaparib. Finally, based on NSUN5-associated genes, we constructed 117 machine learning models and identified the optimal prognostic model, STRICOM, which demonstrated robust predictive performance for patient survival.
Conclusion
High NSUN5 expression is closely associated with poor prognosis in glioma patients, highlighting its potential as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target.
{"title":"NSUN5 as a Prognostic Biomarker Correlates with Malignant Phenotype and Therapeutic Target in Glioma","authors":"Ye Wenhao, Wu Huan, Zou Xiaoyun, Yang Yuanyuan, Bi Junlei, Liu Changqing, Zhao Mengyi, Zhang Yuyuan, Lu Jin, Wen Hebao, Ma Caiyun","doi":"10.1002/brb3.71211","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.71211","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>NSUN5 is a conserved RNA methyltransferase whose oncogenic role has been demonstrated in various cancers. However, its function and prognostic value in gliomas remain unclear.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this study, we systematically analyzed the expression and functional associations of NSUN5 in glioma using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) databases. A total of 117 machine learning algorithm combinations were employed to construct and validate a prognostic model for glioma patients. In addition, in vitro experiments were performed to further validate the expression and biological functions of NSUN5.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>NSUN5 expression is significantly upregulated in glioma and is positively associated with tumor malignancy and poor prognosis. Immune infiltration analysis revealed a marked increase in M2 macrophages in the NSUN5 high-expression group, and NSUN5 levels were positively correlated with the expression of multiple inhibitory immune checkpoints. In addition, drug sensitivity analysis and molecular docking suggested that NSUN5 may influence the response to Olaparib. Finally, based on NSUN5-associated genes, we constructed 117 machine learning models and identified the optimal prognostic model, STRICOM, which demonstrated robust predictive performance for patient survival.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>High NSUN5 expression is closely associated with poor prognosis in glioma patients, highlighting its potential as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12816160/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146002898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) is a major cause of stroke and cognitive decline. While classical cardiovascular risk factors are well-established contributors to overall cSVD burden, the effect of physical activity (PA) is not fully understood. This study aims to investigate the association between PA and cSVD in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS).
Methods
This is a post hoc analysis of data from two randomized stroke trials. cSVD burden was quantified on acute admission magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) markers (microbleeds, lacunes, white matter hyperintensities, and atrophy) with scores ranging 0–4. Pre-stroke PA was assessed by admission questionnaire and categorized into quartiles (first quartile is lowest PA level). Association of PA and cSVD burden was analyzed using ordinal logistic regression.
Results
A total of 762 patients with AIS were included. The median (IQR) age was 71 (62, 79), and 279 (37 %) were females. Patients with a cSVD score of 0 constitutes 26%, 38%, 43%, and 57%, through the first to fourth PA quartile. Analyses adjusting for age and sex of higher cSVD score showed the odds ratios of 0.64 (confidence intervals: 0.44–0.93) in the second PA quartile, 0.79 (0.53–1.16) in the third, and 0.51 (0.33–0.76) in the fourth quartile compared to the first and lowest quartile. Multivariable analysis showed 0.63 (0.43–0.93) in second, 0.86 (0.57–1.29) in third, and 0.56 (0.36–0.87) in fourth quartile compared to the first quartile, adjusting for sex, age, lifestyle factors, cardiovascular disease, and pre-stroke functional impairment.
Conclusion
Among patients with AIS, we found a statistically significant association between the highest PA quartile and lower cSVD burden. The direction of causality cannot be determined due to the study design, but warrants further testing in randomized trials.
{"title":"Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Burden in Acute Ischemic Stroke and the Role of Physical Activity: Cross-Sectional Study","authors":"Andreas Gammelgaard Damsbo, Rolf Ankerlund Blauenfeldt, Sigrid Breinholt Vestergaard, Niels Lech Pedersen, Kim Morgenstjerne Ørskov, Mette Foldager Hindsholm, Arzu Bilgin-Freiert, Claus Ziegler Simonsen, Søren Paaske Johnsen, Rikke Beese Dalby, Grethe Andersen, Janne Kaergaard Mortensen","doi":"10.1002/brb3.71165","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.71165","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) is a major cause of stroke and cognitive decline. While classical cardiovascular risk factors are well-established contributors to overall cSVD burden, the effect of physical activity (PA) is not fully understood. This study aims to investigate the association between PA and cSVD in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This is a post hoc analysis of data from two randomized stroke trials. cSVD burden was quantified on acute admission magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) markers (microbleeds, lacunes, white matter hyperintensities, and atrophy) with scores ranging 0–4. Pre-stroke PA was assessed by admission questionnaire and categorized into quartiles (first quartile is lowest PA level). Association of PA and cSVD burden was analyzed using ordinal logistic regression.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 762 patients with AIS were included. The median (IQR) age was 71 (62, 79), and 279 (37 %) were females. Patients with a cSVD score of 0 constitutes 26%, 38%, 43%, and 57%, through the first to fourth PA quartile. Analyses adjusting for age and sex of higher cSVD score showed the odds ratios of 0.64 (confidence intervals: 0.44–0.93) in the second PA quartile, 0.79 (0.53–1.16) in the third, and 0.51 (0.33–0.76) in the fourth quartile compared to the first and lowest quartile. Multivariable analysis showed 0.63 (0.43–0.93) in second, 0.86 (0.57–1.29) in third, and 0.56 (0.36–0.87) in fourth quartile compared to the first quartile, adjusting for sex, age, lifestyle factors, cardiovascular disease, and pre-stroke functional impairment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Among patients with AIS, we found a statistically significant association between the highest PA quartile and lower cSVD burden. The direction of causality cannot be determined due to the study design, but warrants further testing in randomized trials.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12813408/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145997161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jie Fu, Lilei Peng, Jinglun Li, Jun Liu, Shan Zeng
Background
Status epilepticus (SE) is a serious neuro-emergency that is often associated with unfavorable outcomes. It is known that inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of SE, and various inflammatory markers have been suggested to be related to SE prognosis. Monocyte-to-albumin ratio (MAR), a novel biomarker of systemic inflammation, is derived from monocyte count and albumin levels. In this study, we sought to explore whether MAR could serve as a predictor of functional outcomes in SE.
Methods
This retrospective study collected the data of adult patients with SE. Functional outcomes of SE patients were evaluated by using the Modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the association of MAR with SE outcomes. Moreover, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was carried out to determine the optimal MAR threshold for predicting poor SE outcomes.
Results
This study included 163 SE patients. Poor outcome at discharge was observed in 39.3% (64/163). Multivariate analysis showed that higher MAR at admission was independently related to unfavorable outcomes of SE patients (odds ratio: 1.092; 95% confidence interval, 1.023–1.166; p = 0.008). ROC curve analysis demonstrated that MAR could predict poor SE outcomes, with an area under the curve of 0.717 (95% CI: 0.638–0.795, p < 0.001). The optimal predictive cutoff point of MAR for poor SE outcomes was 13.78 (sensitivity 59.38%, specificity 73.74%).
Conclusion
Higher MAR at admission is closely correlated with an elevated risk of poor functional outcomes at discharge of SE patients. Our data suggest that MAR may be a promising and easily measurable marker for predicting short-term SE outcomes.
{"title":"Monocyte-to-Albumin Ratio Predicts the Functional Outcome of Adults With Status Epilepticus: An Observational Study","authors":"Jie Fu, Lilei Peng, Jinglun Li, Jun Liu, Shan Zeng","doi":"10.1002/brb3.71204","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.71204","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Status epilepticus (SE) is a serious neuro-emergency that is often associated with unfavorable outcomes. It is known that inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of SE, and various inflammatory markers have been suggested to be related to SE prognosis. Monocyte-to-albumin ratio (MAR), a novel biomarker of systemic inflammation, is derived from monocyte count and albumin levels. In this study, we sought to explore whether MAR could serve as a predictor of functional outcomes in SE.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This retrospective study collected the data of adult patients with SE. Functional outcomes of SE patients were evaluated by using the Modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the association of MAR with SE outcomes. Moreover, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was carried out to determine the optimal MAR threshold for predicting poor SE outcomes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study included 163 SE patients. Poor outcome at discharge was observed in 39.3% (64/163). Multivariate analysis showed that higher MAR at admission was independently related to unfavorable outcomes of SE patients (odds ratio: 1.092; 95% confidence interval, 1.023–1.166; <i>p</i> = 0.008). ROC curve analysis demonstrated that MAR could predict poor SE outcomes, with an area under the curve of 0.717 (95% CI: 0.638–0.795, <i>p</i> < 0.001). The optimal predictive cutoff point of MAR for poor SE outcomes was 13.78 (sensitivity 59.38%, specificity 73.74%).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Higher MAR at admission is closely correlated with an elevated risk of poor functional outcomes at discharge of SE patients. Our data suggest that MAR may be a promising and easily measurable marker for predicting short-term SE outcomes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12808917/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145988261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Acute stress has complex effects on executive function and social behavior; however, the direction of these effects is inconsistent across studies, and the underlying neural mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study investigated the behavioral and neural effects of acute stress on executive function and dyadic cooperation and their relationships.
Methods
Eighty-six healthy male undergraduates (18–25 years) were randomly assigned to stress (n = 44; Trier Social Stress Test for Groups [TSST-G]) or control groups (n = 42; placebo TSST-G). The participants completed executive function tasks (3-back, Go/Nogo, Stroop, and task-switching) and cooperative button-pressing tasks pre- and postintervention, with a counterbalanced order. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was performed simultaneously.
Results
Stress impaired the practice-induced improvement in 3-back accuracy observed in the control group, although it did not significantly affect other performance metrics. During the 3-back, Stroop, task-switching, and cooperative tasks, increased and decreased prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation from baseline to postintervention were observed in the stress and control groups, respectively. Furthermore, greater bilateral dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) interbrain synchronization (IBS) changes during the cooperative task were observed in the stress group. Cognitive flexibility and cooperation were positively linked both behaviorally and neurally.
Conclusions
TSST-G-induced stress disrupted the learning-related enhancement of working memory; however, response inhibition, interference control, cognitive flexibility, and cooperative performance were preserved. The concurrent observation of trends toward increased neural activation and IBS under stress is compatible with, but does not prove, potential compensatory mechanisms. The identified neural and behavioral correlations point to a potential connection between executive and social processes under stress. We tentatively frame these exploratory observations within the “Executive–Social Function Coupling Hypothesis” as a heuristic model for future research. The implications of these preliminary findings are discussed.
背景：急性应激对执行功能和社会行为具有复杂的影响；然而，这些影响的方向在研究中是不一致的，潜在的神经机制仍然知之甚少。本研究探讨急性应激对执行功能和二元合作的行为和神经效应及其相互关系。方法：86名健康男性大学生（18-25岁）随机分为应激组（n = 44; Trier Social stress Test for Groups [TSST-G]）和对照组（n = 42；安慰剂TSST-G）。参与者在干预前和干预后以平衡顺序完成执行功能任务（3-back、Go/Nogo、Stroop和任务切换）和合作按键任务。同时进行功能近红外光谱（fNIRS）分析。结果：应激损害了在对照组中观察到的练习诱导的3-back准确性的改善，尽管它对其他表现指标没有显著影响。在3-back、Stroop、任务切换和合作任务中，应激组和对照组的前额叶皮层（PFC）激活从基线到干预后分别增加和减少。此外，应激组在合作任务中观察到更大的双侧背外侧PFC （DLPFC）脑间同步（IBS）变化。认知灵活性和合作在行为和神经上都是正相关的。结论：tsst - g诱导的应激破坏了学习相关的工作记忆增强；然而，反应抑制、干扰控制、认知灵活性和合作绩效得以保留。同时观察到神经激活增加和应激下IBS的趋势与潜在的补偿机制是相容的，但没有证明。已确定的神经和行为相关性表明，压力下的执行过程和社会过程之间存在潜在的联系。我们暂时将这些探索性观察纳入“执行-社会功能耦合假说”，作为未来研究的启发式模型。讨论了这些初步研究结果的含义。
{"title":"Acute Stress Impacts Executive-Social Function: Evidence From Prefrontal Activation and fNIRS-Based Hyperscanning","authors":"Zhihua Guo, Yue Gong, Liu Yang, Yushan Li, Rui Qiu, Xia Zhu","doi":"10.1002/brb3.71214","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.71214","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Acute stress has complex effects on executive function and social behavior; however, the direction of these effects is inconsistent across studies, and the underlying neural mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study investigated the behavioral and neural effects of acute stress on executive function and dyadic cooperation and their relationships.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Eighty-six healthy male undergraduates (18–25 years) were randomly assigned to stress (<i>n</i> = 44; Trier Social Stress Test for Groups [TSST-G]) or control groups (<i>n</i> = 42; placebo TSST-G). The participants completed executive function tasks (3-back, Go/Nogo, Stroop, and task-switching) and cooperative button-pressing tasks pre- and postintervention, with a counterbalanced order. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was performed simultaneously.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Stress impaired the practice-induced improvement in 3-back accuracy observed in the control group, although it did not significantly affect other performance metrics. During the 3-back, Stroop, task-switching, and cooperative tasks, increased and decreased prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation from baseline to postintervention were observed in the stress and control groups, respectively. Furthermore, greater bilateral dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) interbrain synchronization (IBS) changes during the cooperative task were observed in the stress group. Cognitive flexibility and cooperation were positively linked both behaviorally and neurally.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>TSST-G-induced stress disrupted the learning-related enhancement of working memory; however, response inhibition, interference control, cognitive flexibility, and cooperative performance were preserved. The concurrent observation of trends toward increased neural activation and IBS under stress is compatible with, but does not prove, potential compensatory mechanisms. The identified neural and behavioral correlations point to a potential connection between executive and social processes under stress. We tentatively frame these exploratory observations within the “Executive–Social Function Coupling Hypothesis” as a heuristic model for future research. The implications of these preliminary findings are discussed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12808932/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145988314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sadegh Ghaderi, Ali Fathi Jouzdani, Ali Mohammad Pourbagher-Shahri, Sana Mohammadi
Aim
The study utilized MRI-derived brain structure age (BSA) to compare global and regional subcortical BSA among healthy controls (HCs), Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with normal cognition (PD-NC), and mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI), identifying regions with accelerated aging and linking altered BSA to native volumes.
Methods
We analyzed structural MRI data from 55 participants (22 HCs, 18 PD-NC, 15 PD-MCI) using the volBrain platform to estimate global and regional subcortical BSA. Group differences in age, global, and regional BSA were tested via Kruskal-Wallis. Follow-up analyses included Pearson correlations for significant regions and ANOVAs where assumptions were met.
Results
No significant group differences were found for chronological age (p = 0.111) or global BSA (p = 0.143). However, at the regional level, non-parametric analyses revealed significant group differences in the predicted age of the left amygdala (H = 6.42, p = 0.040) and the left basal forebrain (H = 6.01, p < 0.05), though effect sizes were small (ε2 ≤ 0.07). The predicted ages of these two regions were highly collinear (r = 0.992). Subsequent parametric tests and Bonferroni-corrected pairwise comparisons on other subcortical regions did not yield any significant differences.
Conclusion
Accelerated aging appears to be a localized and asymmetric process confined to the limbic-cholinergic network, specifically involving the left amygdala and basal forebrain. Accelerated brain aging in PD is not global but a localized, asymmetric process in the left limbic-cholinergic network. Regional brain-age metrics offer a sensitive biomarker for detecting the specific neurodegeneration linked to cognitive decline.
{"title":"Subcortical Brain-Age Gaps Reveal Asymmetric Aging Patterns in Parkinson's Disease With Cognitive Impairment","authors":"Sadegh Ghaderi, Ali Fathi Jouzdani, Ali Mohammad Pourbagher-Shahri, Sana Mohammadi","doi":"10.1002/brb3.71202","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.71202","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The study utilized MRI-derived brain structure age (BSA) to compare global and regional subcortical BSA among healthy controls (HCs), Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with normal cognition (PD-NC), and mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI), identifying regions with accelerated aging and linking altered BSA to native volumes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We analyzed structural MRI data from 55 participants (22 HCs, 18 PD-NC, 15 PD-MCI) using the volBrain platform to estimate global and regional subcortical BSA. Group differences in age, global, and regional BSA were tested via Kruskal-Wallis. Follow-up analyses included Pearson correlations for significant regions and ANOVAs where assumptions were met.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>No significant group differences were found for chronological age (<i>p</i> = 0.111) or global BSA (<i>p</i> = 0.143). However, at the regional level, non-parametric analyses revealed significant group differences in the predicted age of the left amygdala (H = 6.42, <i>p</i> = 0.040) and the left basal forebrain (H = 6.01, <i>p</i> < 0.05), though effect sizes were small (ε<sup>2</sup> ≤ 0.07). The predicted ages of these two regions were highly collinear (<i>r</i> = 0.992). Subsequent parametric tests and Bonferroni-corrected pairwise comparisons on other subcortical regions did not yield any significant differences.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Accelerated aging appears to be a localized and asymmetric process confined to the limbic-cholinergic network, specifically involving the left amygdala and basal forebrain. Accelerated brain aging in PD is not global but a localized, asymmetric process in the left limbic-cholinergic network. Regional brain-age metrics offer a sensitive biomarker for detecting the specific neurodegeneration linked to cognitive decline.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12808925/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145988277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this study is to assess the olfactory system of patients with T2DM using the cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method.
Method
This is a retrospective case–control study in which a group of T2DM patients and a control group were compared. The results of the examinations of the olfactory systems of the patients by cranial MRI were transferred to a data collection form. Descriptive statistical methods, chi-squared tests, the Mann–Whitney U test, and Spearman's correlation coefficient were used to analyze the data.
Results
It was determined that 66.7% of the case group were women, the mean age of the patients in the group was 52.50 ± 7.41, and their mean T2DM diagnosis duration was 6.48 ± 3.18 years. There were statistically significant differences between the case and control groups in terms of their olfactory bulb volume (OBV), olfactory tract length (OTL), and olfactory sulcus depth (OS) values. Longer T2DM durations and elevated HbA1c levels were significantly associated with structural disorders of the olfactory system (p < 0.01).
Conclusion
A longer duration of T2DM and elevated HbA1c levels trigger the structural disorders of the olfactory system. In comparison to healthy controls, we identified prominent changes in the olfactory bulb volumes, olfactory tract lengths, and olfactory sulcus depths of T2DM patients. This reveals the need for T2DM patients to pay more attention to their diet and insulin treatment. Similarly, olfactory dysfunction in T2DM patients should be carefully monitored by clinicians.
{"title":"Case–Controlled Clinical Assessment of the Olfactory System via Cranial Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","authors":"Aski Vural, Erman Altunişik, Suat Kamil Sut, Sukru Sahin, Ali Haydar Baykan","doi":"10.1002/brb3.71210","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.71210","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The purpose of this study is to assess the olfactory system of patients with T2DM using the cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This is a retrospective case–control study in which a group of T2DM patients and a control group were compared. The results of the examinations of the olfactory systems of the patients by cranial MRI were transferred to a data collection form. Descriptive statistical methods, chi-squared tests, the Mann–Whitney <i>U</i> test, and Spearman's correlation coefficient were used to analyze the data.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>It was determined that 66.7% of the case group were women, the mean age of the patients in the group was 52.50 ± 7.41, and their mean T2DM diagnosis duration was 6.48 ± 3.18 years. There were statistically significant differences between the case and control groups in terms of their olfactory bulb volume (OBV), olfactory tract length (OTL), and olfactory sulcus depth (OS) values. Longer T2DM durations and elevated HbA1c levels were significantly associated with structural disorders of the olfactory system (<i>p</i> < 0.01).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A longer duration of T2DM and elevated HbA1c levels trigger the structural disorders of the olfactory system. In comparison to healthy controls, we identified prominent changes in the olfactory bulb volumes, olfactory tract lengths, and olfactory sulcus depths of T2DM patients. This reveals the need for T2DM patients to pay more attention to their diet and insulin treatment. Similarly, olfactory dysfunction in T2DM patients should be carefully monitored by clinicians.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12808920/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145988246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ahmad Safiyyu'd-din Hisamuddin, Faiqah Ramli, Teik Kee Leo, Mohamad Shazeli Che Zain, Mei Szin Wong, Mohd Raili Suhaili, Le Jie Lee, Tze Yan Lee
Background/Objectives:
Medicinal mushrooms have been gaining increasing attention as functional foods; however, scientific evidence from human studies remains limited.
Methods:
In this study, 50 participants were randomly assigned to receive either Restake or a placebo. Psychological and physiological parameters were assessed at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks using validated tools, including the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Visual Analog Scale for Fatigue (VAS-F), Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Serum biomarkers—cortisol, norepinephrine (NE), melatonin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and C-reactive protein (CRP)—were analyzed via ELISA.
Results:
Anxiety, assessed by STAI-S and HAM-A, showed greater reductions in the Restake group at both 6 weeks (STAI-S: p = 0.025; HAM-A: p = 0.002) and 12 weeks (STAI-S: p = 0.011; HAM-A: p = 0.002). Depression (BDI) scores significantly decreased at 6 weeks (p < 0.001) and 12 weeks (p = 0.008). Fatigue levels showed significant reductions in general fatigue (p = 0.043), physical fatigue (p = 0.027), and mental fatigue (p = 0.043). Restake supplementation led to reductions in sleep quality scores (PSQI) at 6 weeks (p = 0.005) and 12 weeks (p < 0.001). Biomarker analysis revealed significant reductions (p < 0.001) in cortisol and ACTH levels and a decrease in CRP levels (p = 0.042). NE levels significantly (p = 0.033). Compared to the placebo group, Restake supplementation exhibited an increased morning melatonin trend after 12 weeks of intervention.
Conclusions:
Restake supplementation was well tolerated and effectively reduced psychological stress, fatigue, and improved sleep quality without adverse effects.
背景/目的：药用蘑菇作为功能性食品越来越受到人们的关注；然而，来自人体研究的科学证据仍然有限。方法：在这项研究中，50名参与者被随机分配接受Restake或安慰剂。在基线、6周和12周时，使用有效的工具评估心理和生理参数，包括匹兹堡睡眠质量指数（PSQI）、疲劳视觉模拟量表（VAS-F）、多维疲劳量表（MFI）、状态-特质焦虑量表（STAI-S）、感知压力量表（PSS）、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAM-A）和贝克抑郁量表（BDI）。血清生物标志物-皮质醇、去甲肾上腺素（NE）、褪黑激素、促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）和c反应蛋白(CRP)-通过ELISA分析。结果：通过STAI-S和HAM-A评估，Restake组在6周（STAI-S: p = 0.025; HAM-A: p = 0.002）和12周（STAI-S: p = 0.011; HAM-A: p = 0.002）时的焦虑程度均有较大降低。抑郁（BDI）评分在第6周（p < 0.001）和第12周（p = 0.008）显著降低。疲劳水平显示总体疲劳（p = 0.043）、身体疲劳（p = 0.027）和精神疲劳（p = 0.043）显著降低。在第6周（p = 0.005）和第12周（p < 0.001）时，补充补品导致睡眠质量评分（PSQI）下降。生物标志物分析显示皮质醇和ACTH水平显著降低（p < 0.001）， CRP水平显著降低（p = 0.042）。NE水平显著（p = 0.033）。与安慰剂组相比，干预12周后，Restake补充剂显示出早晨褪黑激素增加的趋势。结论：Restake补充剂耐受性良好，可有效减轻心理压力、疲劳，改善睡眠质量，无不良反应。
{"title":"Adaptogenic Effects of Mushroom Blend Supplementation on Stress, Fatigue, and Sleep: A Randomised, Double-Blind, and Placebo-Controlled Trial","authors":"Ahmad Safiyyu'd-din Hisamuddin, Faiqah Ramli, Teik Kee Leo, Mohamad Shazeli Che Zain, Mei Szin Wong, Mohd Raili Suhaili, Le Jie Lee, Tze Yan Lee","doi":"10.1002/brb3.71193","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.71193","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background/Objectives:</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Medicinal mushrooms have been gaining increasing attention as functional foods; however, scientific evidence from human studies remains limited.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods:</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this study, 50 participants were randomly assigned to receive either Restake or a placebo. Psychological and physiological parameters were assessed at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks using validated tools, including the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Visual Analog Scale for Fatigue (VAS-F), Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Serum biomarkers—cortisol, norepinephrine (NE), melatonin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and C-reactive protein (CRP)—were analyzed via ELISA.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results:</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Anxiety, assessed by STAI-S and HAM-A, showed greater reductions in the Restake group at both 6 weeks (STAI-S: <i>p</i> = 0.025; HAM-A: <i>p</i> = 0.002) and 12 weeks (STAI-S: <i>p</i> = 0.011; HAM-A: <i>p</i> = 0.002). Depression (BDI) scores significantly decreased at 6 weeks (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and 12 weeks (<i>p</i> = 0.008). Fatigue levels showed significant reductions in general fatigue (<i>p</i> = 0.043), physical fatigue (<i>p</i> = 0.027), and mental fatigue (<i>p</i> = 0.043). Restake supplementation led to reductions in sleep quality scores (PSQI) at 6 weeks (<i>p</i> = 0.005) and 12 weeks (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Biomarker analysis revealed significant reductions (<i>p</i> < 0.001) in cortisol and ACTH levels and a decrease in CRP levels (<i>p</i> = 0.042). NE levels significantly (<i>p</i> = 0.033). Compared to the placebo group, Restake supplementation exhibited an increased morning melatonin trend after 12 weeks of intervention.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions:</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Restake supplementation was well tolerated and effectively reduced psychological stress, fatigue, and improved sleep quality without adverse effects.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12808922/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145988281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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